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Wang J, Wang C, Xie H, Feng X, Wei L, Wang B, Li T, Pi M, Gong L. Case Report: Tetralogy of Fallot in a Chinese Family Caused by a Novel Missense Variant of MYOM2. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:863650. [PMID: 35872890 PMCID: PMC9300848 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.863650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rare genetic variants have been identified to be important contributors to the risk of Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease (CHD). But relatively limited familial studies with small numbers of TOF cases have been reported to date. In this study, we aimed to identify novel pathogenic genes and variants that caused TOF in a Chinese family using whole exome sequencing (WES). Methods A Chinese family whose twins were affected by TOF were recruited for this study. A WES was performed for the affected twins, their healthy brother, and parents to identify the potential pathogenic mutated gene(s). Heterozygous variants carried by the twins, but not the unaffected brother, were retained. Public databases were used to assess the frequencies of the selected variants, and online prediction tools were accessed to predict the influences of these variants on protein function. The final candidate variant was further confirmed by Sanger sequencing in other members of the family. Results After several filtering processes, a heterozygous missense variant in the MYOM2 gene (NM_003970.4:c.3097C>T:p.R1033C) was identified and confirmed by Sanger sequencing in the affected twins and their unaffected father, suggesting an inheritance pattern with incomplete penetrance. The variant was found to be extremely rare in the public databases. Furthermore, the mutated site was highly conserved among mammals, and as shown using multiple online prediction tools, this variant was predicted to be a detrimental variant. Conclusion We assessed a family with TOF caused by a rare heterozygous missense variant of MYOM2. Our findings not only further confirm the significant role of genetics in the incidence of TOF but also expand the spectrum of the gene variants that lead to TOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Genetics, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyang Xie
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Feng
- Department of Echocardiography, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Wei
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Binbin Wang
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Genetics, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
| | - Tengyan Li
- Center for Genetics, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
| | - Mingan Pi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Mingan Pi
| | - Li Gong
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Li Gong
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Accelerated Growth, Differentiation, and Ploidy with Reduced Proliferation of Right Ventricular Cardiomyocytes in Children with Congenital Heart Defect Tetralogy of Fallot. Cells 2022; 11:cells11010175. [PMID: 35011735 PMCID: PMC8750260 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The myocardium of children with tetralogy of Fallot (TF) undergoes hemodynamic overload and hypoxemia immediately after birth. Comparative analysis of changes in the ploidy and morphology of the right ventricular cardiomyocytes in children with TF in the first years of life demonstrated their significant increase compared with the control group. In children with TF, there was a predominantly diffuse distribution of Connexin43-containing gap junctions over the cardiomyocytes sarcolemma, which redistributed into the intercalated discs as cardiomyocytes differentiation increased. The number of Ki67-positive cardiomyocytes varied greatly and amounted to 7.0–1025.5/106 cardiomyocytes and also were decreased with increased myocytes differentiation. Ultrastructural signs of immaturity and proliferative activity of cardiomyocytes in children with TF were demonstrated. The proportion of interstitial tissue did not differ significantly from the control group. The myocardium of children with TF under six months of age was most sensitive to hypoxemia, it was manifested by a delay in the intercalated discs and myofibril assembly and the appearance of ultrastructural signs of dystrophic changes in the cardiomyocytes. Thus, the acceleration of ontogenetic growth and differentiation of the cardiomyocytes, but not the reactivation of their proliferation, was an adaptation of the immature myocardium of children with TF to hemodynamic overload and hypoxemia.
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Howard KC, Dennis EK, Watt DS, Garneau-Tsodikova S. A comprehensive overview of the medicinal chemistry of antifungal drugs: perspectives and promise. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:2426-2480. [PMID: 32140691 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00556k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of new fungal pathogens makes the development of new antifungal drugs a medical imperative that in recent years motivates the talents of numerous investigators across the world. Understanding not only the structural families of these drugs but also their biological targets provides a rational means for evaluating the merits and selectivity of new agents for fungal pathogens and normal cells. An equally important aspect of modern antifungal drug development takes a balanced look at the problems of drug potency and drug resistance. The future development of new antifungal agents will rest with those who employ synthetic and semisynthetic methodology as well as natural product isolation to tackle these problems and with those who possess a clear understanding of fungal cell architecture and drug resistance mechanisms. This review endeavors to provide an introduction to a growing and increasingly important literature, including coverage of the new developments in medicinal chemistry since 2015, and also endeavors to spark the curiosity of investigators who might enter this fascinatingly complex fungal landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlind C Howard
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA.
