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Naltrexone's Impact on Cancer Progression and Mortality: A Systematic Review of Studies in Humans, Animal Models, and Cell Cultures. Adv Ther 2021; 38:904-924. [PMID: 33337537 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-020-01591-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Naltrexone (NTX) is an opioid antagonist traditionally used as a treatment for alcohol and opioid use disorders, but various studies have documented its involvement in cancer progression, exploring possible anticancer potential, when administered at high doses or as low dose naltrexone (LDN). Herein we present a systematic review of cancer-related outcomes from case reports, clinical trials, and retrospective and prospective studies conducted using cell cultures, animal models, and human subjects receiving NTX/LDN. METHODS A systematic search of NTX in cancer therapy was conducted. Outcomes including tumor size and number, latency to tumor development, survival duration, progression of disease, and scan results were assessed in clinical and animal studies, and cell number was used as the outcome measure of culture studies. RESULTS Several case reports demonstrate notable survival durations and metastatic resolutions in patients with late stage cancer when administered an average LDN dose of 3-5 mg/day. Animal and cell culture studies suggest an overarching principle of NTX involvement in cancer pharmacophysiology, suggesting that high doses and continuous administration can foster cancer progression, whereas low doses and intermittent treatment may hinder cell proliferation, impede tumorigenesis, and have potential anticancer efficacy. CONCLUSION This review emphasizes the value of potential future research on NTX in cancer therapy, and warrants need for a better understanding of underlying mechanisms. Future controlled studies with more robust sample sizes, particularly in humans, are needed to fully elucidate its potential in cancer therapy.
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Miraghajani M, Rafie N, Hajianfar H, Larijani B, Azadbakht L. Aged Garlic and Cancer: A Systematic Review. Int J Prev Med 2018; 9:84. [PMID: 30487964 PMCID: PMC6212616 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_437_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, which increases health-care costs. It has been reported that some dietary components such as aged garlic, one of the garlic preparations with no strong odor and harsh irritating taste, exhibits anticancer effects. This review summarizes the potential beneficial effects of aged garlic on cancer incidences as well as prevention and improvement of factors related to malignancy. Electronic databases, including MEDLINE, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were searched. All study designs which were focused on cancer incidence, or indices related to malignancy as outcomes in human, animal, and human cells studies, and aged garlic and its ingredients as exposures were reviewed in accordance to the items for systematic reviews (PRISMA) guidelines. Initially, 304 articles were identified. Then, 25 articles which met the inclusion criteria were selected. Based on the evaluation, overall quality score of human studies was well. Although there were inconsistent evidence from human studies, results of the animal and laboratory results were mostly consistent. The overall findings may suggest that intakes of aged garlic are inversely associated with cancer. In this regard, the studies have shortcomings. Therefore, more precise investigations will be necessary to decide whether aged garlic consumption is recommendable as a part of cancer prevention or control programs. However, due to anticancer properties of aged garlic, its consumption along with healthy diet may have beneficial effects on cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Miraghajani
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,The Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nahid Rafie
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Hajianfar
- Department of Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Isfahan, Iran.,Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Azadbakht
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Jiang X, Zhu X, Liu N, Xu H, Zhao Z, Li S, Li S, Cai J, Cao J. Diallyl Trisulfide Inhibits Growth of NCI-H460 in Vitro and in Vivo, and Ameliorates Cisplatin-Induced Oxidative Injury in the Treatment of Lung Carcinoma in Xenograft Mice. