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Pal A, Chaudhury AR, Bhunia A, Bhattacharya K, Chatterjee S, Divyaveer SS, Sircar D, Sen D. A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Remission Induction with Modified Multitarget Therapy with Intravenous Cyclophosphamide in Proliferative Lupus Nephritis. Indian J Nephrol 2023; 33:340-347. [PMID: 37881738 PMCID: PMC10593294 DOI: 10.4103/ijn.ijn_355_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Therapy of proliferative lupus nephritis (PLN) is yet to be optimized. Standard of care for induction consists of intravenous (IV) cyclophosphamide (CYC) and steroids, which shows an improved outcome, but end-stage renal disease (ESRD) progression, increased mortality, and therapy-related adverse effects remain a major concern. The other treatment reported to induce early remission was the multitarget therapy comprising tacrolimus, mycophenolate, and steroid, but infections were high in the multitarget therapy. Considering azathioprine as a potentially safer and effective alternative anti-B-cell therapy, modified multitarget therapy (MMTT) was planned replacing mycophenolate with azathioprine. Material and Methods A single-center, 24-week, open-label, randomized controlled trial comprising adults of age 18-65 years with biopsy-proven PLN was carried out. The intervention groups were 1) MMTT: tacrolimus 0.075 mg/kg/day and azathioprine 2 mg/kg/day and 2) IV CYC group with a starting dose of 0.75 (adjusted to 0.5-1.0) g/m2 every 4 weeks for 6 months. Both groups received 3 days of pulse methylprednisolone followed by a tapering course of oral prednisone therapy. Results Among 100 randomized patients, 48 were in MMTT arm and 52 were in IV CYC arm. At the end of 24 weeks, overall remission (complete and partial) was comparable in both the arms: MMTT (86.36%) and IV CYC (87.75%). There was comparable proteinuria reduction and systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index (SLEDAI) score improvement with recovery of complement level C3 in both groups. Major adverse events were numerically more in the IV CYC group, including one death from pneumonia. Conclusion The MMTT arm is as effective as IV CYC in improving short-term outcome in PLN, with a comparable safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Pal
- Department of Nephrology IPGMER, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Abhirup Bhunia
- Department of Nephrology IPGMER, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | | | | | - Dipankar Sircar
- Department of Nephrology IPGMER, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Debabrata Sen
- Department of Nephrology IPGMER, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Islam F, Islam MR, Nafady MH, Faysal M, Khan SL, Zehravi M, Emran TB, Rahman MH. Pharmacogenomics of immunosuppressants. Pharmacogenomics 2023:323-344. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-443-15336-5.00003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
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Photodegradation of Azathioprine in the Presence of Sodium Thiosulfate. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073975. [PMID: 35409337 PMCID: PMC8999472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of sodium thiosulfate (ST) on the photodegradation of azathioprine (AZA) was analyzed by UV-VIS spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL), FTIR spectroscopy, Raman scattering, X-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopy, thermogravimetry (TG) and mass spectrometry (MS). The PL studies highlighted that as the ST concentration increased from 25 wt.% to 75 wt.% in the AZA:ST mixture, the emission band of AZA gradual downshifted to 553, 542 and 530 nm. The photodegradation process of AZA:ST induced: (i) the emergence of a new band in the 320–400 nm range in the UV-VIS spectra of AZA and (ii) a change in the intensity ratio of the photoluminescence excitation (PLE) bands in the 280–335 and 335–430 nm spectral ranges. These changes suggest the emergence of new compounds during the photo-oxidation reaction of AZA with ST. The invoked photodegradation compounds were confirmed by studies of the Raman scattering, the FTIR spectroscopy and XPS spectroscopy through: (i) the downshift of the IR band of AZA from 1336 cm−1 to 1331 cm−1, attributed to N-C-N deformation in the purine ring; (ii) the change in the intensity ratio of the Raman lines peaking at 1305 cm−1 and 1330 cm−1 from 3.45 to 4.57, as the weight of ST in the AZA:ST mixture mass increased; and (iii) the emergence of a new band in the XPS O1s spectrum peaking at 531 eV, which was associated with the C=O bond. Through correlated studies of TG-MS, the main key fragments of ST-reacted AZA are reported.
