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Bar M, Binduga UE, Szychowski KA. Methods of Isolation of Active Substances from Garlic ( Allium sativum L.) and Its Impact on the Composition and Biological Properties of Garlic Extracts. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071345. [PMID: 35883836 PMCID: PMC9312217 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is widely used in the human diet and in scientific research due to its biological properties. Various factors, e.g., temperature, pressure, extraction method, type of solvent, size, and territorial origin of garlic, affect the amount and type of bioactive compounds obtained from garlic extracts. In turn, the content of bioactive compounds correlates with the biological activity of the extracts. Therefore, the aim of this review was to summarize the current state of knowledge of the methods and effectiveness of isolation of active substances from garlic and their impact on the garlic extract composition and, consequently, biological properties. According to the literature, extracts obtained using water as a solvent are mainly responsible for antimicrobial properties, which is related to, inter alia, the high content of allicin. The use of alcohols, such as methanol or ethanol, is associated with the outstanding antioxidant power of extracts resulting from the presence of phenolic compounds. In turn, due to the presence of diallyl disulfide and disulfide trisulfide, garlic oil has anticancer potential. Acetone is the most effective organic solvent; however, it is not suitable for immediate consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bar
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Urszula E. Binduga
- Department of Lifestyle Disorders and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Konrad A. Szychowski
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland;
- Correspondence: or
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2
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Melguizo-Rodríguez L, García-Recio E, Ruiz C, De Luna-Bertos E, Illescas-Montes R, Costela-Ruiz VJ. Biological properties and therapeutic applications of garlic and its components. Food Funct 2022; 13:2415-2426. [PMID: 35174827 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03180e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Garlic is one of the most widely employed condiments in cooking. It has also been used since ancient times in traditional plant-based medicine, largely based on its organosulfur compounds. The objective of this study was to provide updated information on the biological and therapeutic garlic properties. Garlic has been found to possess important biological properties with high therapeutic potential, which is influenced by the mode of its utilization, preparation, and extraction. It has been attributed with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory capacities. Garlic, in particular its organosulfur compounds, can maintain immune system homeostasis through positive effects on immune cells, especially by regulating cytokine proliferation and expression. This may underlie their usefulness in the treatment of infectious and tumor processes. These compounds can also offer vascular benefits by regulating lipid metabolism or by exerting antihypertensive and antiaggregant effects. However, further clinical trials are warranted to confirm the therapeutic potential of garlic and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Melguizo-Rodríguez
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Ilustración 60, 18016, Granada, Spain.,Institute of Biosanitary Research, Ibs.Granada, C/Doctor Azpitarte 4, 4a Planta, 18012, Granada, Spain
| | - Enrique García-Recio
- Institute of Biosanitary Research, Ibs.Granada, C/Doctor Azpitarte 4, 4a Planta, 18012, Granada, Spain.,Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences of Melilla, University of Granada, C/Santander, 1, 52005, Melilla, Spain
| | - Concepción Ruiz
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Ilustración 60, 18016, Granada, Spain.,Institute of Biosanitary Research, Ibs.Granada, C/Doctor Azpitarte 4, 4a Planta, 18012, Granada, Spain.,Institute of Neuroscience Federico Olóriz, University of Granada, Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CIBM), Parque de Tecnológico de La Salud (PTS), Granada, Spain
| | - Elvira De Luna-Bertos
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Ilustración 60, 18016, Granada, Spain.,Institute of Biosanitary Research, Ibs.Granada, C/Doctor Azpitarte 4, 4a Planta, 18012, Granada, Spain
| | - Rebeca Illescas-Montes
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Ilustración 60, 18016, Granada, Spain.,Institute of Biosanitary Research, Ibs.Granada, C/Doctor Azpitarte 4, 4a Planta, 18012, Granada, Spain
| | - Víctor J Costela-Ruiz
- Institute of Biosanitary Research, Ibs.Granada, C/Doctor Azpitarte 4, 4a Planta, 18012, Granada, Spain.,Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences of Ceuta, University of Granada, C/Cortadura del Valle, Sn, 51001 Ceuta, Spain
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3
