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Giustiniani A, Quartarone A. Defining the concept of reserve in the motor domain: a systematic review. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1403065. [PMID: 38745935 PMCID: PMC11091373 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1403065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
A reserve in the motor domain may underlie the capacity exhibited by some patients to maintain motor functionality in the face of a certain level of disease. This form of "motor reserve" (MR) could include cortical, cerebellar, and muscular processes. However, a systematic definition has not been provided yet. Clarifying this concept in healthy individuals and patients would be crucial for implementing prevention strategies and rehabilitation protocols. Due to its wide application in the assessment of motor system functioning, non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) may support such definition. Here, studies focusing on reserve in the motor domain and studies using NIBS were revised. Current literature highlights the ability of the motor system to create a reserve and a possible role for NIBS. MR could include several mechanisms occurring in the brain, cerebellum, and muscles, and NIBS may support the understanding of such mechanisms.
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Devita M, Debiasi G, Anglani M, Ceolin C, Mazzonetto I, Begliomini C, Cauzzo S, Raffaelli C, Lazzarin A, Ravelli A, Bordignon A, De Rui M, Sergi G, Bertoldo A, Mapelli D, Coin A. The Role of Cognitive Reserve in Protecting Cerebellar Volumes of Older Adults with mild Cognitive Impairment. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024:10.1007/s12311-024-01695-w. [PMID: 38639874 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-024-01695-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the relationship between cerebellar volumes and cognitive reserve in individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). A description of proxies of cerebellar cognitive reserve in terms of different volumes across lobules is also provided. 36 individuals with MCI underwent neuropsychological (MoCA, MMSE, Clock test, CRIq) assessment and neuroimaging acquisition with magnetic resonance imaging at 3 T. Simple linear correlations were applied between cerebellar volumes and cognitive measures. Multiple linear regression models were then used to estimate standardized regression coefficients and 95% confidence intervals. Simple linear correlations between cerebellar lobules volumes and cognitive features highlighted a significant association between CRIq_Working activity and specific motor cerebellar volumes: Left_V (ρ = 0.40, p = 0.02), Right_V (r = 0.42, p = 0.002), Vermis_VIIIb (ρ = 0.47, p = 0.003), Left_X (ρ = -0.46, p = 0.002) and Vermis_X (r = 0.35, p = 0.03). Furthermore, CRIq_Working activity scores correlated with certain cerebellar lobules implicated in cognition: Left_Crus_II, Vermis VIIb, Left_IX. MMSE was associated only with the Right_VIIB volume (r = 0.35, p = 0.02), while Clock Drawing Test scores correlated with both Left_Crus_I and Right_Crus_I (r = -0.42 and r = 0.42, p = 0.02, respectively). This study suggests that a higher cognitive reserve is associated with specific cerebellar lobule volumes and that Working activity may play a predominant role in this association. These findings contribute to the understanding of the relationship between cerebellar volumes and cognitive reserve, highlighting the potential modulatory role of Working activity on cerebellum response to cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Devita
- Department of General Psychology (DPG), University of Padua, Via Venezia 8, Padua, Italy.
- Geriatrics Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, Padua, Italy.
| | - Giulia Debiasi
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, Padua, Italy
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padua, Via Gardenigo 6/B, Padua, Italy
| | - Mariagiulia Anglani
- Neuroradiology Unit, University Hospital of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, Padua, Italy
| | - Chiara Ceolin
- Geriatrics Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, Padua, Italy
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Aging Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ilaria Mazzonetto
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padua, Via Gardenigo 6/B, Padua, Italy
| | - Chiara Begliomini
- Department of General Psychology (DPG), University of Padua, Via Venezia 8, Padua, Italy
| | - Simone Cauzzo
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Center for Rare Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Via Belzoni 160, Padua, Italy
| | - Cecilia Raffaelli
- Geriatrics Unit, Ospedale Fracastoro, Via Circonvallazione 1, San Bonifacio, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Lazzarin
- Geriatrics Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, Padua, Italy
| | - Adele Ravelli
- Geriatrics Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Marina De Rui
- Geriatrics Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, Padua, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sergi
- Geriatrics Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bertoldo
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padua, Via Gardenigo 6/B, Padua, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Via Orus 2/B, Padua, Italy
| | - Daniela Mapelli
- Department of General Psychology (DPG), University of Padua, Via Venezia 8, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandra Coin
- Geriatrics Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, Padua, Italy
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Gelfo F, Serra L, Petrosini L. New prospects on cerebellar reserve: Remarks on neuroprotective effects of experience in animals and humans. Front Syst Neurosci 2023; 16:1088587. [PMID: 36685287 PMCID: PMC9854258 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.1088587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of the brain to change structure and function in response to experience accounts for its ability to successfully adapt to the environment in both learning processes and unique phases, such as during development and repair. On this basis, the occurrence of the brain, cognitive, and neural reserves has been advanced to explain the discrepancies between the extent of neurological damage and the severity of clinical manifestations described in patients with different life span experiences. Research on this topic highlighted the neuroprotective role of complex stimulations, allowing the brain to better cope with the damage. This framework was initially developed by observing patients with Alzheimer's disease, and it has since been progressively expanded to multifarious pathological states. The cerebellum is known to be particularly responsive to experience through extensive plastic rearrangements. The neuroprotective value exerted by reserve mechanisms appears to be suitable for basic neuronal plasticity in the cerebellum. Thus, it is of primary interest to deepen our understanding of how life experiences modify individuals' cerebellar morphology and functionality. The present study is aimed at analyzing the evidence provided on this topic by animal and human studies. For animals, we considered the studies in which subjects were submitted to enhanced stimulations before the damage occurred. For humans, we considered studies in which previous lifelong high-level experiences were associated with superior cerebellar abilities to cope with injury. Detailed indications of the processes underlying cerebellar reserves may be important in proposing effective interventions for patients suffering from pathologies that directly or indirectly damage cerebellar functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gelfo
- Department of Human Sciences, Guglielmo Marconi University, Rome, Italy,IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy,*Correspondence: Francesca Gelfo ✉
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Gelfo F, Petrosini L. Environmental Enrichment Enhances Cerebellar Compensation and Develops Cerebellar Reserve. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095697. [PMID: 35565093 PMCID: PMC9099498 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The brain is able to change its structure and function in response to environmental stimulations. Several human and animal studies have documented that enhanced stimulations provide individuals with strengthened brain structure and function that allow them to better cope with damage. In this framework, studies based on the exposure of animals to environmental enrichment (EE) have provided indications of the mechanisms involved in such a beneficial action. The cerebellum is a very plastic brain region that responds to every experience with deep structural and functional rearrangement. The present review specifically aims to collect and synthesize the evidence provided by animal models on EE exposure effects on cerebellar structure and function by considering the studies on healthy subjects and on animals exposed to EE both before and after damage involving cerebellar functionality. On the whole, the evidence supports the role of EE in enhancing cerebellar compensation and developing cerebellar reserve. However, since studies addressing this issue are still scarce, large areas of inconsistency and lack of clarity remain. Further studies are required to provide suggestions on possible mechanisms of enhancement of compensatory responses in human patients following cerebellar damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gelfo
- Department of Human Sciences, Guglielmo Marconi University, Via Plinio 44, 00193 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Laura Petrosini
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy;
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