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Dehdashtian A, Timek JH, Svientek SR, Risch MJ, Bratley JV, Riegger AE, Kung TA, Cederna PS, Kemp SWP. Sexually Dimorphic Pattern of Pain Mitigation Following Prophylactic Regenerative Peripheral Nerve Interface (RPNI) in a Rat Neuroma Model. Neurosurgery 2023; 93:1192-1201. [PMID: 37227138 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000002548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treating neuroma pain is a clinical challenge. Identification of sex-specific nociceptive pathways allows a more individualized pain management. The Regenerative Peripheral Nerve Interface (RPNI) consists of a neurotized autologous free muscle using a severed peripheral nerve to provide physiological targets for the regenerating axons. OBJECTIVE To evaluate prophylactic RPNI to prevent neuroma pain in male and female rats. METHODS F344 rats of each sex were assigned to neuroma, prophylactic RPNI, or sham groups. Neuromas and RPNIs were created in both male and female rats. Weekly pain assessments including neuroma site pain and mechanical, cold, and thermal allodynia were performed for 8 weeks. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate macrophage infiltration and microglial expansion in the corresponding dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord segments. RESULTS Prophylactic RPNI prevented neuroma pain in both sexes; however, female rats displayed delayed pain attenuation when compared with males. Cold allodynia and thermal allodynia were attenuated exclusively in males. Macrophage infiltration was mitigated in males, whereas females showed a reduced number of spinal cord microglia. CONCLUSION Prophylactic RPNI can prevent neuroma site pain in both sexes. However, attenuation of both cold allodynia and thermal allodynia occurred in males exclusively, potentially because of their sexually dimorphic effect on pathological changes of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Dehdashtian
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, The University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor , Michigan , USA
| | - Jagienka H Timek
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, The University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor , Michigan , USA
| | - Shelby R Svientek
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, The University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor , Michigan , USA
| | - Mary Jane Risch
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, The University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor , Michigan , USA
| | - Jared V Bratley
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, The University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor , Michigan , USA
| | - Anna E Riegger
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, The University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor , Michigan , USA
| | - Theodore A Kung
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, The University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor , Michigan , USA
| | - Paul S Cederna
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, The University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor , Michigan , USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor , Michigan , USA
| | - Stephen W P Kemp
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, The University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor , Michigan , USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor , Michigan , USA
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Adidharma W, Khouri AN, Lee JC, Vanderboll K, Kung TA, Cederna PS, Kemp SWP. Sensory nerve regeneration and reinnervation in muscle following peripheral nerve injury. Muscle Nerve 2022; 66:384-396. [PMID: 35779064 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sensory afferent fibers are an important component of motor nerves and compose the majority of axons in many nerves traditionally thought of as "pure" motor nerves. These sensory afferent fibers innervate special sensory end organs in muscle, including muscle spindles that respond to changes in muscle length and Golgi tendons that detect muscle tension. Both play a major role in proprioception, sensorimotor extremity control feedback, and force regulation. After peripheral nerve injury, there is histological and electrophysiological evidence that sensory afferents can reinnervate muscle, including muscle that was not the nerve's original target. Reinnervation can occur after different nerve injury and muscle models, including muscle graft, crush, and transection injuries, and occurs in a nonspecific manner, allowing for cross-innervation to occur. Evidence of cross-innervation includes the following: muscle spindle and Golgi tendon afferent-receptor mismatch, vagal sensory fiber reinnervation of muscle, and cutaneous afferent reinnervation of muscle spindle or Golgi tendons. There are several notable clinical applications of sensory reinnervation and cross-reinnervation of muscle, including restoration of optimal motor control after peripheral nerve repair, flap sensation, sensory protection of denervated muscle, neuroma treatment and prevention, and facilitation of prosthetic sensorimotor control. This review focuses on sensory nerve regeneration and reinnervation in muscle, and the clinical applications of this phenomena. Understanding the physiology and limitations of sensory nerve regeneration and reinnervation in muscle may ultimately facilitate improvement of its clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Widya Adidharma
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Alexander N Khouri
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jennifer C Lee
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kathryn Vanderboll
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Theodore A Kung