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Ali Reza ASM, Nasrin MS, Hossen MA, Rahman MA, Jantan I, Haque MA, Sobarzo-Sánchez E. Mechanistic insight into immunomodulatory effects of food-functioned plant secondary metabolites. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:5546-5576. [PMID: 34955042 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2021138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Medicinally important plant-foods offer a balanced immune function, which is essential for protecting the body against antigenic invasion, mainly by microorganisms. Immunomodulators play pivotal roles in supporting immune function either suppressing or stimulating the immune system's response to invading pathogens. Among different immunomodulators, plant-based secondary metabolites have emerged as high potential not only for immune defense but also for cellular immunoresponsiveness. These natural immunomodulators can be developed into safer alternatives to the clinically used immunosuppressants and immunostimulant cytotoxic drugs which possess serious side effects. Many plants of different species have been reported to possess strong immunomodulating properties. The immunomodulatory effects of plant extracts and their bioactive metabolites have been suggested due to their diverse mechanisms of modulation of the complex immune system and their multifarious molecular targets. Phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, carbohydrates and polyphenols have been reported as responsible for the immunomodulatory effects of several medicinal plants. This review illustrates the potent immunomodulatory effects of 65 plant secondary metabolites, including dietary compounds and their underlying mechanisms of action on cellular and humoral immune functions in in vitro and in vivo studies. The clinical potential of some of the compounds to be used for various immune-related disorders is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S M Ali Reza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Mst Samima Nasrin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md Amjad Hossen
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md Atiar Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Ibrahim Jantan
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Md Areeful Haque
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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4
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Allicin May Promote Reversal of T-Cell Dysfunction in Periodontitis via the PD-1 Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179162. [PMID: 34502071 PMCID: PMC8431528 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the role of allicin in periodontitis using an in silico and in vitro design. An in silico docking analysis was performed to assess the plausible interactions between allicin and PD-L1. The cytokine profile of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples obtained from periodontitis patients was estimated by cytometric bead array. CD3+ lymphocytes isolated from the peripheral blood were sorted and characterized using immunomagnetic techniques. Cultured and expanded lymphocytes were treated with the GCF samples to induce T-cell exhaustion. Optimum concentrations of allicin were added to exhausted lymphocytes to compare the expression of TIM-3 and LAG-3 gene expression at baseline and post-treatment. Allicin was found to bind to the PD-L1 molecule as revealed by the in-silico experiment, which is possibly an inhibitory interaction although not proven. GCF from periodontitis patients had significantly higher concentrations of TNF-α, CCL2, IL-6, IFN-γ, and CXCL8 than controls. GCF treatment of CD3+ lymphocytes from the periodontitis patients significantly increased expression of T-cell exhaustion markers TIM-3 and LAG-3. Allicin administration with GCF treatment resulted in significant lowering of the expression of exhaustion markers. Allicin may exert an immunostimulatory role and reverse immune-destructive mechanisms such as T-cell exhaustion.
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5
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Heimesaat MM, Mousavi S, Weschka D, Bereswill S. Garlic Essential Oil as Promising Option for the Treatment of Acute Campylobacteriosis-Results from a Preclinical Placebo-Controlled Intervention Study. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061140. [PMID: 34070612 PMCID: PMC8227651 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since human infections with Campylobacter jejuni including antibiotic-resistant strains are rising worldwide, natural compounds might constitute promising antibiotics-independent treatment options for campylobacteriosis. Since the health-beneficial properties of garlic have been known for centuries, we here surveyed the antimicrobial and immune-modulatory effects of garlic essential oil (EO) in acute experimental campylobacteriosis. Therefore, secondary abiotic IL-10-/- mice were orally infected with C. jejuni strain 81-176 and garlic-EO treatment via the drinking water was initiated on day 2 post-infection. Mice from the garlic-EO group displayed less severe clinical signs of acute campylobacteriosis as compared to placebo counterparts that were associated with lower ileal C. jejuni burdens on day 6 post-infection. Furthermore, when compared to placebo application, garlic-EO treatment resulted in alleviated colonic epithelia cell apoptosis, in less pronounced C. jejuni induced immune cell responses in the large intestines, in dampened pro-inflammatory mediator secretion in intestinal and extra-intestinal compartments, and, finally, in less frequent translocation of viable pathogens from the intestines to distinct organs. Given its potent immune-modulatory and disease-alleviating effects as shown in our actual preclinical placebo-controlled intervention study, we conclude that garlic-EO may be considered as promising adjunct treatment option for acute campylobacteriosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus M. Heimesaat
- Correspondence: (M.M.H.); (S.M.); Tel.: +49-30-450524318 (M.M.H); +49-30-450524315 (S.M.)