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Rabbani A, Aliabbar S, Nikeghbalian S, Malek-hosseini A, Baziboroun M. Immunosuppressive regimens on conversion of cytomegalovirus infection to disease in liver transplant recipients. CASPIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2022; 13:721-727. [PMID: 36420336 PMCID: PMC9659840 DOI: 10.22088/cjim.13.4.721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is one of the most common infectious complications after liver transplantation. It is the cause of numerous morbidity and mortalities. Intensity of immunosuppression defined as overall immunosuppressive drug dosage seems to affect infectious complications. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the intensity of immunosuppression on conversion of CMV infection to disease in this population. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we retrospectively evaluated and analyzed the data of all recipients who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) between March 2014 and March 2016 and had positive serum PCR for CMV after transplantation in follow- up course. Of 134 recipients, only 66 adult liver transplant recipients were eligible to be studied. Multiple variables such as MELD score, cold ischemic time, warm ischemic time, operative data, immunosuppressive drugs and regimen, plasma CMV viral load, donor and recipient CMV IgG serostatus were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS of the 66 patients, 50 (76%) had CMV infection and 16 (24%) had disease. There was significant association between donor CMV IgG serostatus, extra corticosteroid pulse therapy, acute cellular rejection, serum tacrolimus level and conversion of CMV infection to CMV disease (P=0.005, 0.001, 0.031, 0.031). CONCLUSION It seems that the intensity of immunosuppression has influence on conversion rate of CMV infection to disease in liver recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhassan Rabbani
- Taleghani Hospital, Department of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Shiraz Transplant Center, Abu-Ali Sina Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,Correspondence: Amirhassan Rabbani, Taleghani Hospital, Department of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: , Tel: 0098 2122439963, Fax: 0098 2122439964
| | - Shiva Aliabbar
- Shiraz Transplant Center, Abu-Ali Sina Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saman Nikeghbalian
- Shiraz Transplant Center, Abu-Ali Sina Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Malek-hosseini
- Shiraz Transplant Center, Abu-Ali Sina Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mana Baziboroun
- Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Cancer Research Center, Health Research Institue, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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5
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Malik S, Hamer R, Shabir S, Youssouf S, Morsy M, Rashid R, Waqar S, Ghouri N. Effects of fasting on solid organ transplant recipients during Ramadan - a practical guide for healthcare professionals. Clin Med (Lond) 2021; 21:e492-e498. [PMID: 38594852 DOI: 10.7861/clinmed.2021-0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fasting in the month of Ramadan is an obligatory act for healthy adult Muslims. It requires abstinence from food and drink from dawn to sunset. Although there are exemptions from fasting, many patients are keen to fulfil what they see as a religious obligation, even if this may be against medical advice in some cases. Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients often ask healthcare professionals for advice on fasting. Studies on the effect of fasting in transplant patients have all been done in the Middle East and North Africa where the average fasting duration is between 12 and 14 hours. In comparison, in temperate regions in the summer, fasting duration can be as long as 20 hours. Fasting when patients have to take immunosuppression 12 hours apart with little time variation poses unique challenges. In this review, current literature is reviewed, and a decision-making tool has been developed to assist clinicians in discussing the risks of fasting in transplant recipients, with consideration also given to circumstances such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Our review highlights that SOT recipients wishing to fast should undergo a thorough risk assessment, ideally 3 months before Ramadan. They may require medication changes and a plan for regular monitoring of graft function and electrolytes in order to fast safely. Recommendations have been based on risk tiers (very high risk, high risk and low/moderate risk) established by the International Diabetes Federation and the Diabetes and Ramadan International Alliance. Patients in the 'very high risk' and 'high risk' categories should be encouraged to explore alternative options to fasting such as winter fasting or Fidyah. Those in the 'low/moderate' category may be able to cautiously fast with guidance from their clinician. Prior to the commencement of Ramadan, all patients must receive up-to-date education on sick-day rules, instructions on when to terminate their fast or abstain from fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafi Malik
- University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, UK, and honorary clinical lecturer, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
| | - Rizwan Hamer
- University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, UK
| | | | | | - Mohamed Morsy
