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Nguyen B, Acharya C, Tangpanithandee S, Miao J, Krisanapan P, Thongprayoon C, Amir O, Mao MA, Cheungpasitporn W, Acharya PC. Efficacy and Safety of Plasma Exchange as an Adjunctive Therapy for Rapidly Progressive IgA Nephropathy and Henoch-Schönlein Purpura Nephritis: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043977. [PMID: 36835388 PMCID: PMC9958587 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN), including Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis (HSP), who present with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) have a poor prognosis despite aggressive immunosuppressive therapy. The utility of plasmapheresis/plasma exchange (PLEX) for IgAN/HSP is not well established. This systematic review aims to assess the efficacy of PLEX for IgAN and HSP patients with RPGN. A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and through Cochrane Database from inception through September 2022. Studies that reported outcomes of PLEX in IgAN or HSP patients with RPGN were enrolled. The protocol for this systematic review is registered with PROSPERO (no. CRD42022356411). The researchers systematically reviewed 38 articles (29 case reports and 9 case series articles) with a total of 102 RPGN patients (64 (62.8%) had IgAN and 38 (37.2%) had HSP). The mean age was 25 years and 69% were males. There was no specific PLEX regimen utilized in these studies, but most patients received at least 3 PLEX sessions that were titrated based on the patient's response/kidney recovery. The number of PLEX sessions ranged from 3 to 18, and patients additionally received steroids and immunosuppressive treatment (61.6% of patients received cyclophosphamide). Follow-up time ranged from 1 to 120 months, with the majority being followed for at least 2 months after PLEX. Among IgAN patients treated with PLEX, 42.1% (n = 27/64) achieved remission; 20.3% (n = 13/64) achieved complete remission (CR) and 18.7% (n = 12/64) partial remission (PR). 60.9% (n = 39/64) progressed to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Among HSP patients treated with PLEX, 76.3% (n = 29/38) achieved remission; of these, 68.4% (n = 26/38) achieved CR and 7.8% achieved (n = 3/38) PR. 23.6% (n = 9/38) progressed to ESKD. Among kidney transplant patients, 20% (n = 1/5) achieved remission and 80% (n = 4/5) progressed to ESKD. Adjunctive plasmapheresis/plasma exchange with immunosuppressive therapy showed benefits in some HSP patients with RPGN and possible benefits in IgAN patients with RPGN. Future prospective, multi-center, randomized clinical studies are needed to corroborate this systematic review's findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Nguyen
- Division of Nephrology, Texas Tech Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Chirag Acharya
- Division of Nephrology, Texas Tech Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Supawit Tangpanithandee
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jing Miao
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Pajaree Krisanapan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Charat Thongprayoon
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Omar Amir
- Division of Nephrology, Texas Tech Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Michael A. Mao
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Wisit Cheungpasitporn
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Prakrati C. Acharya
- Division of Nephrology, Texas Tech Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
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IgA nephropathy and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome: a case series and a literature review. J Nephrol 2021; 35:1091-1100. [PMID: 34757577 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-021-01189-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IgA nephropathy (IgAN) has been anecdotally reported in association with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS). The association likely portends poor renal outcome, and the possible relationship with complement overactivation has yet to be elucidated. We evaluated a series of IgAN patients with aHUS and reviewed the available literature. METHODS Adult patients who received a diagnosis of IgAN and developed aHUS between January 2009 and December 2019 were included in this retrospective review. RESULTS We identified six IgAN-aHUS patients, all of whom developed end-stage kidney disease. At aHUS presentation all patients had decreased serum C3 levels. Predisposing pathogenetic variants and risk haplotypes for aHUS in CFH gene heterozygosity were documented in four out of six patients. Anti-CFH antibodies were found to be negative in the five tested patients. In the literature we identified 21 case reports involving aHUS-IgAN and six retrospective studies evaluating the presence of TMA at the time of renal biopsy. Hypertension, severe proteinuria, reduced sC3 and a worse renal prognosis were the common features of most cases. CONCLUSION Our case series and literature review show that the onset of either aHUS or renal TMA in the course of IgAN are associated with very poor renal outcome. Activation of the alternative pathway revealed by consumption of serum C3 seems to play a major role. Our hypothesis is that the presence of a predisposing factor (e.g. dysregualtion of complement alternative pathway and/or other intrarenal precipitating factors) might be at the heart of aHUS-IgAN pathophysiology.
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Saibaba J, Selvaraj J, Viswanathan S, Pillai V, Srinivas BH, Mandal J. Diarrhea and Acute Tubular Necrosis Mimicking Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in a Man With Immunoglobulin A (IgA) Nephropathy. Cureus 2021; 13:e15369. [PMID: 34239797 PMCID: PMC8247609 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.15369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy is a heterogeneous disease with variable clinical presentations ranging from asymptomatic hematuria to advanced renal failure. A young male diagnosed with IgA vasculitis (skin, joints, and gastrointestinal) one month ago and placed on oral steroids presented with acute diarrhea, hemolytic anemia, renal failure (non-dialysis requiring), altered sensorium, and thrombocytopenia. The stool was found to be positive for Shiga toxin. He improved with methylprednisolone pulse alone, and renal biopsy showed acute tubular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaram Saibaba
- Department of General Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, IND
| | - Jayachandran Selvaraj
- Department of General Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, IND
| | - Stalin Viswanathan
- Department of General Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, IND
| | - Vivekanandan Pillai
- Department of General Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, IND
| | - Bheemanathi H Srinivas
- Department of Pathology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, IND
| | - Jharna Mandal
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, IND
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