Successful Renal Transplantation Across HLA Barrier: Report from India

An Interesting Case of Deceased-donor Renal Transplant with High Donor-specific Antibody by Desensitization

In general, presence of positive donor-specific anti-human leukocyte antigen antibody (DSA) by single-antigen bead (SAB) assay and positive antihuman globulin-enhanced complement-dependent-cytotoxicity crossmatch (AHG-CDC-LCM) and flow cytometry crossmatch (FCM) is considered a contraindication to kidney transplant (KTx). This is a case report describing successful KTx in a patient enrolled in cadaver transplant list who was initially rejected in view of positive AHG-CDC-LCM and FCM with DSA >5000 mean fluorescence intensity (MFI). This is a case report of a 34-year-old female highly sensitized patient with no potential live donor, enrolled in a deceased-donor program and rejected multiple times due to positive flow crossmatch. The patient was subjected to five sessions of plasma exchange (PLEX) and three doses of bortezomib as per our institute’s desensitization protocol. One more PLEX (6th) was done once her name came before cadaver transplant. Creatinine on day 7 was 0.81 mg/dl, and DSA was <5000 MFI. However, again, after 2 weeks, when creatinine rose to 1.5 mg/dl, SAB-DSA was repeated which was >10,000 MFI. This time Immunocore single-use filter was used, and PLEX was done without volume replacement, followed by three more regular PLEX. Again, creatinine declined to 0.86 mg/dl with DSA <10000 MFI. Even after 12 months of renal transplant, creatinine is 0.8 mg/dl. Our report suggests that renal transplant can be considered with DSA >5000 MFI with negative (AHG-CDC-LCM) and (FCM) with desensitization even in deceased-donor transplant with intensified immunosuppression and follow-up with SAB assay even without protocol biopsy.

HLA Desensitization Based on Results of the Luminex Technique in Kidney Transplant - A Single-center Experience

Background:

There is little experience of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) desensitization in India based on the Luminex single-antigen bead (SAB) testing. We retrospectively analyzed our patients, who underwent HLA desensitization based on Luminex SAB results.

Method:

Between 2014 and 2018, patients with complement-dependent cytotoxicity cross-match (CDC-XM) negativity but flow cytometry crossmatch (FC-XM) positivity were further analyzed with Luminex SAB for donor-specific antibodies (DSAs). A total of 12 patients who had DSA mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) of >1000 and <10,000 were included in the study. Our protocol for desensitization consisted of plasmapheresis (PP) followed by low dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IV IG) 100 mg/kg and induction with antithymocyte globulin (ATG). Patients were taken for transplant when either MFI was <1000 and/or FC-XM was negative.

Results:

All 12 patients were first transplant and 10 had a history of some sensitizing event; pregnancy in 4, blood transfusions in 4, and both in 2 patients. FC-XM was positive for T-cell in 4, B-cell in 6, and both in 2 patients. On evaluation by Luminex SAB, 6 patients had MFI from 1000 to 2000, and 6 had MFI of >2000. All underwent desensitization successfully. Two patients had an increase in posttransplant DSA titers requiring posttransplant PP. The mean follow-up was 26.6 ± 13.9 months. On follow-up, only one patient developed acute T cell-mediated rejection 1 year after transplant, which responded to pulse steroids. There was no graft or patient loss until the last follow-up.

Conclusion:

This study shows that HLA desensitization is feasible and successful in the Indian setting if patients are properly selected.

Outcome of desensitization in human leukocyte antigen and ABO incompatible living donor kidney transplantation: Single center experience of first 200 incompatible transplants

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Although desensitization is well established, concerns about graft outcome, patient survival and rejection still exist. The present study aims at comparing outcomes of renal transplant recipients across simultaneous ABO and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) incompatibility barriers to those with ABO or HLA incompatibility alone.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This was a retrospective study conducted from October 2015 to December 2018. All patients with a clinical diagnosis of chronic kidney disease, who were prospective HLA incompatible (HLAi) and/or ABO incompatible (ABOi) renal transplant recipients were included. A total of 400 cases including 36 ABOi transplants, 154 HLAi transplants, 10 simultaneously ABO and HLA incompatible transplants, and 200 ABO (ABOc) and HLA (HLAc) compatible kidney transplants from living donors were included.

RESULTS

There were significantly more number of blood transfusions, previous transplants and pregnancies in HLAi transplant recipients relative to the ABOi or the control group. Mean number of therapeutic plasma exchange procedures per patient and mean plasma volume processed per procedure were slightly higher in the ABOi + HLAi category. The incidence of graft dysfunction due to suspected antibody-mediated rejection during first year was highest in the ABOi + HLAi group, followed by ABOc + HLAi and ABOi + HLAc, lowest in the ABOc + HLAc category. Mean time to first episode of graft dysfunction was significantly shorter with incompatible transplants. There were no kidney transplant recipient deaths in the study.

CONCLUSION

Patient outcome and graft outcomes observed with incompatible transplants were not worse than those observed with compatible transplants.

Renal transplantation in HLA sensitized patients: Traversing the immunological barrier

Successful renal transplantation across HLA barrier in sensitized individuals has been on the rise during the past decade, primarily due to improved desensitization regimes. The aim of this study was to share outcome of desensitization in renal transplant recipients with donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies (DSA). This was a retrospective analysis of all HLA immunized individuals who were prospective renal transplant recipients. All such patients underwent preconditioning as per the institutional desensitization protocol. Complement-dependent cytoxicity-based crossmatch (CDC-XM), luminex-based crossmatch (LM-XM) and flowcytometry-based crossmatch (FC-XM) were done in all cases. If any of these tests turned out positive, single antigen bead assay (SAB) was performed. Desensitization for DSA was performed in 55 patients and all patients were followed-up for 1 year to assess graft function and patient outcome. CDC-XM being a less sensitive assay, could not detect incompatibility in 29 (52.73%) cases. After desensitization, even though SAB and LM-XM results revealed an MFI within acceptable range, FC-XM being an extremely sensitive assay, continued to give a positive result in eight (14.55%) cases. The mean ± SD number of pretransplant TPE were 3.44 ± 0.98 (2-11). Out of 55, there were 10 patients who were lost to follow up. Patient and graft survival of 45 patients at 1 year was found to be 100%. Preconditioning for renal transplants in the form of immunosuppression with TPE is an extremely useful auxiliary for transplantation in HLA sensitized renal transplant recipients.