- University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | | | | | - Nazim Ghouri
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, and consultant physician in diabetes, endocrinology and general medicine, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
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Divyaveer S, Nagral S, Prasad KT, Sharma A, Jha V. Health System Building Blocks and Organ Transplantation in India. Transplantation 2021; 105:1631-1634. [PMID: 34291761 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Smita Divyaveer
- Department of Nephrology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanjay Nagral
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Jaslok Hospital & Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - K T Prasad
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashish Sharma
- Department of Renal Transplant Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vivekanand Jha
- George Institute for Global Health, UNSW, New Delhi, India
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
- Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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Ruggenenti P, Cravedi P, Gotti E, Plati A, Marasà M, Sandrini S, Bossini N, Citterio F, Minetti E, Montanaro D, Sabadini E, Tardanico R, Martinetti D, Gaspari F, Villa A, Perna A, Peraro F, Remuzzi G. Mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine in kidney transplant recipients on steroid-free, low-dose cyclosporine immunosuppression (ATHENA): A pragmatic randomized trial. PLoS Med 2021; 18:e1003668. [PMID: 34166370 PMCID: PMC8224852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We compared protection of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and azathioprine (AZA) against acute cellular rejection (ACR) and chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) in kidney transplant recipients on steroid-free, low-dose cyclosporine (CsA) microemulsion maintenance immunosuppression. METHODS AND FINDINGS ATHENA, a pragmatic, prospective, multicenter trial conducted by 6 Italian transplant centers, compared the outcomes of 233 consenting recipients of a first deceased donor kidney transplant induced with low-dose thymoglobulin and basiliximab and randomized to MMF (750 mg twice/day, n = 119) or AZA (75 to 125 mg/day, n = 114) added-on maintenance low-dose CsA microemulsion and 1-week steroid. In patients without acute clinical or subclinical rejections, CsA dose was progressively halved. Primary endpoint was biopsy-proven CAN. Analysis was by intention to treat. Participants were included between June 2007 and July 2012 and followed up to August 2016. Between-group donor and recipient characteristics, donor/recipient mismatches, and follow-up CsA blood levels were similar. During a median (interquartile range (IQR)) follow-up of 47.7 (44.2 to 48.9) months, 29 of 87 biopsied patients on MMF (33.3%) versus 31 of 88 on AZA (35.2%) developed CAN (hazard ratio (HR) [95% confidence interval (CI)]: 1.147 (0.691 to 1.904, p = 0.595). Twenty and 21 patients on MMF versus 34 and 14 on AZA had clinical [HR (95% CI): 0.58 (0.34 to 1.02); p = 0.057) or biopsy-proven subclinical [HR (95% CI): 1.49 (0.76 to 2.92); p = 0.249] ACR, respectively. Combined events [HR (95% CI): 0.85 (0.56 to 1.29); p = 0.438], patient and graft survival, delayed graft function (DGF), 3-year glomerular filtration rate (GFR) [53.8 (40.6;65.7) versus 49.8 (36.8;62.5) mL/min/1.73 m2, p = 0.50], and adverse events (AEs) were not significantly different between groups. Chronicity scores other than CAN predict long-term graft outcome. Study limitations include small sample size and unblinded design. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we found that in deceased donor kidney transplant recipients on low-dose CsA and no steroids, MMF had no significant benefits over AZA. This finding suggests that AZA, due to its lower costs, could safely replace MMF in combination with minimized immunosuppression. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00494741; EUDRACT 2006-005604-14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Ruggenenti
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Paolo Cravedi
- Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Eliana Gotti
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Annarita Plati
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Maddalena Marasà
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Silvio Sandrini
- Unit of Nephrology, ASST degli Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicola Bossini
- Unit of Nephrology, ASST degli Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Franco Citterio
- Unit of Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Enrico Minetti
- Unit of Nephrology, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano, Italy
| | - Domenico Montanaro
- SOC di Nefrologia, Dialisi e Trapianto Renale della Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria “S. Maria della Misericordia,” Udine, Italy
| | - Ettore Sabadini
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Regina Tardanico
- Unit of Nephrology, ASST degli Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Davide Martinetti
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Flavio Gaspari
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Villa
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Annalisa Perna
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Francesco Peraro
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
- * E-mail:
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8
