1
|
Bhardwaj PV, Dulala R, Rajappa S, Loke C. Breast Cancer in India: Screening, Detection, and Management. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2024; 38:123-135. [PMID: 37330342 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2023.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in urban Indian women and the second most common cancer in all Indian women. The epidemiology as well as biology of this cancer seems to be different in the Indian subcontinent when compared with the West. The lack of population-based breast cancer screening programs and delay in seeking a medical consult due to financial and social reasons, including lack of awareness and fear related to a cancer diagnosis, results in delayed diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prarthna V Bhardwaj
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School - Baystate, 759 Chestnut Street, Springfield, MA 01199, USA
| | - Renuka Dulala
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Holyoke Medical Center, 575 Beech Street, Holyoke, MA 01040, USA
| | - Senthil Rajappa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Basavatarakam Indo-American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Road no. 10, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana 500034, India
| | - Chandravathi Loke
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School - Baystate, 759 Chestnut Street, Springfield, MA 01199, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Soni A, Verma Y, Chauhan A, Kaur P, Kaushal V, Paul D. Male breast cancer: a 30 year retrospective analysis from a tertiary cancer care centre. Ecancermedicalscience 2023; 17:1551. [PMID: 37377689 PMCID: PMC10292857 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2023.1551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Male breast cancer (MBC) is one of the rare malignancies that account for less than 1% of all malignancies in males. However, the clinicopathological characteristics of MBC are not entirely similar to female breast cancer; but still, it is treated in line with the female breast cancer protocols. Aims To retrospectively analyse trends in MBC as to its distribution, presentation, treatment, and outcome. Material and method A total of 106 patients with MBC from 1991 to 2020 were analysed retrospectively. Frequency distribution analysis of the demographic and clinicopathological data and treatment variables was done. Results Median age of presentation was 57 years; ranging from 30 to 86 years. Either of the sides was almost equally affected with an R: L ratio of 1.2:1. The average duration of complaint was 26.2 months (range 1-240 months). History of gynaecomastia was noted in 18 patients, significant benign prostate hypertrophy in 13, and hypertension needing medical treatment in 14 patients. The majority of the patients were smokers (72/106) and alcoholics (43/106). Five patients reported positive family history. 21 patients had metastatic disease at presentation and received palliative treatment. Stage II was seen in 36.8%, stage III in 43.4%, and stage IV in 19.8% of patients. Node positives were 63.2%. Pathology was invariably (90.5%) infiltrative ductal carcinoma. Radiation was administered in 85.8% of the patients, chemotherapy in 72.6% of patients, and hormonal treatment was given in 47.2% of patients. The median overall survival (OS) was 78 months. OS at 5 and 10 years was 78% and 58% respectively. Conclusion Despite the possibility of MBC being apparent at an early stage, patients present with locally advanced disease. Radical surgery with adjuvant/neoadjuvant chemotherapy and adjuvant radiotherapy remains the gold standard. Cancer education campaigns must be run to catch the early disease and to radically treat the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Soni
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Pt. B. D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Yashpal Verma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Pt. B. D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Ashok Chauhan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Pt. B. D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Paramjeet Kaur
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Pt. B. D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Vivek Kaushal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Pt. B. D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Diptajit Paul