| | - Soraya Mousavi
- Correspondence: (M.M.H.); (S.M.); Tel.: +49-30-450524318 (M.M.H); +49-30-450524315 (S.M.)
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6
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Patel B, Sharma S, Nair N, Majeed J, Goyal RK, Dhobi M. Therapeutic opportunities of edible antiviral plants for COVID-19. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:2345-2364. [PMID: 33587232 PMCID: PMC7882868 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04084-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic of Serious Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that produces corona virus disease (COVID-19) has challenged the entire mankind by rapidly spreading globally in 210 countries affecting over 25 million people and about 1 million deaths worldwide. It continues to spread, afflicting the health system globally. So far there is no remedy for the ailment and the available antiviral regimens have been unsatisfactory for the clinical outcomes and the mode of treatment has been mainly supportive for the prevention of COVID-19-induced morbidity and mortality. From the time immortal the traditional plant-based ethno-medicines have provided the leads for the treatment of infectious diseases. Phytopharmaceuticals have provided potential and less toxic antiviral drugs as compared to conventional modern therapeutics which are associated with severe toxicities. The ethnopharmacological knowledge about plants has provided food supplements and nutraceuticals as a promise for prevention and treatment of the current pandemic. In this review article, we have attempted to comprehend the information about the edible medicinal plant materials with potential antiviral activity specifically against RNA virus which additionally possess property to improve immunity along with external and internal respiration and exhibit anti-inflammatory properties for the prevention and treatment of the disease. This will open an arena for the development of novel nutraceutical herbal formulations as an alternative therapy that can be used for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhoomika Patel
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
| | - Supriya Sharma
- Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Nisha Nair
- Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Jaseela Majeed
- Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Ramesh K Goyal
- Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Mahaveer Dhobi
- Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, 110017, India.
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7
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De Greef D, Barton EM, Sandberg EN, Croley CR, Pumarol J, Wong TL, Das N, Bishayee A. Anticancer potential of garlic and its bioactive constituents: A systematic and comprehensive review. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 73:219-264. [PMID: 33301861 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vegetables of the Allium genus, such as garlic (Allium sativum L.), onions, shallots, leaks, and chives, have been used for many years for food consumption and for medicinal purposes. Historical medical texts have indicated the therapeutic applications of garlic as an antitumor, laxative, diuretic, antibacterial and antifungal agent. Specifically, garlic's antitumor abilities have been traced back 3500 years as a chemotherapeutic agent used in Egypt. Other beneficial effects of garlic consumption include lowering blood pressure, blood cholesterol, sugar and lipids. The processing and aging of garlic result in the production of non-toxic organosulfur by-products. These sulfur-containing compounds, such as allicin, diallyl sulfide, diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, alliin, S-allylcysteine, and S-allylmercaptocysteine, impact various stages of carcinogenesis. The anticancer mechanisms of action of these garlic-derived phytochemicals include altering mitochondrial permeability, inhibiting angiogenesis, enhancing antioxidative and proapoptotic properties, and regulating cell proliferation. All these effects of garlic's sulfur-compounds have been demonstrated in various human cancers. The intent of this literature research is to explore the potential of garlic-derived products and bioactive organosulfur compounds as cancer chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents. This investigation employs criteria for systematic review and critically analyzes published in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. Concerns and limitations that have arisen in past studies regarding standards of measurement, bioavailability, and method of delivery are addressed. Overall, it is hoped that through this systematic and comprehensive review, future researchers can be acquainted with the updated data assembled on anticancer properties of garlic and its phytoconstituents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily M Barton
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Elise N Sandberg
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | | | - Joshua Pumarol
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Tin Lok Wong
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Niranjan Das
- Department of Chemistry, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar College, Belonia 799 155, Tripura, India
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA.