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Akcay OF, Yeter HH, Karcaaltincaba D, Bayram M, Guz G, Erten Y. Obstetric and long-term graft outcomes in pregnant kidney transplant recipients: A single-center experience. Clin Transplant 2021; 35:e14349. [PMID: 33978259 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.14349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney transplantation (KT) is the best option for many women with end-stage renal disease desiring pregnancy. The aim of this study was to investigate obstetric and graft outcomes among KT recipient women in our center. METHODS Maternal and fetal data were assessed in 29 pregnancies of 18 female KT recipients. Each patient was matched with two controls without pregnancy history for factors known to affect graft function. According to pre-pregnancy levels, serum creatinine and eGFR slope in the gestational and postpartum periods were calculated as percentages. RESULTS The main maternal and fetal complications were preeclampsia (38%) and preterm births (38%), respectively. Pregnancy (odds ratio [OR]: 5.09; p = .02), proteinuria in the third trimester (OR: 5.52; p = .02), proteinuria in postpartum third months (OR: 7.4; p = .008) and stable creatinine levels in the first 6 months of pregnancy (OR: 11.25 p = .03) were associated with graft dysfunction. Postpartum first year eGFR decline (-16.8% vs. -6.7%; p = .04) and second-year eGFR decline (-18.5% vs. -8.3%; p = .04) were significantly higher in the pregnancy group than those matched controls. CONCLUSION Pregnancy after KT is associated with high rates of maternal and fetal complications. The sustained decline of eGFR may suggest an increased risk of graft loss compared to recipients with similar clinical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Faruk Akcay
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Haci Hasan Yeter
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Karcaaltincaba
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Merih Bayram
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Galip Guz
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Erten
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Chevallier E, Jouve T, Rostaing L, Malvezzi P, Noble J. pre-existing diabetes and PTDM in kidney transplant recipients: how to handle immunosuppression. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2020; 14:55-66. [PMID: 33196346 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2021.1851596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preexisting diabetes (PD) and post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) are common and severe comorbidities posttransplantation. The immunosuppressive regimens are modifiable risk factors. AREAS COVERED We reviewed Pubmed and Cochrane database and we summarize the mechanisms and impacts of available immunosuppressive treatments on the risk of PD and PTDM. We also assess the possible management of these drugs to improve glycemic parameters while considering risks inherent in transplantation. EXPERT OPINION PD i) increases the risk of sepsis, ii) is an independent risk factor for infection-related mortality, and iii) increases acute rejection risk. Regarding PTDM development i) immunosuppressive strategies without corticosteroids significantly reduce the risk but the price may be a higher incidence of rejection; ii) minimization or rapid withdrawal of steroids are two valuable approaches; iii) the diabetogenic role of calcineurin inhibitors(CNIs) is also well-described and is more important for tacrolimus than for cyclosporine. Reducing tacrolimus-exposure may improve glycemic parameters but also has a higher risk of rejection. PTDM risk is higher in patients that receive sirolimus compared to mycophenolate mofetil. Finally, conversion from CNIs to belatacept may offer the best benefits to PTDM-recipients in terms of glycemic parameters, graft and patient-outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloi Chevallier
- Service De Néphrologie, Hémodialyse, Aphérèses Et Transplantation Rénale, CHU Grenoble-Alpes , Grenoble, France
| | - Thomas Jouve
- Service De Néphrologie, Hémodialyse, Aphérèses Et Transplantation Rénale, CHU Grenoble-Alpes , Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble, France
| | - Lionel Rostaing
- Service De Néphrologie, Hémodialyse, Aphérèses Et Transplantation Rénale, CHU Grenoble-Alpes , Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble, France
| | - Paolo Malvezzi
- Service De Néphrologie, Hémodialyse, Aphérèses Et Transplantation Rénale, CHU Grenoble-Alpes , Grenoble, France
| | - Johan Noble
- Service De Néphrologie, Hémodialyse, Aphérèses Et Transplantation Rénale, CHU Grenoble-Alpes , Grenoble, France
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Bhat R, Narayanan S, Aboobacker IN, Hafeeq B, Aziz F, Balakrishnan S, Yadur A, Shafeeq S, Sasindran S, Pacheerikuth AG, Uvais NA. Outcomes of Spousal versus Parental Donor Kidney Transplants: A Comparative Study. Indian J Nephrol 2020; 31:261-265. [PMID: 34376940 PMCID: PMC8330663 DOI: 10.4103/ijn.ijn_43_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Parents and spouse constitute 70% of organ donors in India. Some centres use induction immunosuppression (IS) for all spousal transplants considering it as an immunologically high risk. This study was designed to compare the outcomes of transplant recipients who received parental donors (PDs) and spousal donors (SDs) without any induction IS. Methods: It was a retrospective study conducted at a tertiary care hospital in South India. Adults aged 18 years or above who underwent renal transplantation from a SD or PD between January 2006 and December 2016 were included in the study. Results: Our study included 154 patients with PDs and 75 patients with SDs. The mean recipient age of the PD group was 27.79 ± 6.85 years and of the SD group was 45.62 ± 7.96 years (P < 0.001). However, the follow-up period was significantly higher for the PD group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between acute rejection, patient loss, mean survival, graft survival (uncensored), and death censored graft survival between two groups. Conclusion: The outcomes of immunologically low-risk transplant recipients who have received PD and SD are similar and induction immunosuppression can be avoided in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghuram Bhat
