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Vásquez-Castillo AC, Moreira J, Guarecuco Castillo JE, Hamam F, Masri MM. Inguinal Intranodal Lymphangioma in an Adult: A Clinical Case Report. Cureus 2023; 15:e50402. [PMID: 38213354 PMCID: PMC10783834 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.50402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Lymphangiomas are benign deformities of the lymphatic system that are most common in pediatric populations and are usually found in the neck, axilla, chest wall, cervicofacial, and pelvic regions, as they are areas with more lymphatic activity. Herein, we report the case of a 43-year-old African-American male who presented with bilateral inguinal lymphangiomas, the first documented incidence of its kind. This patient presented with several months of bilateral swellings in his groin area, accompanied by increased tenderness and discomfort. A physical exam revealed that the left groin swelling was larger than the right groin swelling and that the left lymph node was about < 2 cm in size. Bilaterally, there was no tenderness of the lymph nodes in the area and no skin changes, ulceration, induration, discharge, or bleeding from the site. The diagnostic assessment included ultrasound, a left inguinal lymphadenectomy, and a frozen section biopsy to provide a definitive diagnosis. The pathology report described the lesion as a benign lymphangioma and was negative for lymphoproliferative lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin Moreira
- General Surgery, Ross University School of Medicine, Christ Church, BRB
| | | | - Feisal Hamam
- Surgery, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, USA
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Bezerra HKF, Leonel ACLDS, Martins HDD, Carvalho EJDA, de Castro JFL, Bonan PRF, Perez DEDC. Oral Lymphatic Malformations: A 21-Year Retrospective Study in a Single Institution. Int J Surg Pathol 2023:10668969231201414. [PMID: 37853707 DOI: 10.1177/10668969231201414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Introduction. Oral lymphatic malformations are uncommon lesions. This study assessed the clinicopathological and sociodemographic features of oral lymphatic malformations in a Brazilian oral pathology service. Methods. Between 2000 and 2021, all oral lymphatic malformations diagnosed in a single oral pathology service were selected for the study. Clinical data, such as age, sex, site of the lesion, clinical presentation, diagnosis clinical, and the type of biopsy were recorded from the patient's clinical charts. Results. From 7554 oral lesions, 17 (0.22%) were oral lymphatic malformations. This lesion similarly affected both sexes, and the mean age of the patients was 16.5 years. The tongue was the most common site (n = 13; 76%). The mean size of the lesions was 17 mm. Oral lymphatic malformations were asymptomatic for 29% of the patients. Clinically, most lesions appeared as a reddish, sessile nodule, with a pebbly surface. In addition, the clinical and histopathological diagnoses agreed for most lesions (n = 11; 64%). The type of biopsy performed was excisional in 41% of lesions. Conclusions. In summary, oral lymphatic malformations present a low prevalence among the oral lesions diagnosed in an oral pathology service. Moreover, they affect equally both sexes, especially young patients, and usually appear as an asymptomatic or symptomatic nodular swelling on the tongue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elaine Judite de Amorim Carvalho
- Clinical and Preventive Dentistry, Oral Pathology Section, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Jurema Freire Lisboa de Castro
- Clinical and Preventive Dentistry, Oral Pathology Section, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Danyel Elias da Cruz Perez
- Clinical and Preventive Dentistry, Oral Pathology Section, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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Dabas S, Menon NN, Ranjan R, Gurung B, Shukla H, Sharma AK, Tiwari S, Sinha A, Bhatti SS, Sangal R. Transoral robotic surgery for adult parapharyngeal lymphangioma: A case report. World J Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 10:23-29. [DOI: 10.5319/wjo.v10.i2.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphangiomas are a group of benign swellings which are commonly seen in children. The most common sites of presentation is the head and neck region, less commonly seen in axilla, chest, liver, spleen, etc. The ideal modality of treatment has always been surgical excision irrespective of the site and age group. But with the advent of minimally invasive surgical techniques, it is now possible to perform excision of parapharyngeal space lesions with minimal morbidity and good clearance.
CASE SUMMARY A 42-year-old male patient who presented with difficulty in swallowing and had undergone surgery twice outside, where Transcervical approach was attempted to remove the parapharyngeal mass, but failed. Magnetic resonance imaging scan demonstrated a 6 cm x 5 cm x 4 cm left parapharyngeal mass. He underwent transoral robotic surgery for the excision of the parapharyngeal lesion and had an uneventful post-operative recovery.
