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Direct C‐2 arylation of quinoxaline with arylhydrazine salts as arylation reagents. J Heterocycl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Nazeem M, Wahdan SA, El-Naga RN, Gad AM. Saxagliptin ameliorated the depressive-like behavior induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress in rats: Impact on incretins and AKT/PI3K pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 912:174602. [PMID: 34710367 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a widespread, withering illness, resulting in a massive personal suffering and economic loss. The chronic exposure to stress may be involved in the etiology of human psychiatric disorders; such as depression. In the current study, the animals were subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for 14 days. Saxagliptin (SAXA) is a member of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors class. The current study was the first one to examine the anti-depressive effect of SAXA in an experimental model of CUMS-induced depression in rats and the possible underlying mechanisms. Animals were orally treated with SAXA (0.5, 1 and 2 mg/kg) for 14 days. SAXA treatment reversed the CUMS-induced alterations in the behavioral, biochemical as well as histopathological parameters. Moreover, it hindered the CUMS-induced increase in the oxidative stress, inflammatory, and apoptotic markers. On the other hand, it increased the monoamines levels and the neurogenic brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In addition, SAXA treatment increased the incretin hormones, glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), which are linked to the activation of protein kinase B (AKT)/phosphatidylinositol3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. In conclusion, the current study revealed that the modulation of the interplay between the key events involved in depression, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and GLP-1/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, can explain the anti-depressant activity of SAXA.
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Affiliation(s)
- MennatAllah Nazeem
- The Department of Pharmacology, Egyptian Drug Authority, EDA, Formerly NODCAR, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sara A Wahdan
- The Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Reem N El-Naga
- The Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amany M Gad
- The Department of Pharmacology, Egyptian Drug Authority, EDA, Formerly NODCAR, Giza, Egypt; The Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, East Kantara Branch, New City, El Esmailia, Egypt
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Xu Y, Huang X, Lv G, Lai R, Lv S, Li J, Hai L, Wu Y. Iridium-Catalyzed Carbenoid Insertion of Sulfoxonium Ylides for Synthesis of Quinoxalines and β-Keto Thioethers in Water. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province; Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology; West China School of Pharmacyy; Sichuan University; 610041 Chengdu China
| | - Xin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province; Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology; West China School of Pharmacyy; Sichuan University; 610041 Chengdu China
| | - Guanghui Lv
- Department of Pharmacy; Taihe Hospital; Hubei University of Medicine; No. 32 South Renmin Road 442000 Shiyan Huibei China
| | - Ruizhi Lai
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province; Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology; West China School of Pharmacyy; Sichuan University; 610041 Chengdu China
| | - Songyang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province; Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology; West China School of Pharmacyy; Sichuan University; 610041 Chengdu China
| | - Jianglian Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province; Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology; West China School of Pharmacyy; Sichuan University; 610041 Chengdu China
| | - Li Hai
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province; Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology; West China School of Pharmacyy; Sichuan University; 610041 Chengdu China
| | - Yong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province; Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology; West China School of Pharmacyy; Sichuan University; 610041 Chengdu China
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Bhatt S, Mahesh R, Devadoss T, Jindal A. Neuropharmacological evaluation of a novel 5-HT3 receptor antagonist (4-benzylpiperazin-1-yl)(3-methoxyquinoxalin-2-yl) methanone (6g) on lipopolysaccharide-induced anxiety models in mice. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 28:101-106. [PMID: 27664773 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2016-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5-HT3 receptor antagonists play a key role in the management of psychiatric disorders such as, depression and anxiety. They may act through modulation of serotonergic transmission. In the present study, a novel and potential 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, 6g (4-benzylpiperazin-1-yl)(3-methoxyquinoxalin-2-yl) methanone, which exhibited good log P (3.08) and pA2 (7.5) values was screened for its anxiolytic property in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced anxiety models. METHODS LPS, an endotoxin, present in the cell wall of Gram negative bacteria was injected 0.83 mg/kg, i.p. as a single dose to induce anxiety-like symptoms in mice. Compound 6g (1 and 2 mg/kg, p.o.) and standard fluoxetine (FLX) (20 mg/kg, p.o.) were injected to treatment groups for 7 days and evaluated in various behavioral paradigms such as elevated plus maze (EPM), light and dark (L/D) test, and open field test (OFT). Their effects on serotonin levels in mice brain were also examined. RESULTS The results showed that LPS induced anxiety-like symptoms in mice, as indicated by a significantly decreased percentage open arm entries and percentage time spent in open arms in EPM; decreased time spent in light area and number of transition between chambers in L/D test; decreased ambulation and rearing scores in OFT. Compound 6g (1 and 2 mg/kg, p.o., 7 days) and FLX treatment (20 mg/kg, p.o., 7 days) reversed the LPS-induced behavioral changes and significantly affected all the behavioral parameters mentioned above. In addition 6g (1 and 2 mg/kg, p.o., 7 days) and FLX treatment (20 mg/kg, p.o., 7 days) increased the levels of serotonin in mice brain. CONCLUSIONS Compound 6g produced anxiolytic-like effects in various anxiety paradigms in LPS-treated mice as well as restored the decreased serotonin levels in mice brain.