- Department of Nephrology, Aster MIMS Hospital, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Sajith Narayanan
- Department of Nephrology, Aster MIMS Hospital, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | | | - Benil Hafeeq
- Department of Nephrology, Iqraa International Hospital and Research Centre, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Feroz Aziz
- Department of Nephrology, Aster MIMS Hospital, Kozhikode, Kerala, India.,Department of Nephrology, Iqraa International Hospital and Research Centre, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | | | - Anjaney Yadur
- Department of Nephrology, Aster MIMS Hospital, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Shysil Shafeeq
- Department of Nephrology, Aster MIMS Hospital, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Sooraj Sasindran
- Department of Nephrology, Aster MIMS Hospital, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | | | - N A Uvais
- Department of Psychiatry, Iqraa International Hospital and Research Centre, Calicut, Kerala, India
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11
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Cai S, Chandraker A. Cell Therapy in Solid Organ Transplantation. Curr Gene Ther 2020; 19:71-80. [PMID: 31161989 DOI: 10.2174/1566523219666190603103840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation is the only cure for end-stage organ failure. Current immunosuppressive drugs have two major limitations: 1) non antigen specificity, which increases the risk of cancer and infection diseases, and 2) chronic toxicity. Cell therapy appears to be an innovative and promising strategy to minimize the use of immunosuppression in transplantation and to improve long-term graft survival. Preclinical studies have shown efficacy and safety of using various suppressor cells, such as regulatory T cells, regulatory B cells and tolerogenic dendritic cells. Recent clinical trials using cellbased therapies in solid organ transplantation also hold out the promise of improving efficacy. In this review, we will briefly go over the rejection process, current immunosuppressive drugs, and the potential therapeutic use of regulatory cells in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songjie Cai
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Anil Chandraker
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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12
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Nandi M, Mandal SK, Samanta M, Majhi A, Das MK. Efficacy of Mycophenolate Mofetil as a Remission Maintaining Agent in Idiopathic Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome. Indian J Nephrol 2018; 29:34-41. [PMID: 30814791 PMCID: PMC6375015 DOI: 10.4103/ijn.ijn_330_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Of all cases of idiopathic steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (NS) in children, 40%-75% cases need long-term continuous steroids and/or other immunosuppressants to maintain remission, the effects of which on growth and renal function remain an issue of concern. The study aimed at exploring the safety and efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) as a remission-maintaining agent in children with a diagnosis of frequent relapsing or steroid-dependent NS (FRNS/SDNS) requiring continuous medication for at least 1 year. Thirty-two children thus included received MMF (1000-1200 mg/m2/day) for 7 months along with tapering doses of oral prednisolone if it was being given from before with an attempt at tapering at 0.25 mg/kg/month ultimately stopping it altogether. Individuals were followed up for at least 5 more months after stopping MMF. Out of 32 children, 26 had SDNS and 6 had FRNS with male:female ratio being 2.2:1. The mean standard deviation (± SD) age of onset of disease was 2.72 ± 1.3 years and that entry to the study was 7.17 ± 2.2 years. Significant fall in number of relapses was observed following the introduction of MMF (110 in pre-MMF12 month period vs. 52 in post-MMF 12 months [p = 0.002]). The mean relapse rate/year/patient also decreased from 3.43 ± 1.26 to 1.62 ± 1.14 after entry in the study. Significant reduction of the cumulative dose of steroid regarding mean ± SD of mg/kg/year was also found following the introduction of MMF (190.9 ± 47.81 vs. 119.09 ± 60.09 [p = 0.001]). MMF is an efficacious agent in maintaining remission and reducing steroid requirement in children with FRNS and SDNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nandi
- Department of Pediatrics, NRS Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - S K Mandal
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Sagore Dutta Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - M Samanta
- Department of Pediatrics, NRS Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - A Majhi