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8
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Agbana YL, Ni Y, Zhou M, Zhang Q, Kassegne K, Karou SD, Kuang Y, Zhu Y. Garlic-derived bioactive compound S-allylcysteine inhibits cancer progression through diverse molecular mechanisms. Nutr Res 2020; 73:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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9
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Kanamori Y, Via LD, Macone A, Canettieri G, Greco A, Toninello A, Agostinelli E. Aged garlic extract and its constituent, S-allyl-L-cysteine, induce the apoptosis of neuroblastoma cancer cells due to mitochondrial membrane depolarization. Exp Ther Med 2019; 19:1511-1521. [PMID: 32010332 PMCID: PMC6966145 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aged garlic extract (AGE) has been demonstrated to have therapeutic properties in tumors; however its mechanisms of action have not yet been fully elucidated. A previous study revealed that AGE exerts an anti-proliferative effect on a panel of both sensitive [wild-type (WT)] and multidrug-resistant (MDR) human cancer cells. Following treatment of the cells with AGE, cytofluorimetric analysis revealed the occurrence of dose-dependent mitochondrial membrane depolarization (MMD). In this study, in order to further clarify the mechanisms of action of AGE, the effects of AGE on mitochondria isolated from rat liver mitochondria (RLM) were also examined. AGE induced an effect on the components of the electrochemical gradient (ΔµH+), mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and mitochondrial electrochemical gradient (ΔpHm). The mitochondrial membrane dysfunctions of RLM induced by AGE, namely the decrease in both membrane potential and chemical gradient were associated with a higher oxidation of both the endogenous glutathione and pyridine nucleotide content. To confirm the anti-proliferative effects of AGE, experiments were performed on the human neuroblastoma (NB) cancer cells, SJ-N-KP and the MYCN-amplified IMR5 cells, using its derivative S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC), with the aim of providing evidence of the anticancer activity of this compound and its possible molecular mechanism as regards the induction of cytotoxicity. Following treatment of the cells with SAC at 20 mM, cell viability was determined by MTT assay and apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry, using Annexin V-FITC labeling. The percentages of cells undergoing apoptosis was found to be 48.0% in the SJ-N-KP and 50.1% in the IMR5 cells. By cytofluorimetric analysis, it was suggested that the target of SAC are the mitochondria. Mitochondrial activity was examined by labeling the cells with the probe, 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethylimidacarbocyanine iodide (JC-1). Following treatment with SAC at 50 mM, both NB cell lines exhibited a marked increase in MMD. On the whole, the findings of this study indicate that both natural products, AGE and SAC, cause cytotoxicity to tumor cells via the induction of mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kanamori
- Department of Biochemical Sciences 'A. Rossi Fanelli', Sapienza University of Rome, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Lisa Dalla Via
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, I-35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Alberto Macone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences 'A. Rossi Fanelli', Sapienza University of Rome, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Canettieri
- Pasteur Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, I-00161 Rome, Italy.,International Polyamines Foundation-ONLUS, I-00159 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Toninello
- International Polyamines Foundation-ONLUS, I-00159 Rome, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, I-35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Enzo Agostinelli
- Department of Biochemical Sciences 'A. Rossi Fanelli', Sapienza University of Rome, I-00185 Rome, Italy.,International Polyamines Foundation-ONLUS, I-00159 Rome, Italy
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10
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Immunomodulatory Effects of Glutathione, Garlic Derivatives, and Hydrogen Sulfide. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020295. [PMID: 30704060 PMCID: PMC6412746 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione and aged garlic extract are sulfur-containing products that play important protective and regulatory roles within the immune system and in oxidative processes. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), an endogenous, gaseous, signaling transmitter, has also been shown to be involved in the regulation of inflammation. Recent studies have shown that sulfur-containing compounds from garlic have beneficial effects in attenuating outcomes associated with cardiovascular disease and inflammation by a mechanism that may be related to the H2S signaling pathway. In this review, we summarize the main functions of glutathione (GSH), garlic derivatives and H2S and their role in the immune response and impact on health and disease.