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:167-178. [PMID: 28255269 PMCID: PMC5332871 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.16828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diallyl trisulfide (DATS), an organosulfuric component of garlic oil, exhibits potential anticancer and chemopreventive effects. Cisplatin (DDP), a common chemotherapeutic agent, has provided great therapeutic contributions to treating solid tumors, but with serious side effects. Here, we verified the anti-tumor properties of DATS on lung cancer in vitro and in vivo, and evaluated synergistic effects of DATS combined with DDP on the NCI-H460 xenograft model. Significantly decreased cell viabilities, cell cycle G1 arrest, and apoptosis induction were observed in DATS treated NCI-H460 cells (p<0.05). And injection of DATS (30 or 40 mg/kg) to female Balb/c mice significantly inhibited the growth of human NCI-H460 cell tumor xenograft (p<0.001). Moreover, DATS in combination with DDP exhibited enhanced anti-tumor activity via induction of apoptosis. Apoptosis pathways were confirmed by modulation of p53, Bcl-2 family members; induction of active caspase-3/8/9 and activation of JNK- and p38-MAPK pathways. Interestedly, DATS+DDP administration exerted fewer side effects, such as suppressing the weight loss and ameliorating DDP-induced oxidative injury, especially in renal parenchyma. In addition, increased E-cadherin and decreased MMP-9 expression levels were observed in DATS-treated tumor tissues. These studies provide supports that DATS might be a potential candidate for combination with DDP in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xiaosong Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Na Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Hongya Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Zhongxi Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mucosal and Transdermal Drug Delivery Technologies, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 989 Xinluo Street, Jinan, Shandong 250101, P.R. China.; Jiangsu Shengshi Kangde Biotech Corporation, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222006, P.R. China
| | - Siying Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Shanzhong Li
- Jiangsu Shengshi Kangde Biotech Corporation, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222006, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Cai
- Jiangsu Shengshi Kangde Biotech Corporation, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222006, P.R. China
| | - Jimin Cao
- Jiangsu Shengshi Kangde Biotech Corporation, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222006, P.R. China
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Li X, Han H, Chen M, Yang W, Liu L, Li N, Ding X, Chu Z. Overexpression of OsDT11, which encodes a novel cysteine-rich peptide, enhances drought tolerance and increases ABA concentration in rice. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 93:21-34. [PMID: 27718117 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0544-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain peptides play important roles in plant development and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Here, we characterized a gene of unknown function termed OsDT11, which encodes an 88 amino acid short-chain peptide and belongs to the cysteine-rich peptide family. It was found that the expression of OsDT11 can be activated by polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment. Compared with wild-type lines, the OsDT11-overexpression lines displayed dramatically enhanced tolerance to drought and had reduced water loss, reduced stomatal density, and an increased the concentration of abscisic acid (ABA). The suppression of OsDT11 expression resulted in an increased sensitivity to drought compared to wild-type expression. Several drought-related genes, including genes encoding abscisic acid (ABA) signaling markers, were also strongly induced in the OsDT11-overexpressing lines. Moreover, the expression of OsDT11 was repressed in ABA-insensitive mutant Osbzip23 and Os2H16 RNAi lines. These results suggest that OsDT11-mediated drought tolerance may be dependent on the ABA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Huipei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory for Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaohui Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Percival SS. Aged Garlic Extract Modifies Human Immunity. J Nutr 2016; 146:433S-436S. [PMID: 26764332 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.210427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Garlic contains numerous compounds that have the potential to influence immunity. Immune cells, especially innate immune cells, are responsible for the inflammation necessary to kill pathogens. Two innate lymphocytes, γδ-T and natural killer (NK) cells, appear to be susceptible to diet modification. The purpose of this review was to summarize the influence of aged garlic extract (AGE) on the immune system. The author's laboratory is interested in AGE's effects on cell proliferation and activation and inflammation and to learn whether those changes might affect the occurrence and severity of colds and flu. Healthy human participants (n = 120), between 21 and 50 y of age, were recruited for a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel-intervention study to consume 2.56 g AGE/d or placebo supplements for 90 d during the cold and flu season. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated before and after consumption, and γδ-T and NK cell function was assessed by flow cytometry. The effect on cold and flu symptoms was determined by using daily diary records of self-reported illnesses. After 45 d of AGE consumption, γδ-T and NK cells proliferated better and were more activated than cells from the placebo group. After 90 d, although the number of illnesses was not significantly different, the AGE group showed reduced cold and flu severity, with a reduction in the number of symptoms, the number of days participants functioned suboptimally, and the number of work/school days missed. These results suggest that AGE supplementation may enhance immune cell function and may be partly responsible for the reduced severity of colds and flu reported. The results also suggest that the immune system functions well with AGE supplementation, perhaps with less accompanying inflammation. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01390116.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan S Percival