- Department of Pediatrics, NRS Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - M K Das
- Department of Pediatrics, IPGMER, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Medeiros M, Castañeda-Hernández G, Ross CJD, Carleton BC. Use of pharmacogenomics in pediatric renal transplant recipients. Front Genet 2015; 6:41. [PMID: 25741362 PMCID: PMC4332348 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplant recipients receive potent immunosuppressive drugs in order to prevent graft rejection. Therapeutic drug monitoring is the current approach to guide the dosing of calcineurin inhibitors, mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors (mTORi) and mofetil mycophenolate. Target concentrations used in pediatric patients are extrapolated from adult studies. Gene polymorphisms in metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters such as cytochromes CYP3A4 and CYP3A5, UDP-glucuronosyl transferase, and P-glycoprotein are known to influence the pharmacokinetics and dose requirements of immunosuppressants. The implications of pharmacogenomics in this patient population is discussed. Genetic information can help with achieving target concentrations in the early post-transplant period, avoiding adverse drug reactions and drug-drug interactions. Evidence about genetic studies and transplant outcomes is revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Medeiros
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Nefrología y Metabolismo Mineral, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez México, México ; Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina UNAM México, México ; Pharmaceutical Outcomes Programme, Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gilberto Castañeda-Hernández
- Departamento de Farmacología, Centro de Investigacion y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politecnico Nacional México, México
| | - Colin J D Ross
- Pharmaceutical Outcomes Programme, Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada ; Division of Translational Therapeutics, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada ; Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bruce C Carleton
- Pharmaceutical Outcomes Programme, Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada ; Division of Translational Therapeutics, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada ; Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Mittal T, Ramachandran R, Kumar V, Rathi M, Kohli HS, Jha V, Gupta KL, Minz M, Joshi K, Sakhuja V. Outcomes of spousal versus related donor kidney transplants: A comparative study. Indian J Nephrol 2014; 24:3-8. [PMID: 24574623 PMCID: PMC3927188 DOI: 10.4103/0971-4065.125046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to compare the outcomes of spousal donor (SD) with related donor (RD) kidney transplants performed at our center between January 2010 and October 2012. A total of 323 adult, ABO-compatible kidney transplants (SD 150 [46.4%], RD 173 [53.6%]) were included. Data on outcomes at 6 months post-transplant was collected retrospectively (2010-2011) and prospectively (January-October 2012). Majority of the donors (SD 88%, RD 72.2%) were females. In the SD group, donors were younger (SD 35.6 ± 8.2 years, RD 45.2 ± 11.5 years; P < 0.0001), whereas recipients were older (SD 42.2 ± 8.3 years, RD 30.0 ± 9.5 years; P < 0.0001). A significantly higher proportion of patients in the SD group were given induction therapy (43% vs 12%; P < 0.001). Biopsy proven acute rejections were more common in the RD group (16% vs 28.3%; P = 0.01). Majority (80.8%) of the acute rejections occurred in the first 2 weeks post-transplant in both groups. Isolated acute cellular rejections (ACRs) and isolated antibody mediated rejections constituted 50% and 25% of rejection episodes in both groups, whereas the remainder had histological evidence of both. The proportion of steroid responsive ACRs was similar in both groups (SD 83.3%, RD 65.4%; P = 0.2). The number of patients with abnormal graft function at the end of the study was higher in the RD group (2.3% vs. 12.3%; P = 0.001). Patient survival and infection rates were similar in the two groups. We conclude that short-term outcomes of SD transplants are not inferior to RD transplants. Lesser use of induction therapy in the RD group may explain the poorer outcomes as compared to the SD group.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mittal
- Department of Nephrology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - R Ramachandran
- Department of Nephrology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - V Kumar
- Department of Nephrology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - M Rathi
- Department of Nephrology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - H S Kohli
- Department of Nephrology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - V Jha
- Department of Nephrology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - K L Gupta
- Department of Nephrology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - M Minz
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - K Joshi
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - V Sakhuja
- Department of Nephrology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Azathioprine-associated pure red cell aplasia in renal transplant recipients: a report of two cases. Ann Hematol 2013; 93:329-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00277-013-1779-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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