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Miraghajani M, Rafie N, Hajianfar H, Larijani B, Azadbakht L. Aged Garlic and Cancer: A Systematic Review. Int J Prev Med 2018; 9:84. [PMID: 30487964 PMCID: PMC6212616 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_437_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, which increases health-care costs. It has been reported that some dietary components such as aged garlic, one of the garlic preparations with no strong odor and harsh irritating taste, exhibits anticancer effects. This review summarizes the potential beneficial effects of aged garlic on cancer incidences as well as prevention and improvement of factors related to malignancy. Electronic databases, including MEDLINE, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were searched. All study designs which were focused on cancer incidence, or indices related to malignancy as outcomes in human, animal, and human cells studies, and aged garlic and its ingredients as exposures were reviewed in accordance to the items for systematic reviews (PRISMA) guidelines. Initially, 304 articles were identified. Then, 25 articles which met the inclusion criteria were selected. Based on the evaluation, overall quality score of human studies was well. Although there were inconsistent evidence from human studies, results of the animal and laboratory results were mostly consistent. The overall findings may suggest that intakes of aged garlic are inversely associated with cancer. In this regard, the studies have shortcomings. Therefore, more precise investigations will be necessary to decide whether aged garlic consumption is recommendable as a part of cancer prevention or control programs. However, due to anticancer properties of aged garlic, its consumption along with healthy diet may have beneficial effects on cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Miraghajani
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,The Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nahid Rafie
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Hajianfar
- Department of Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Isfahan, Iran.,Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Azadbakht
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Moutia M, Habti N, Badou A. In Vitro and In Vivo Immunomodulator Activities of Allium sativum L. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2018; 2018:4984659. [PMID: 30008785 PMCID: PMC6020507 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4984659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Allium Sativum L. (garlic), which is a species of the onion family, Alliaceae, is one of the most used plants in traditional medicine worldwide. More than 200 chemicals with diverse properties have been found in garlic extracts. Several garlic compounds were suggested to be efficient in improving various pathologies including certain types of cancer. This paper is an overview of data about garlic biological activities in vitro and/or in vivo on immune cells, on the development of certain inflammatory diseases, and on different types of carcinomas and sarcomas. Garlic and its compounds were found to have notable antioxidant properties. Garlic therapeutic potential has also been studied in several inflammatory diseases such as allergic-airway inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease, arthritic rheumatism, and atherosclerosis. Furthermore, garlic was found to be able to maintain the immune system homeostasis and to exhibit beneficial effects on immune cells especially through regulation of proliferation and cytokine gene expression. Finally, we will show how major garlic components such as sulfur compounds and polyphenols might be responsible for the garlic biological activities revealed in different situations. If identified, specific compounds present in garlic could potentially be used in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouna Moutia
- Laboratory of Hematology and Cellular and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Norddine Habti
- Laboratory of Hematology and Cellular and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Abdallah Badou
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, 19 Rue Tarik Ibnou Ziad, B.P. 9154 Casablanca, Morocco
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13
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Nakamoto M, Fujii T, Matsutomo T, Kodera Y. Isolation and Identification of Three γ-Glutamyl Tripeptides and Their Putative Production Mechanism in Aged Garlic Extract. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2891-2899. [PMID: 29498844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed aged garlic extract (AGE) to understand its complex sulfur chemistry using post-column high-performance liquid chromatography with an iodoplatinate reagent and liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS). We observed unidentified peaks of putative sulfur compounds. Three compounds were isolated and identified as γ-glutamyl-γ-glutamyl- S-methylcysteine, γ-glutamyl-γ-glutamyl- S-allylcysteine (GGSAC) and γ-glutamyl-γ-glutamyl- S-1-propenyl-cysteine (GGS1PC) by nuclear magnetic resonance and LC-MS analysis based on comparisons with chemically synthesized reference compounds. GGSAC and GGS1PC were novel compounds. Trace amounts of these compounds were detected in raw garlic, but the contents of these compounds increased during the aging process. Production of these compounds was inhibited using a γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) inhibitor in the model reaction mixtures. These findings suggest that γ-glutamyl tripeptides in AGE are produced by GGT during the aging process.