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Pt. B. D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Reddy VA, Sarin R, Panda D, Hanitha R, Jain J, Chatterjee S, Annapurneswari S, Saipillai MZ, Gupta S, Khan E, Bhattacharya J, Bhandari TPS, Prasad SVSS, Swain M. A Multi-centric retrospective study into the epidemiological distribution of breast cancer patients in India. J Cancer Res Ther 2023; 19:S869-S876. [PMID: 38384068 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_1876_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A multicentric private hospital-based retrospective study was conducted to understand the epidemiology of breast cancer in terms of demographics and clinical characteristics (staging and hormone receptor status) at the time of diagnosis. METHODS The data for 5,688 female breast cancer patients were collected from the hospital and clinical records of four study centres. All statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel 2016 and R software. Survival was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by the log-rank test. A P value of <.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS The mean and median age of the study population was 52.6 (± 12.4) years and 53.0 (range 51-54 across the four centers) years, respectively. About 68% of patients were in the age category of 41 65 years, 17.6% were <40 years old among whom 23.4% of patients reported a positive family history. Most of the patients (66.3%) were diagnosed at an early stage (Stage I and II). The 3-year OS probability was 100%, 97.5%, 94.1%, and 74.7% for TNM Stages I, II, III, and IV, respectively. The 3-year RFS was 95.7%, 95.5%, 84.5%, and 49% for TNM Stages I, II, III, and IV, respectively. CONCLUSION The present study highlights the epidemiological distribution of breast cancer patients. It emphasizes the importance of disease awareness among the urban and educated female population as most patients were diagnosed at earlier stages and demonstrated higher OS and RFS than reported in government registries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Anand Reddy
- Apollo Health City Jubilee Hills, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Ramesh Sarin
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, Sarita Vihar, Delhi, India
| | - Dipanjan Panda
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, Sarita Vihar, Delhi, India
| | - Rnm Hanitha
- Sapien Biosciences Private Limited, AIMSR Building, Apollo Health City, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Jugnu Jain
- Sapien Biosciences Private Limited, AIMSR Building, Apollo Health City, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Soma Chatterjee
- Sapien Biosciences Private Limited, AIMSR Building, Apollo Health City, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - S Annapurneswari
- Apollo Cancer Center No. 320, Anna Salai, Thiru Vi Ka Kudiyiruppu, Teynampet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohamed Zehran Saipillai
- Apollo Cancer Center No. 320, Anna Salai, Thiru Vi Ka Kudiyiruppu, Teynampet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shaikat Gupta
- Apollo Multispecialty Hospitals, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Enamuddin Khan
- Apollo Multispecialty Hospitals, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | | | - S V S S Prasad
- Apollo Health City Jubilee Hills, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Meenakshi Swain
- Apollo Health City Jubilee Hills, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
National trends for axillary lymph node dissection and survival outcomes for clinical T3/T4 node-negative breast cancer patients undergoing mastectomy with positive lymph nodes. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2021; 189:155-166. [PMID: 34143359 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-021-06290-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies have suggested axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) can be omitted in early breast cancer patients undergoing mastectomy with positive lymph nodes (LNs). We assessed the national utilization of ALND and overall survival (OS) for larger, locally advanced tumors in patients undergoing mastectomy with positive LNs. METHODS The National Cancer Database from 2006 to 2016 was queried for mastectomy patients with clinical T3/T4, N0 tumors, and 1-2 positive LNs. Trends and outcomes for ALND were compared to sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) alone. RESULTS Thousand nine hundred and seventeen women were included. The proportion of ALND decreased from 70% pre-Z0011 to 52% post-Z0011. On Kaplan-Meier analysis, ALND had better OS compared to SLNB alone (p < 0.01). On multivariate analysis, age (p < 0.01), chemotherapy (p < 0.01), and hormonal therapy (p < 0.01) were associated with better OS. In patients who received adjuvant radiation therapy (ART) ALND improved OS on multivariate analysis (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION This is the first large database study to demonstrate a national trend to forego ALND in mastectomy patients with large or locally advanced tumors (T3/T4abc) and 1-2 positive lymph nodes. This study suggests a survival benefit for ALND, particularly in patients receiving ART. Careful consideration and further investigations should be performed prior to omitting ALND this patient population.