CONCLUSION Lymphangiomas are hamartomatous swellings which are benign in nature. The symptoms of the patient with large parapharyngeal mass include dysphagia, dyspnoea and neck swelling. Clinicoradiological evaluation is of utmost importance to determine the adjacent vital structures and the approach to the tumor. With the advent of robotics in oncology, transoral robotic excision is one of the best approaches to perform such a surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surender Dabas
- Department of Surgical Oncology, BLK MAX Superspeciality Hospital, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Nandini N Menon
- Department of Surgical Oncology, BLK MAX Superspeciality Hospital, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Reetesh Ranjan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, BLK MAX Superspeciality Hospital, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Bikas Gurung
- Department of Surgical Oncology, BLK MAX Superspeciality Hospital, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Himanshu Shukla
- Department of Surgical Oncology, BLK MAX Superspeciality Hospital, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Ashwani K Sharma
- Department of Surgical Oncology, BLK MAX Superspeciality Hospital, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Sukirti Tiwari
- Department of Surgical Oncology, BLK MAX Superspeciality Hospital, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Ajit Sinha
- Department of Surgical Oncology, BLK MAX Superspeciality Hospital, Delhi 110007, India
| | | | - Rishu Sangal
- Department of Radiology, BLK MAX Superspeciality Hospital, Delhi 110007, India
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Volpato LR, Junior F, da Silva E, Paz ALM. Extensive tongue lymphangioma followed for eight years: Case report. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2023; 27:S6-S9. [PMID: 37082292 PMCID: PMC10112709 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_511_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphangiomas are benign hamartomatous tumours similar to lymphatic vessel neoplasms, originating from lymphatic tissue sequestration and may or may not communicate with the rest of the system. There are several treatment options for lymphangioma, such as surgery, sclerotherapy, cryotherapy, lasers, steroids and bleomycin. Although surgery is the most indicated treatment, it can result in severe sequelae and loss of function in patients. The present case shows a 5-year-old patient diagnosed with extensive tongue lymphangioma and, due to the mutilation that would be caused by its complete excision, the option was for more conservative treatments such as laser therapy and cryotherapy. After follow-up for 8 years, the patient presents with preserved functions and controlled lesion.
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Nagama T, Yamamoto I, Kuniyoshi K, Fukuda S, Kakudo N, Kusumoto K. Long-Term Follow-up With Multispecialty Management of a Giant Lymphangioma of an Infant Tongue Contributed to Reduced Complications of the Disease: A Case Report of a 21-Year Follow-up. EPLASTY 2022; 22:e56. [PMID: 36545641 PMCID: PMC9748821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background. Lymphangiomas are benign tumors of abnormal lymphatic tissue. Approximately 6% of all lymphangiomas occur on the tongue. A lymphangioma of the tongue may present as a localized or a diffused growth, which may enlarge to cause macroglossia, impaired speech, and difficulty in mastication. This article reports a 21-year follow-up of a male infant who presented with a giant tongue lymphangioma. This long-term follow-up with multidisciplinary management including partial glossectomy, sclerotherapy, and orthodontic treatment to diminish complications of the disease in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Nagama
- Kansai Medical University, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Osaka, Japan,Correspondence: Tae Nagama, MD;
| | | | - Kyoko Kuniyoshi
- Kansai Medical University, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Natsuko Kakudo
- Kansai Medical University, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Kusumoto
- Kansai Medical University, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Osaka, Japan
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Achuthan N, Chandrasekaran B, John RR. Management of recurrent lymphangioma of the cheek in an adult patient: An interdisciplinary approach. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2022; 12:465-468. [PMID: 38304865 PMCID: PMC10831346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2022.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangiomas are congenital malformations. Swellings in the cheek may arise from infection, cyst and tumors.Pathological lesions are not always confined to its common site and age of occurrence. Occurrence of lymphangioma in buccal mucosa especially in adults are very rare. Exact knowledge about anatomy and nature of lesion is mandatory for its complete removal as incomplete removal results in recurrence. Herewith,a rare case of recurrent lymphangioma involving left buccal mucosa in an adult is presented with its management. Emphasis is laid on the necessity of combined approach through multidisciplinary team while treating such lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendran Achuthan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Vinayaka Mission's Sankarachariyar Dental College, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Salem, 636 308, India
| | - Balamanikandasrinivasan Chandrasekaran
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Vinayaka Mission's Sankarachariyar Dental College, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Salem, 636 308, India
| | - Reena Rachel John
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Vinayaka Mission's Sankarachariyar Dental College, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Salem, 636 308, India
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Lymphangioma of the Lower Lip—A Diagnostic Dilemma: Report of a Rare Case with a Brief Literature Review. Case Rep Dent 2022; 2022:7890338. [PMID: 35692488 PMCID: PMC9184214 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7890338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hamartomas are tumor-like deformities typified by cellular propagation indigenous to the original site, although they display growth arrest without the possibility for further growth. Various hamartomatous oral lesions include hemangiomas, lymphangiomas, nevi, odontomas, Cherubism, etc. Lymphangiomas are benign, developmental hamartomatous entities typified by abnormal proliferation of lymphatic vessels. They are usually congenital, and more than 90% of cases occur by 2 years of age, with a rare occurrence in adults. They have a site affinity for the head and neck, and oral lesions are relatively uncommon. The dorsum of the tongue is the commonest oral site of predilection; however, the lip is a rare site of involvement. Hereby, we present an uncommon case of lymphangioma of the lower lip in a 45-year-old male patient, who reported to our hospital with an asymptomatic lower lip submucosal mass present for the last 3 years. Our case is unique as it occurred on the lower lip of a 45-year-old male. A detailed history and clinical evaluation, ultrasonography, and histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of lymphangioma.