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Kodera Y, Ushijima M, Amano H, Suzuki JI, Matsutomo T. Chemical and Biological Properties of S-1-Propenyl-l-Cysteine in Aged Garlic Extract. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040570. [PMID: 28362335 PMCID: PMC6154623 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
S-1-Propenyl-l-cysteine (S1PC) is a stereoisomer of S-1-Propenyl-l-cysteine (SAC), an important sulfur-containing amino acid that plays a role for the beneficial pharmacological effects of aged garlic extract (AGE). The existence of S1PC in garlic preparations has been known since the 1960's. However, there was no report regarding the biological and/or pharmacological activity of S1PC until 2016. Recently, we performed a series of studies to examine the chemical, biological, pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of S1PC, and obtained some interesting results. S1PC existed only in trace amounts in raw garlic, but its concentration increased almost up to the level similar of SAC through aging process of AGE. S1PC showed immunomodulatory effects in vitro and in vivo, and reduced blood pressure in a hypertensive animal model. A pharmacokinetic study revealed that S1PC was readily absorbed after oral administration in rats and dogs with bioavailability of 88-100%. Additionally, S1PC had little inhibitory influence on human cytochrome P450 activities, even at a concentration of 1 mM. Based on these findings, S1PC was suggested to be another important, pharmacologically active and safe component of AGE similar to SAC. In this review, we highlight some results from recent studies on S1PC and discuss the potential medicinal value of S1PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihioro Kodera
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan.
| | - Mitsuyasu Ushijima
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan.
| | - Hirotaka Amano
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan.
| | - Jun-Ichiro Suzuki
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan.
| | - Toshiaki Matsutomo
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan.
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Cemil B, Gokce EC, Kahveci R, Gokce A, Aksoy N, Sargon MF, Erdogan B, Kosem B. Aged Garlic Extract Attenuates Neuronal Injury in a Rat Model of Spinal Cord Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. J Med Food 2016; 19:601-6. [PMID: 27183321 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2016.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Garlic has been used as a food as well as a component of traditional medicine. Aged garlic extract (AGE) is claimed to promote human health through antioxidant/anti-inflammatory activities with neuroprotective effects. We evaluated the possible beneficial effect of AGE neurologically, pathologically, ultrastructurally, and biochemically in a spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) model of rats. Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: sham (no I/R), I/R, and AGE (I/R+AGE); each group consisted of eight animals. Animals were evaluated neurologically with the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scoring system. The spinal cord tissue samples were harvested for pathological and ultrastructural examinations. Oxidative products (Malondialdehyde, nitric oxide), antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase), inflammatory cytokines (tissue tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1), and caspase-3 activity were analyzed. The AGE group had significantly higher BBB scores than the I/R group. Pathologically, AGE group revealed reduced degree of ischemia and spinal cord edema. Ultrastructural results also showed preservation of tissue structure in the AGE group. Oxidative product levels of the I/R group were significantly higher than both the other groups, and antioxidant enzyme levels of AGE group were significantly higher than the I/R group. There was also significant difference between the sham and AGE groups in terms of total antioxidant enzyme levels. Furthermore, AGE treatment significantly reduced the inflammatory cytokines and caspase-3 activity than the I/R group. This study demonstrates the considerable neuroprotective effect of AGE on the neurological, pathological, ultrastructural, and biochemical status of rats with I/R-induced spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berker Cemil
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Turgut Ozal University Faculty of Medicine , Emek, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emre Cemal Gokce
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Turgut Ozal University Faculty of Medicine , Emek, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Kahveci
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Ministry of Health Kirikkale Yuksek Ihtisas State Hospital , Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Aysun Gokce
- 3 Department of Pathology, Ministry of Health, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital , Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nurkan Aksoy
- 4 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kirikkale University , Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Fevzi Sargon
- 5 Department of Anatomy, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine , Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bulent Erdogan
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Turgut Ozal University Faculty of Medicine , Emek, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bahadir Kosem