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Bhatt S, Mahesh R, Jindal A, Devadoss T. Neuropharmacological and neurochemical evaluation of N-n-propyl-3-ethoxyquinoxaline-2-carboxamide (6n): a novel serotonergic 5-HT3 receptor antagonist for co-morbid antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like potential using traumatic brain injury model in rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 28:93-100. [PMID: 27662644 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2016-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several preclinical studies have shown that serotonergic 5-HT3 receptor antagonists play an important role in the management of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression and anxiety. In the present study the compound "6n" (N-n-propyl-3-ethoxyquinoxaline-2-carboxamide), a novel 5-HT3 receptor antagonist with an optimal log P (2.52) and pA2 (7.6) value was screened for its neuro-pharmacological potential in chronic rodent models of depression and anxiety named traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS In this model, a 1 cm midline scalp incision was made, and the muscles were retracted to expose the skull. A stainless steel disc (10 mm in diameter and 3 mm in depth) was placed centrally between the lambda and bregma regions. The injury was induced using the impact acceleration model of TBI. Specifically, a 400 g metal weight was dropped from a height of 1 m guided by a straight pipe, onto the metal disc placed over the rat's skull. RESULTS The behavioral anomalies of the TBI rats were attenuated by the chronic treatment of compound 6n (1 and 2 mg/kg, p.o.; 14 days) as observed by the modified open field test (ambulation, rearing, and fecal pellet), sucrose consumption test (% sucrose consumption), elevated plus maze [% open arm entries [OAE] and % time spent in open arm (TSOA)], and marble burying test (numbers). In addition, 6n also increased the levels of neurotransmitters (norepinephrine and serotonin) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in TBI rats. CONCLUSIONS The result suggests that compound 6n exhibited antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like effects in rodent models of depression and anxiety.
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Differential effects of a short-term high-fat diet in an animal model of depression in rats treated with the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, ondansetron, the 5-HT3 receptor agonist, 2-methyl-5-HT, and the SSRI, fluoxetine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 144:78-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ahmed RF, Abdel-Rahman RF, Farid OA, El-Marasy SA, Hessin AF. Combined hepatoprotective and antidepressant effects of resveratrol in an acute model of depression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bfopcu.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bhatt S, Radhakrishnan M, Jindal A, Devadoss T, Dhar AK. Neuropharmacological evaluation of a novel 5-HT3 receptor antagonist (6g) on chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced changes in behavioural and brain oxidative stress parameters in mice. Indian J Pharmacol 2014; 46:191-6. [PMID: 24741192 PMCID: PMC3987189 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.129316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of the study was to evaluate a novel 5 HT3 receptor antagonist (6g) on chronic stress induced changes in behavioural and brain oxidative stress parameter in mice. A complicated relationship exists among stressful stimuli, body's reaction to stress and the onset of clinical depression. Chronic unpredictable stressors can produce a situation similar to human depression, and such animal models can be used for the preclinical evaluation of antidepressants. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, a novel and potential 5-HT3 receptor antagonist (4-benzylpiperazin-1-yl)(3-methoxyquinoxalin-2-yl) methanone (6g) with good Log P (3.08) value and pA 2(7.5) values, synthesized in our laboratory was investigated to study the effects on chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced behavioural and biochemical alterations in mice. Mice were subjected to different stress paradigms daily for a period of 28 days to induce depressive-like behaviour. RESULTS The results showed that CUMS caused depression-like behaviour in mice, as indicated by the significant (P < 0.05) decrease in sucrose consumption and locomotor activity and increase in immobility the forced swim test. In addition, it was found that lipid peroxidation and nitrite levels were significantly (P < 0.05) increased, whereas glutathione levels, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities decreased in brain tissue of CUMS-treated mice. '6g' (1 and 2 mg/kg, p.o., 21 days) and fluoxetine treatment (20 mg/kg, p.o., 21 days) significantly (P < 0.05) reversed the CUMS-induced behavioural (increased immobility period, reduced sucrose preference and decreased locomotor activity) and biochemical (increased lipid peroxidation; decreased glutathione levels, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities). However fluoxetine treatment (20 mg/kg, p.o., 21 days) significantly decreased the nitrite level in the brain while '6g' (1 and 2 mg/kg, p.o., 21 days) did not show significant (P < 0.05) effect on the nitrite levels in brain. CONCLUSION Compound '6g' exerted antidepressant-like effects in behavioural despair paradigm in chronically stressed mice by restoring antioxidant mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shvetank Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mahesh Radhakrishnan