Collapse
|
5
|
Yadav BS, Bansal A, Kuttikat PG, Das D, Gupta A, Dahiya D. Late-term effects of hypofractionated chest wall and regional nodal radiotherapy with two-dimensional technique in patients with breast cancer. Radiat Oncol J 2020; 38:109-118. [PMID: 33012154 PMCID: PMC7533408 DOI: 10.3857/roj.2020.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Hypofractionated radiotherapy (RT) is becoming a new standard in postoperative treatment of patients with early stage breast cancer after breast conservation surgery. However, data on hypofractionation in patients with advanced stage disease who undergo mastectomy followed by local and regional nodal irradiation (RNI) is lacking. In this retrospective study, we report late-term effects of 3 weeks post-mastectomy hypofractionated local and RNI with two-dimensional (2D) technique in patients with stage II and III breast cancer. METHODS Between January 1990 and December 2007, 1,770 women with breast cancer who were given radical treatment with mastectomy, systemic therapy and RT at least 10 years ago were included. RT dose was 35 Gy/15 fractions/3 weeks to chest wall by two tangential fields and 40 Gy in same fractions to supraclavicular fossa (SCF) and internal mammary nodes (IMNs). SCF and IMNs dose was prescribed at dmax and 3 cm depth, respectively. Chemotherapy and hormonal therapy was given in 64% and 74% patients, respectively. Late-term toxicities were assessed with the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) scores and LENT-SOMA scales (the Late Effects Normal Tissue Task Force-Subjective, Objective, Management, Analytic scales). RESULTS Mean age was 48 years (range, 19 to 75 years). Median follow-up was 12 years (range, 10 to 27 years). Moderate/marked arm/shoulder pain was reported by 254 (14.3%) patients. Moderate/marked shoulder stiffness was reported by 219 (12.3%) patients. Moderate/marked arm edema was seen in 131 (7.4%) patients. Brachial plexopathy was not seen in any patient. Rib fractures were noted in 6 (0.3%) patients. Late cardiac and lung toxicity was seen in 29 (1.6%) and 23 (1.3%) patients, respectively. Second malignancy developed in 105 (5.9%) patients. CONCLUSION RNI with 40 Gy/15 fractions/3 weeks hypofractionation with 2D technique seems safe and comparable to historical data of conventional fractionation (ClinicalTrial.gov Registration No. XXXX).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Budhi Singh Yadav
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Regional Cancer Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anshuma Bansal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rajindra Hospital, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Philip George Kuttikat
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Regional Cancer Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Deepak Das
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Regional Cancer Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ankita Gupta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Regional Cancer Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Divya Dahiya
- Department of General Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chakraborty S, Wadasadawala T, Ahmed R, Coles C, Chatterjee S. Breast Cancer Demographics, Types and Management Pathways: Can Western Algorithms be Optimally used in Eastern Countries? Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2019; 31:502-509. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
7
|
Rangarajan B, Shet T, Wadasadawala T, Nair NS, Sairam RM, Hingmire SS, Bajpai J. Breast cancer: An overview of published Indian data. South Asian J Cancer 2016; 5:86-92. [PMID: 27606288 PMCID: PMC4991144 DOI: 10.4103/2278-330x.187561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Incidence of breast cancer has been steadily increasing in the last two decades, more so in urban areas of the sub-continent. Cancer ceters across the country have large numbers of patients being treated with multiple publications in this field. Inspite of paucity of prospective data and randomised clinical trials from India, there are large number of retrospective publications on various aspects of the disease including pathology, radiology, surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, palliative care and alternatitive treatment modalities. These published data provide an insight into the trends of breast cancer in the country and this comprehensive data review of Indian data will provide a basis for designing trials relevant to our population and planning health care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Rangarajan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kovai Medical Center and Hospital, Coimbatore, India
| | - Tanuja Shet
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharastra, India
| | | | - Nita S Nair
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharastra, India
| | - R Madhu Sairam
- Department of Radiotherapy, Kovai Medical Center and Hospital, Coimbatore, India
| | - Sachin S Hingmire
- Department of Medical Oncology, Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital, Pune, India