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Paul S Cederna
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Stephen W P Kemp
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Lian W, Hao F, Hao P, Zhao W, Gao Y, Rao JS, Duan H, Yang Z, Li X. Distribution Heterogeneity of Muscle Spindles Across Skeletal Muscles of Lower Extremities in C57BL/6 Mice. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:838951. [PMID: 35370570 PMCID: PMC8968039 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.838951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle spindles, an important proprioceptor scattered in the skeletal muscle, participate in maintaining muscle tension and the fine regulation of random movement. Although muscle spindles exist in all skeletal muscles, explanations about the distribution and morphology of muscle spindles remain lacking for the indetermination of spindle location across muscles. In this study, traditional time-consuming histochemical technology was utilized to determine the muscle spindle anatomical and morphological characteristics in the lower extremity skeletal muscle in C57BL/6 mice. The relative distance from spindles to nerve-entry points varied from muscles in the ventral-dorsal direction, in which spindles in the lateral of gastrocnemius were not considered to be close to its nerve-entry point. In the longitudinal pattern, the domain with the highest abundance of spindles corresponded to the nerve-entry point, excluding the tibialis anterior. Spindles are mainly concentrated at the middle and rostral domain in all muscles. The results suggest a heterogeneity of the distribution of spindles in different muscles, but the distribution trend generally follows the location pattern of the nerve-entry point. Histochemical staining revealed that the spindle did not have a symmetrical structure along the equator, and this result does not agree with previous findings. Exploring the distribution and structural characteristics of muscle spindles in skeletal muscle can provide some anatomical basis for the study of muscle spindles at the molecular level and treatment of exercise-related diseases and provide a comprehensive understanding of muscle spindle morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxi Lian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Hao
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yudan Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Sheng Rao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jia-Sheng Rao,
| | - Hongmei Duan
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Hongmei Duan,
| | - Zhaoyang Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Zhaoyang Yang,
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Xiaoguang Li,
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Gartych M, Jackowiak H, Bukowska D, Celichowski J. Evaluating Sexual Dimorphism of the Muscle Spindles and Intrafusal Muscle Fibers in the Medial Gastrocnemius of Male and Female Rats. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:734555. [PMID: 34658799 PMCID: PMC8517148 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.734555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study sought to investigate the sexual dimorphism of muscle spindles in rat medial gastrocnemius muscle. The muscles were cut transversely into 5–10 and 20 μm thick serial sections and the number, density, and morphometric properties of the muscle spindles were determined. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the number of muscle spindles of male (14.45 ± 2.77) and female (15.00 ± 3.13) rats. Muscle mass was 38.89% higher in males (1.08 vs. 0.66 g in females), making the density of these receptors significantly higher (p < 0.01) in females (approximately one spindle per 51.14 mg muscle mass vs. one per 79.91 mg in males). There were no significant differences between the morphometric properties of intrafusal muscle fibers or muscle spindles in male and female rats (p > 0.05): 5.16 ± 2.43 and 5.37 ± 2.27 μm for male and female intrafusal muscle fiber diameter, respectively; 5.57 ± 2.20 and 5.60 ± 2.16 μm for male and female intrafusal muscle fiber number, respectively; 25.85 ± 10.04 and 25.30 ± 9.96 μm for male and female shorter muscle spindle diameter, respectively; and 48.99 ± 20.73 and 43.97 ± 16.96 μm for male and female longer muscle spindle diameter, respectively. These findings suggest that sexual dimorphism in the muscle spindles of rat medial gastrocnemius is limited to density, which contrasts previous findings reporting differences in extrafusal fibers diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Gartych
- Department of Neurobiology, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hanna Jackowiak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Dorota Bukowska
- Department of Neurobiology, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jan Celichowski
- Department of Neurobiology, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
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Li A, Pereira C, Hill EE, Vukcevich O, Wang A. In vitro, In vivo and Ex vivo Models for Peripheral Nerve Injury and Regeneration. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:344-361. [PMID: 33827409 PMCID: PMC9413794 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210407155543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral Nerve Injuries (PNI) frequently occur secondary to traumatic injuries. Recovery from these injuries can be expectedly poor, especially in proximal injuries. In order to study and improve peripheral nerve regeneration, scientists rely on peripheral nerve models to identify and test therapeutic interventions. In this review, we discuss the best described and most commonly used peripheral nerve models that scientists have and continue to use to study peripheral nerve physiology and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Li