- 6 Department of Anesthesiology, Turgut Ozal University Faculty of Medicine , Emek, Ankara, Turkey
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Suzuki JI, Yamaguchi T, Matsutomo T, Amano H, Morihara N, Kodera Y. S-1-Propenylcysteine promotes the differentiation of B cells into IgA-producing cells by the induction of Erk1/2-dependent Xbp1 expression in Peyer's patches. Nutrition 2016; 32:884-9. [PMID: 27134204 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES S-Allylcysteine (SAC) and S-1-propenylcysteine (S1PC) are the characteristic sulfur-containing amino acids in aged garlic extract. In this study, we investigated the effect of SAC and S1PC on intestinal immunoglobulin (Ig)A production to gain insight into the immunomodulatory effect of aged garlic extract. METHODS In vitro study: Mouse splenic lymphocytes were treated with S1PC (0.1 and 0.3 mM) or SAC (0.1 and 0.3 mM) for 3 d, and IgA concentration in the culture medium was examined. In vivo study: Mice were orally administrated S1PC (7.5, 15, and 30 mg/kg) for 5 d and the IgA level in the intestinal lavage fluids as well as the population of IgA-producing cells in Peyer's patches were measured using mouse IgA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay quantification set and flow cytometer, respectively. RESULTS S1PC enhanced IgA production in mouse splenic lymphocytes in culture. However, SAC was ineffective. In addition, oral administration of S1PC to mice increased the IgA level and number of IgA-producing cells in Peyer's Patches. Furthermore, S1PC induced the expression of X-box binding protein 1 (Xbp1) mRNA, an inducer of plasma cell differentiation, in Peyer's patches. This induction was accompanied by the degradation of paired box protein 5 and the activation of mitogen activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathway. CONCLUSION These results suggest that S1PC increases IgA-producing cells via the enhancement of Erk1/2-mediated Xbp1 expression in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichiro Suzuki
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Takako Yamaguchi
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Matsutomo
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Amano
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naoaki Morihara
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Kodera
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan
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Percival SS. Aged Garlic Extract Modifies Human Immunity. J Nutr 2016; 146:433S-436S. [PMID: 26764332 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.210427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Garlic contains numerous compounds that have the potential to influence immunity. Immune cells, especially innate immune cells, are responsible for the inflammation necessary to kill pathogens. Two innate lymphocytes, γδ-T and natural killer (NK) cells, appear to be susceptible to diet modification. The purpose of this review was to summarize the influence of aged garlic extract (AGE) on the immune system. The author's laboratory is interested in AGE's effects on cell proliferation and activation and inflammation and to learn whether those changes might affect the occurrence and severity of colds and flu. Healthy human participants (n = 120), between 21 and 50 y of age, were recruited for a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel-intervention study to consume 2.56 g AGE/d or placebo supplements for 90 d during the cold and flu season. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated before and after consumption, and γδ-T and NK cell function was assessed by flow cytometry. The effect on cold and flu symptoms was determined by using daily diary records of self-reported illnesses. After 45 d of AGE consumption, γδ-T and NK cells proliferated better and were more activated than cells from the placebo group. After 90 d, although the number of illnesses was not significantly different, the AGE group showed reduced cold and flu severity, with a reduction in the number of symptoms, the number of days participants functioned suboptimally, and the number of work/school days missed. These results suggest that AGE supplementation may enhance immune cell function and may be partly responsible for the reduced severity of colds and flu reported. The results also suggest that the immune system functions well with AGE supplementation, perhaps with less accompanying inflammation. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01390116.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan S Percival
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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Kamble SM, Goyal SN, Patil CR. Multifunctional pentacyclic triterpenoids as adjuvants in cancer chemotherapy: a review. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02784a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The protective adjuvants in chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika M. Kamble
- Drug Discovery Laboratory
- Department of Pharmacology
- R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- Shirpur, Dist. Dhule, India
| | - Sameer N. Goyal
- Drug Discovery Laboratory
- Department of Pharmacology
- R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- Shirpur, Dist. Dhule, India
| | - Chandragouda R. Patil
- Drug Discovery Laboratory
- Department of Pharmacology
- R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- Shirpur, Dist. Dhule, India
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