| | - Jyoti Bajpai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharastra, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dilaveri CA, Sandhu NP, Neal L, Neben-Wittich MA, Hieken TJ, Mac Bride MB, Wahner-Roedler DL, Ghosh K. Medical factors influencing decision making regarding radiation therapy for breast cancer. Int J Womens Health 2014; 6:945-54. [PMID: 25429241 PMCID: PMC4242405 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s71591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is an important and effective adjuvant therapy for breast cancer. Numerous health conditions may affect medical decisions regarding tolerance of breast radiation therapy. These factors must be considered during the decision-making process after breast-conserving surgery or mastectomy for breast cancer. Here, we review currently available evidence focusing on medical conditions that may affect the patient-provider decision-making process regarding the use of radiation therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole P Sandhu
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lonzetta Neal
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michelle A Neben-Wittich
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA ; Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tina J Hieken
- Division of Subspecialty General Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Karthik Ghosh
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Montero A, Sanz X, Hernanz R, Cabrera D, Arenas M, Bayo E, Moreno F, Algara M. Accelerated hypofractionated breast radiotherapy: FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions) and facts. Breast 2014; 23:299-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
|
10
|
Differential prognostic indicators for locoregional recurrence, distant recurrence, and death of breast cancer. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2013; 2013:946945. [PMID: 24377049 PMCID: PMC3860128 DOI: 10.1155/2013/946945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To explore prognostic characteristics for locoregional recurrence, distant recurrence, and mortality in patients with breast cancer. Methods. A 5-year retrospective review of patients was conducted in two university affiliated hospitals in the north of Thailand. Prognostic characteristics and clinical outcomes were retrieved from medical registry. Death was verified by the civil database from the Ministry of Interior, direct telephone contact, or by prepaid postcard. Data were analyzed by stratified Cox's regression proposed by Lunn & McNeil, in which multiple-typed outcomes were analyzed in a single multivariable model. Results. The assembled cohort comprised 829 patients. Under the multivariable analysis, 7 prognostic characteristics were significant prognostic indicators. Positive axillary lymph nodes >3 and presence of lymphovascular invasion (LVI) increased locoregional recurrence, while disease stage 3, positive axillary lymph nodes >3, and radiotherapy increase distant recurrence. Hormonal therapy reduced the distant recurrence. Pathological tumor size >2 cm, disease stage 3, positive axillary lymph nodes >3, and presence of LVI increased, while hormonal therapy and chemotherapy reduced death. Conclusions. Clinical characteristic reflecting tumor invasions increased locoregional recurrence, distant recurrence, or death, while hormonal therapy and chemotherapy reduced such risks. The effect of radiation remained inconclusive but may increase the risk of distant recurrence.
Collapse
|
11
|
CCL19/CCR7 upregulates heparanase via specificity protein-1 (Sp1) to promote invasion of cell in lung cancer. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:2703-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0822-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
|
12
|
Yu M, Berk R, Kosir MA. CXCL7-Mediated Stimulation of Lymphangiogenic Factors VEGF-C, VEGF-D in Human Breast Cancer Cells. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2010; 2010:939407. [PMID: 20652010 PMCID: PMC2906176 DOI: 10.1155/2010/939407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2009] [Revised: 03/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Increased expression of lymphangiogenesis factors VEGF-C/D and heparanase has been correlated with the invasion of cancer. Furthermore, chemokines may modify matrix to facilitate metastasis, and they are associated with VEGF-C and heparanase. The chemokine CXCL7 binds heparin and the G-protein-linked receptor CXCR2. We investigated the effect of CXCR2 blockade on the expression of VEGF-C/D, heparanase, and on invasion. CXCL7 siRNA and a specific antagonist of CXCR2 (SB225002) were used to treat CXCL7 stably transfected MCF10AT cells. Matrigel invasion assays were performed. VEGF-C/D expression and secretion were determined by real-time PCR and ELISA assay, and heparanase activity was quantified by ELISA. SB225002 blocked VEGF-C/D expression and secretion (P < .01). CXCL7 siRNA knockdown decreased heparanase (P < .01). Both SB225002 and CXCL7 siRNA reduced the Matrigel invasion (P < .01). The MAP kinase signaling pathway was not involved. The CXCL7/CXCR2 axis is important for cell invasion and the expression of VEGF-C/D and heparanase, all linked to invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minghuan Yu