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Safari-Arababadi A, Behjati-Ardakani M, Kalantar SM, Jaafarinia M. The Contribution of Gene Mutations to the Pathogenesisof Tetralogy of Fallot. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BASIC SCIENCE IN MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.15171/ijbsm.2019.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is considered as an important and developing area in the medical community. Since these patients can reach maturity and have children, the role of genetic determinants in increasing risk of CHD is extremely evident among children of these patients. Because genetic studies related to CHD are increasing, and each day the role of new genetic markers is more and more clarified, this review re-examined the effects of gene mutations in the pathogenesis of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) as an important pathological model among other CHDs. Due to the complexity of heart development, it is not astonishing that numerous signaling pathways and transcription factors, and many genes are involved in pathogenesis of TOF. This review focuses on the jag1, nkx2.5, gata4, zfpm2/fog2 and cited2 genes previously reported to be involved in TOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Safari-Arababadi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Fars Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Mehdi Kalantar
- Genetic and Reproductive Unit, Recurrent Abortion Research Centre, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Jaafarinia
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Fars Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
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Kalayinia S, Maleki M, Rokni-Zadeh H, Changi-Ashtiani M, Ahangar H, Biglari A, Shahani T, Mahdieh N. GATA4 screening in Iranian patients of various ethnicities affected with congenital heart disease: Co-occurrence of a novel de novo translocation (5;7) and a likely pathogenic heterozygous GATA4 mutation in a family with autosomal dominant congenital heart disease. J Clin Lab Anal 2019; 33:e22923. [PMID: 31115957 PMCID: PMC6757118 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect and a major health problem around the world. However, its exact etiology has remained unclear. Among various genetic contributing factors, GATA4 transcription factor plays a significant role in the CHD pathogenesis. In this study, GATA4 coding sequence was screened in Iranian patients of various ethnicities. METHODS Sixty six individuals with familial CHD referred to our center were recruited in this study. After receiving written informed consent from each individual or their parents, chromosomal analyses and GATA4 variant screening were performed. Pathogenicity of the suspected variants was evaluated using available online software tools: CADD, Mutation Taster, SIFT, and PolyPhen-2. RESULTS A total of twelve GATA4 variants were detected including five intronic, 2 exonic and 3 polymorphisms as well as 2 missense mutations, the c.1220C>A and c.1309G>A. Unlike the c.1220C>A, the likely pathogenic heterozygous c.1309G>A has not been previously associated with any phenotype. Here, we not only report, for the first time, a c.1309G>A-related CHD, but also report a novel de novo balanced translocation, 46,XY,t(5;7)(qter13;qter11), in the same patient which may have influenced the disease severity. CONCLUSION From screening GATA4 sequence in 66 Iranian patients of various ethnicities, we conclude that cytogenetic analysis and PCR-direct sequencing of different candidate genes may not be the best approach for genetic diagnosis in CHD. Applying novel approaches such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) may provide a better understating of genetic contributing factors in CHD patients for whom conventional methods could not reveal any genetic causative factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Kalayinia
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS), Zanjan, Iran.,Cardiogenetics Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Maleki
- Cardiogenetics Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Rokni-Zadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS), Zanjan, Iran
| | - Majid Changi-Ashtiani
- School of Mathematics, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Ahangar
- Department of Cardiology, Mousavi Hospital, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS), Zanjan, Iran.,Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS), Zanjan, Iran
| | - Alireza Biglari
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS), Zanjan, Iran
| | - Tina Shahani
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS), Zanjan, Iran
| | - Nejat Mahdieh