- University of California Davis Ringgold standard institution - Hand and Upper Extremity Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery Sacramento, California. United States
| | - Clifford Pereira
- University of California Davis Ringgold standard institution - Hand and Upper Extremity Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery Sacramento, California. United States
| | - Elise Eleanor Hill
- University of California Davis Ringgold standard institution - Department of Surgery Sacramento, California. United States
| | - Olivia Vukcevich
- University of California Davis Ringgold standard institution - Surgery & Biomedical Engineering Sacramento, California. United States
| | - Aijun Wang
- University of California Davis - Surgery & Biomedical Engineering 4625 2nd Ave., Suite 3005 Sacramento Sacramento California 95817. United States
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Sun F, Guo J, Liu Y, Yu Y. Preparation and characterization of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate)/pullulan-gelatin electrospun nanofibers with shell-core structure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 15:045023. [PMID: 32155607 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ab7e7a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, hydrophilic pullulan, which is favorable for cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, was selected as a modifier for the preparation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) (P(3HB-co-4HB))/pullulan nanofibers via electrospinning to improve the biocompatibility of P(3HB-co-4HB) and increase the drug loading of composite fibers. Alkyl polyglycoside was used as the emulsifying agent to promote emulsification and stabilize the P(3HB-co-4HB)/pullulan composite solution. Drug-loading property of the nanofibers with a shell-core structure is increased because gelatin was not formed into fibers via electrospinning, thereby forming a stable drug-containing gelatin solution in the core layer. Finally, P(3HB-co-4HB)/pullulan-gelatin shell-core nanofibers were prepared. The intermolecular interaction, morphology, crystallization properties, mechanical properties, morphology, sustained release, and biocompatibility of composite nanofibers were characterized. Results show that the crystallization property of P(3HB-co-4HB)/pullulan composite nanofibers increases continuously with an increase in the pullulan content. As the pullulan content increases, the strain and stress of P(3HB-co-4HB)/pullulan nanofibers increase initially and decrease later. At the mass ratio of P(3HB-co-4HB) to pullulan of 10:2, P(3HB-co-4HB)/pullulan composite nanofibers exhibit a uniform morphology with an average diameter of 590 nm and porosity of 70.71%. At this mass ratio, the P(3HB-co-4HB)/pullulan-gelatin/drug shell-core structure, which sustained a release effect for more than 180 h, has potential applications as biomaterials without cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanchen Sun
- Dalian Polytechnic University, Liaoning 116034, People's Republic of China
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Asano K, Nakano T, Tokutake K, Ishii H, Nishizuka T, Iwatsuki K, Onishi T, Kurimoto S, Yamamoto M, Tatebe M, Hirata H. Muscle spindle reinnervation using transplanted embryonic dorsal root ganglion cells after peripheral nerve transection in rats. Cell Prolif 2019; 52:e12660. [PMID: 31264327 PMCID: PMC6797520 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Muscle spindles are proprioceptive receptors in the skeletal muscle. Peripheral nerve injury results in a decreased number of muscle spindles and their morphologic deterioration. However, the muscle spindles recover when skeletal muscles are reinnervated with surgical procedures, such as nerve suture or nerve transfer. Morphological changes in muscle spindles by cell transplantation procedure have not been reported so far. Therefore, we hypothesized that transplantation of embryonic sensory neurons may improve sensory neurons in the skeletal muscle and reinnervate the muscle spindles. MATERIALS AND METHODS We collected sensory neurons from dorsal root ganglions of 14-day-old rat embryos and prepared a rat model of peripheral nerve injury by performing sciatic nerve transection and allowing for a period of one week before which we performed the cell transplantations. Six months later, the morphological changes of muscle spindles in the cell transplantation group were compared with the naïve control and surgical control groups. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that transplantation of embryonic dorsal root ganglion cells induced regeneration of sensory nerve fibre and reinnervation of muscle spindles in the skeletal muscle. Moreover, calbindin D-28k immunoreactivity in intrafusal muscle fibres was maintained for six months after denervation in the cell transplantation group, whereas it disappeared in the surgical control group. CONCLUSIONS Cell transplantation therapies could serve as selective targets to modulate mechanosensory function in the skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Asano
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomonori Nakano
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Tokutake
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hisao Ishii
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takanobu Nishizuka
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Iwatsuki
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Onishi
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kurimoto
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Michiro Yamamoto
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tatebe
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hirata
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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