- Department of Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Richard Berk
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Mary Ann Kosir
- Department of Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Surgical Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Breast Biology Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tang Z, Yu M, Miller F, Berk RS, Tromp G, Kosir MA. Increased invasion through basement membrane by CXCL7-transfected breast cells. Am J Surg 2008; 196:690-6. [PMID: 18954601 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Revised: 08/09/2008] [Accepted: 08/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CXC chemokines may modify breast cancer cells and surrounding extracellular matrix to facilitate metastasis. CXCL7 is heparin binding, has heparanase activity, and is a ligand to CXCR2, a G-protein-linked receptor. METHODS Isogenic cell lines, malignant MCF10CA1a.cl1 cells, and premalignant MCF10AT cells were used. CXCR2 and CXCL7 expression levels were quantified by reverse transcriptionase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. MCF10AT cells were stably transfected with CXCL7, and matrigel invasion assays were performed. Antibody to CXCL7 was used to inhibit invasion. CXCL7 secretion by transfectants and heparanase activity were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS CXCL7 and CXCR2 expression were significantly higher in malignant MCF10CA1a.cl1 cells than in premalignant MCF10AT cells. Secreted CXCL7, secreted heparanase activity, and invasiveness were all increased in CXCL7-transfected MCF10AT cells. CXCL7 antibody inhibited invasion of CXCL7-transfected MCF10AT cells. CONCLUSIONS Malignant MCF10CA1a.cl1 cells express more CXCL7 and CXCR2 than premalignant MCF10AT cells. CXCL7-transfected MCF10AT cells are as invasive as malignant breast cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Tang
- Department of Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Razavi AR, Gill H, Ahlfeldt H, Shahsavar N. Non-compliance with a postmastectomy radiotherapy guideline: decision tree and cause analysis. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2008; 8:41. [PMID: 18803875 PMCID: PMC2556998 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6947-8-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 09/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The guideline for postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT), which is prescribed to reduce recurrence of breast cancer in the chest wall and improve overall survival, is not always followed. Identifying and extracting important patterns of non-compliance are crucial in maintaining the quality of care in Oncology. METHODS Analysis of 759 patients with malignant breast cancer using decision tree induction (DTI) found patterns of non-compliance with the guideline. The PMRT guideline was used to separate cases according to the recommendation to receive or not receive PMRT. The two groups of patients were analyzed separately. Resulting patterns were transformed into rules that were then compared with the reasons that were extracted by manual inspection of records for the non-compliant cases. RESULTS Analyzing patients in the group who should receive PMRT according to the guideline did not result in a robust decision tree. However, classification of the other group, patients who should not receive PMRT treatment according to the guideline, resulted in a tree with nine leaves and three of them were representing non-compliance with the guideline. In a comparison between rules resulting from these three non-compliant patterns and manual inspection of patient records, the following was found: In the decision tree, presence of perigland growth is the most important variable followed by number of malignantly invaded lymph nodes and level of Progesterone receptor. DNA index, age, size of the tumor and level of Estrogen receptor are also involved but with less importance. From manual inspection of the cases, the most frequent pattern for non-compliance is age above the threshold followed by near cut-off values for risk factors and unknown reasons. CONCLUSION Comparison of patterns of non-compliance acquired from data mining and manual inspection of patient records demonstrates that not all of the non-compliances are repetitive or important. There are some overlaps between important variables acquired from manual inspection of patient records and data mining but they are not identical. Data mining can highlight non-compliance patterns valuable for guideline authors and for medical audit. Improving guidelines by using feedback from data mining can improve the quality of care in oncology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir R Razavi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Medical Informatics, Linköping University, Sweden.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|