- Cardiogenetics Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Sukhacheva TV, Serov RA, Bockeria LA. [Ultrastructural features of cardiomyocytes in infants with tetralogy of Fallot in the first year of life]. Arkh Patol 2018; 80:3-13. [PMID: 30585587 DOI: 10.17116/patol2018800613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze cardiomyocyte (CMC) ultrastructural changes in the right ventricle outflow tract (RVOT) of infants with tetralogy of Fallot (TF) in the first years of life and to compare the findings with clinical parameters in these patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS Intraoperative RVOT myocardial biopsy specimens obtained from 51 patients aged 3-33 months with TF during radical correction of defect were investigated. CMC diameter and length were measured using the semithin myocardial sections stained with periodic acid-Schiff. The ultrathin sections were examined in the electron microscope. RESULTS The diameter of CMCs in the RVOT of infants with TF varied significantly (7.3-17.0 µm) and averaged 10.8±2.2 µm; a large number of multinucleated CMCs were observed. There were ultrastructural signs of incomplete differentiation of CMCs: active myofibril assembly in the free sarcoplasmic region; gap junctions on the lateral surfaces of CMCs; and centrioli in their sarcoplasm. Myofibrillogenesis in babies under 6 months increased in response to hemodynamic overload and hypoxemia. In addition, organelles suggestive of the synthetic activity of CMCs, such as cisterns and vesicles of the Golgi complex and granular endoplasmic reticulum, were detected in the sarcoplasm of a number of CMCs. TF infants' myocardium also displayed focal disorders of CMC interposition; the change in the shape of myocytes was accompanied by the appearance of additional lateral insert discs. Some CMCs showed the abnormal localization of the nucleus beneath the sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic bulging areas, and dystrophic changes. CONCLUSION There were ultrastructural features characteristic for the myocardium that was at the state of active growth and differentiation (increases in the diameter and length of CMCs and in the number of nuclei; myofibrillogenesis; signs of synthetic and proliferative activity along with insignificant dystrophic changes) in the CMCs of myocardial RVOT in infants with TF in the first years of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Sukhacheva
- A.N. Bakulev National Medical Research Center of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - R A Serov
- A.N. Bakulev National Medical Research Center of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - L A Bockeria
- A.N. Bakulev National Medical Research Center of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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Khatami M, Mazidi M, Taher S, Heidari MM, Hadadzadeh M. Novel Point Mutations in the NKX2.5 Gene in Pediatric Patients with Non-Familial Congenital Heart Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 54:medicina54030046. [PMID: 30344277 PMCID: PMC6122093 DOI: 10.3390/medicina54030046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Background and objective: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth abnormality in the structure or function of the heart that affects approximately 1% of all newborns. Despite its prevalence and clinical importance, the etiology of CHD remains mainly unknown. Somatic and germline mutations in cardiac specific transcription factor genes have been identified as the factors responsible for various forms of CHD, particularly ventricular septal defects (VSDs), tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), and atrial septal defects (ASDs). p. NKX2.5 is a homeodomain protein that controls many of the physiological processes in cardiac development including specification and proliferation of cardiac precursors. The aim of our study was to evaluate the NKX2.5 gene mutations in sporadic pediatric patients with clinical diagnosis of congenital heart malformations. Materials and methods: In this study, we investigated mutations of the NKX2.5 gene’s coding region in 105 Iranian pediatric patients with non-familial CHD by polymerase chain reaction-single stranded conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) and direct sequencing. Results: We observed a total of four mutations, of which, two were novel DNA sequence variants in the coding region of exon 1 (c. 95 A > T and c. 93 A > T) and two others were previously reported as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), namely rs72554028 (c. 2357 G > A) and rs3729753 (c. 606 G > C) in exon 2. Further, observed mutations are completely absent in normal healthy individuals (n = 92). Conclusion: These results suggest that NKX2.5 mutations are highly rare in CHD patients. However, in silico analysis proves that c.95 A > T missense mutation in NKX2.5 gene is probably pathogenic and may be contributing to the risk of sporadic CHD in the Iranian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Khatami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd 8915818411, Iran.
| | - Mansoureh Mazidi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd 8915818411, Iran.
| | - Shabnam Taher
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd 8915818411, Iran.
| | | | - Mehdi Hadadzadeh
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Afshar Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd 8915818411, Iran.
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