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Oral Lesions in Children and Adolescents. Pediatr Dent 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-78003-6_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Large mandibular mass in a newborn. J Am Dent Assoc 2021; 153:1090-1095. [PMID: 34656291 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wege J, Anabtawi M, Blackwell MA, Patterson A. Lymphangioma Formation Following Hyaluronic Acid Injection for Lip Augmentation. Cureus 2021; 13:e12929. [PMID: 33654610 PMCID: PMC7910224 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of hyaluronic acid (HA) filler for aesthetic lip augmentation is a routine and common procedure with a low rate of adverse reactions. This case report documents an extremely rare complication of lip augmentation with HA leading to the development of lymphangiomas. Lymphangiomas are uncommon hamartomas of the lymphatic system. Although usually congenital, they can be acquired due to trauma, inflammation, or lymphatic blockage. They may be in the deep or superficial tissues, with superficial forms being either lymphangioma circumscriptum or acquired lymphangioma, also referred to as lymphangiectasia. Acquired lymphangiomas are typically formed by blockage of lymphatic drainage leading to dilation of the lymphatic channels. The diagnosis in our case report is acquired lymphangioma. A 27-year-old female presented with a two-year history of linear swellings in her upper lip. These lumps followed the line where HA filler had been injected four years earlier. Hyaluronidase had previously been used unsuccessfully to remove these lumps. The patient was treated with surgery to excise the lesions. Five masses were excised, and histopathological analysis displayed the presence of variably ectatic lacunae, lined by cells with CD34 expression, a lymph-vascular-endothelial marker. There were also scattered macrophages with CD68 expression in the interstices. These are typical features of a lymphangioma. The patient was satisfied with the excellent aesthetic and functional outcome. To our knowledge this is the first case of a lymphangioma following HA lip augmentation. Although rare, this complication can have aesthetic implications for the patient which may require further treatment or surgery to correct.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Wege
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull, GBR
| | - Mohammed Anabtawi
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Chesterfield Royal Hospital, Chesterfield, GBR
| | - Mike A Blackwell
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, GBR
| | - Alan Patterson
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Rotherham National Health Service Foundation Trust, Rotherham, GBR
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Kolay SK, Parwani R, Wanjari S, Singhal P. Oral lymphangiomas - clinical and histopathological relations: An immunohistochemically analyzed case series of varied clinical presentations. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2018; 22:S108-S111. [PMID: 29491618 PMCID: PMC5824501 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_157_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangiomas are benign malformations that represent hamartoma of malformed lymphatics and are composed of cystically dilated lymphatic channels which do not communicate or drain into other lymphatic channels or veins leading to accumulation of lymph. They are congenital malformations with rare occurrence in oral cavity within which tongue dorsum is the most affected site. Venous malformations are often difficult to differentiate from lymphatic malformations leading to the development of several lymphatic markers like D2-40 which seems to be useful for distinguishing vascular from lymphatic vessels. The most effective treatment is surgery having good prognosis for most of the patients but depending on their location (neck/tongue) and size (large size) they may cause airway obstruction causing death. Herewith, we present the rare cases of oral lymphangiomas of tongue, palate and buccal mucosa with varied and characteristic clinical presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajkumar Parwani
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Modern Dental College and Research Centre, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sangeeta Wanjari
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Modern Dental College and Research Centre, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Pallav Singhal
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sarjug Dental College, Darbhanga, Bihar, India
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Cadena Piñeros E, Rojas AF. Cervical lymphangioma of adult: Case report and current treatment. CASE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.15446/cr.v4n1.67067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introducción: Los tumores quísticos del cuello son inusuales en los adultos. Sin embargo, se pueden encontrar metástasis a ganglios, quistes branquiales, quistes tiroglosos, linfangiomas, entre otros. Clínicamente, estos últimos son masas blandas de crecimiento lento que se localizan en diferentes espacios del cuello.Reporte de caso: Se reporta un caso de linfangioma en una mujer de 36 años, quien consultó por masa lateral derecha del cuello con evolución de 20 días sin síntomas sistémicos asociados. A pesar de que la recaída es frecuente, la paciente fue tratada con cirugía exitosa sin evidencia de recidiva durante 12 meses de seguimiento. Discusión: Cuando se presentan en niños, los tumores quísticos del cuello se pueden convertir en urgencias quirúrgicas debido a obstrucción de la vía aérea; no obstante, en los adultos solo producen deformidad de contorno y rara vez requieren una intervención apremiante, lo que permite conductas conservadoras como la observación, el drenaje repetido o la escleroterapia. Esta última puede hacerse con el OK-432 (Picibanil); sin embargo, la cirugía es una buena opción de tratamiento sin estar exenta de complicaciones.Conclusión: Se realizó revisión de las diferentes opciones de tratamiento y se concluyó que la resección quirúrgica de los linfagiomas continúa siendo la opción más adecuada para el manejo de esta compleja lesión del cuello.