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ankur Jindal
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Thangaraj Devadoss
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Arghya Kusum Dhar
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
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Neuropharmacological effect of novel 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, N-n-propyl-3-ethoxyquinoxaline-2-carboxamide (6n) on chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced molecular and cellular response: Behavioural and biochemical evidences. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 66:804-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bhatt S, Mahesh R, Jindal A, Devadoss T. Protective effects of a novel 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, N-n-butyl-3-methoxy quinoxaline-2-carboxamide (6o) against chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced behavioral changes and biochemical alterations. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 122:234-9. [PMID: 24769308 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of high oxidative stress in the brain is considered as an important factor for neurotoxicity towards the pathophysiology of chronic stress-induced depression disorder. In the present research, a potential 5-HT₃ receptor antagonist N-n-butyl-3-methoxy quinoxaline-2-carboxamide (6o) having good Log P (2.60) and pA₂ (7.7) values was examined for its effect on the behavioral and biochemical changes induced by the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model. In the current investigation mice were introduced to different stress procedures daily for a period of 28 days to induce a depressive-like behavior. The results show that CUMS caused a depression-like behavior in mice, as indicated by the significant decrease in sucrose consumption and locomotor activity and increase in immobility in the forced swim test (FST). Moreover, it was found that oxidative stress markers such as lipid peroxide and nitrite levels were significantly increased, whereas, antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels were decreased in the brain tissue of CUMS-subjected mice. "Compound 6o" (1 and 2 mg/kg, p.o.) and fluoxetine treatment (20 mg/kg, p.o.) for a period of 21 days altered the CUMS-induced behavioral (increased immobility period, reduced sucrose preference and decreased locomotor activity) and biochemical (increased lipid peroxide, increased brain nitrite; decreased GSH, SOD and CAT levels) alterations. Moreover normal mice treated with "compound 6o" (2 mg/kg, p.o.) showed a significant decrease in the duration of immobility in FST as compared to normal vehicle treated mice. In conclusion, "compound 6o" produced antidepressant-like effects in behavioral despair paradigm in chronically stressed mice by restoring antioxidant enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shvetank Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Radhakrishnan Mahesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ankur Jindal
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Thangaraj Devadoss
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India
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Abstract
Monoamine-based treatments for depression have evolved greatly over the past several years, but shortcomings such as suboptimal efficacy, treatment lag, and residual cognitive dysfunction are still significant. Preclinical and clinical studies using compounds directly targeting glutamatergic neurotransmission present new opportunities for antidepressant treatment, with ketamine having a surprisingly rapid and sustained antidepressant effect that is presumably mediated through glutamate-dependent mechanisms. While direct modulation of glutamate transmission for antidepressant and cognition-enhancing actions may be hampered by nonspecific effects, indirect modulation through the serotonin (5-HT) system may be a viable alternative approach. Based on localization and function, 5-HT can modulate glutamate neurotransmission at least through the 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT3, and 5-HT7 receptors, which presents a rational pharmacological opportunity for modulating glutamatergic transmission without the direct use of glutamatergic compounds. Combining one or more of these glutamate-modulating 5-HT targets with 5-HT transporter inhibition may offer new therapeutic opportunities. The multimodal compounds vortioxetine and vilazodone are examples of this approach with diverse mechanisms, and their different clinical effects will provide valuable insights into serotonergic modulation of glutamate transmission for the potential treatment of depression and associated cognitive dysfunction.
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