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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Bozorgomid A, Hajipirloo HM, Tappeh KH, Nazari N, Karamati SA, Shirooie S. Evaluation of the alum-naloxone adjuvant activity against experimental murine leishmaniasis due to L. major. J Parasit Dis 2016; 40:1141-1145. [PMID: 27876902 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-015-0731-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is caused by intracellular parasites of Leishmania species, which are transmitted by the bite of the sandfly. Recovery and protection against the infection depends on the induction of a strong Th1 type of immune response. Vaccination of mice with the opioid antagonist naloxone can promote the activation of the Th1 responses. We studied the efficacy of the mixture of naloxone and alum, as an adjuvant, to enhance immune responses and induce protection against Leishmania major infection in BALB/c as a susceptible mouse model. BALB/c mice were immunized with Ag-naloxone-alum, Ag-alum, Ag-naloxone or PBS subcutaneously three times at 2-week intervals. The humoral and cellular specific immune responses were assessed 2 weeks after the last immunization and compared with the control mice. Our results indicated that the administration of alum-naloxone as an adjuvant increased the capability of L. major promastigote antigens to enhance lymphocyte proliferation, the levels of IFN-γ, and the IFN-γ/IL-5 ratio. The results of DTH showed that there were no significant differences in footpad swelling between the groups of immunized mice as compared with the non-vaccinated control group; however, no significant differences were observed in the survival rate among groups. It can be concluded that although immunization with the alum-naloxone mixture in combination with the autoclaved L. major promastigote antigens could enhance cellular immunity and shift the immune response to a Th1 pattern, it could not protect the mice against Leishmania major infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Bozorgomid
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Road of Nazloo, Urmia, Iran
| | - Habib Mohammadzadeh Hajipirloo
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Road of Nazloo, Urmia, Iran
| | - Khosrow Hazrati Tappeh
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Road of Nazloo, Urmia, Iran
| | - Naser Nazari
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Shiroudi Blvrd., Daneshgah St., Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Karamati
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Velenjak St., Shahid Chamran Highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Shirooie
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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MOHAMMADZADEH HAJIPIRLOO H, BOZORGOMD A, SHAHABI S, HAZRATI TAPPEH K, KARAMATI SA. Evaluation of Alum-Naltrexone Adjuvant Activity, on Efficacy of Anti-Leishmania Immunization with Autoclaved Leishmania major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) Antigens in BALB/C Mice. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2014; 9:311-8. [PMID: 25678914 PMCID: PMC4316561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Naltrexone, an opioid receptor antagonist shifts the immune response toward a Th1 profile. In the current study, we evaluated the efficacy of the mixture of NTX and alum, as a new adjuvant, to enhance immune response and induce protection against Leishmania major in a mouse model. METHODS BALB/c mice were immunized three times either autoclaved L. major promastigotes' antigens alone or in combination with the adjuvant alum, naltrexone or the alum-naltrexone mixture. Both humoral and cellular immune responses were assessed two weeks after the last immunization and compared with control mice. RESULTS The administration of alum- NTX in combination with the parasite antigen, significantly increased production of IFN-γ IFN-γ /IL-5 ratio, lymphocyte proliferation and improved DTH response against L. major. There was no significant difference in survival following challenge among groups. CONCLUSION Immunization with the alum- naltrexone mixture as an adjuvant, in combination with the autoclaved L. major promastigotes antigens, can enhance cellular immunity and shift the immune responses to a Th1 pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arezoo BOZORGOMD
- Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran,Correspondence
| | - Shahram SHAHABI
- Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Khosrow HAZRATI TAPPEH
- Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Seyed Ahmad KARAMATI
- Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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