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Eren S, Cebi AT, Isler SC, Kasapoglu MB, Aksakalli N, Kasapoglu C. Cavernous lymphangioma of the tongue in an adult: a case report. J Istanb Univ Fac Dent 2017; 51:49-53. [PMID: 28955596 PMCID: PMC5573474 DOI: 10.17096/jiufd.64259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangioma is a benign hamartomatous lesion caused by congenital malformation of the lymphatic system. This benign tumor is detected most commonly at birth or in
early childhood but rarely in adults. On clinical examination, most lymphangiomas contain clear lymph fluid, but some may present as transparent vesicles containing red
blood cells due to hemorrhage. In addition, lymphangioma may occur in association with hemangioma. This tumor occurs most commonly in the head and neck area, but
rarely in the oral cavity. The dorsum of the tongue is the most common location in the mouth, followed by the lips, buccal mucosa, soft palate, and floor of the mouth.
There are various treatment approaches for lymphangioma, but surgical excision is the preferred method. We present a case of a 26-year-old man with lymphangioma on the
anterior dorsal part of the tongue, not associated with any dysfunction in mastication or speech disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Eren
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Faculty of Dentistry Istanbul University Turkey
| | - Ahmet Taylan Cebi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Faculty of Dentistry Istanbul University Turkey
| | - Sabri Cemil Isler
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Faculty of Dentistry Istanbul University Turkey
| | - Metin Berk Kasapoglu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Faculty of Dentistry Istanbul University Turkey
| | - Nihan Aksakalli
- Department of Tumour Pathology Oncology Institute of Istanbul University Turkey
| | - Cetin Kasapoglu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Faculty of Dentistry Istanbul University Turkey
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Peripheral Exophytic Oral Lesions: A Clinical Decision Tree. Int J Dent 2017; 2017:9193831. [PMID: 28757870 PMCID: PMC5516740 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9193831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis of peripheral oral exophytic lesions might be quite challenging. This review article aimed to introduce a decision tree for oral exophytic lesions according to their clinical features. General search engines and specialized databases including PubMed, PubMed Central, Medline Plus, EBSCO, Science Direct, Scopus, Embase, and authenticated textbooks were used to find relevant topics by means of keywords such as “oral soft tissue lesion,” “oral tumor like lesion,” “oral mucosal enlargement,” and “oral exophytic lesion.” Related English-language articles published since 1988 to 2016 in both medical and dental journals were appraised. Upon compilation of data, peripheral oral exophytic lesions were categorized into two major groups according to their surface texture: smooth (mesenchymal or nonsquamous epithelium-originated) and rough (squamous epithelium-originated). Lesions with smooth surface were also categorized into three subgroups according to their general frequency: reactive hyperplastic lesions/inflammatory hyperplasia, salivary gland lesions (nonneoplastic and neoplastic), and mesenchymal lesions (benign and malignant neoplasms). In addition, lesions with rough surface were summarized in six more common lesions. In total, 29 entities were organized in the form of a decision tree in order to help clinicians establish a logical diagnosis by a stepwise progression method.
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Al-Abdulla AF, Prabhu S, Al-Muharraqi MA, Darwish AH, Nagaraj V. Sublingual lymphangioma that presented as a plunging ranula in a baby boy. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016; 54:1144-1145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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