Unusual case of acute renal failure following multiple wasp stings

Efficacy of Three Renal Replacement Therapy Modalities for the Treatment of Acute Kidney Injury Caused by Wasp Sting

BACKGROUND/AIM

This study mainly aimed to explore the therapeutic effects of 3 renal replacement therapy (RRT) modalities on acute kidney injury (AKI) caused by wasp stings.

METHODS

A retrospective study from September 2016 to December 2019 was conducted. Thirty-one patients with AKIs caused by wasp sting were selected and divided into 3 groups according to the initial RRT modality received, namely, (1) the intermittent hemodialysis combined with hemoperfusion (IHD + HP) group, (2) the continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) group, and (3) the CVVHDF combined with HP (CVVHDF + HP) group. The laboratory results were measured and analyzed before treatment on the 3rd, 7th, and 14th days of treatment. The renal function outcomes and survival of the patients were investigated at 3 months follow-up.

RESULTS

The laboratory results of enzyme measures and inflammatory indicators in wasp sting patients increased significantly in the early stage and 3 RRT modalities were effective in reducing these indicators. In addition, continuous RRT modality (CVVHDF and CVVHDF + HP) showed better clearance of myoglobin than IHD + HP. The serum creatinine levels of patients in the 3 groups did not recover to baseline within 14 days after beginning treatment. Nevertheless, the CVVHDF + HP group was better than the CVVHDF group, and CVVHDF was better than the IHD + HP group on the 3rd day. The interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 levels in CVVHDF + HP and IHD + HP groups were obviously lower than those in the CVVHDF group on the 3rd day. In the follow-up study, the recovery rate of renal function in CVVHDF and CVVHDF + HP groups was significantly better than that in the IHD + HP group.

CONCLUSION

Early RRT was effective in the treatment of patients with A KI caused by wasp sting. CVVHDF + HP and CVVHDF modalities were better than the IHD + HP group in venom clearance and renal function recovery.

Wasp sting-induced acute kidney injury

Background

Wasp stings are a common form of envenomation in tropical countries, especially in farmers. The aim of this study was to document the clinical presentation, treatment and outcomes of patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) due to multiple wasp stings in a tertiary care hospital.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective observational study of patients with multiple wasp stings and AKI at the Department of Nephrology between July 2011 and August 2015. The clinical features, laboratory data, treatment details and outcomes were noted.

Results

A total of 11 patients were included. All were from rural areas. All of them were males with age ranging from 21 to 70 years, mean age 45 ± 23 years. Six had oliguria and two had hypotension. All 11 patients had evidence of rhabdomyolysis and three also had hemolysis. Ten patients required hemodialysis with a mean number of hemodialysis sessions of 8.7 ± 2.8. Renal biopsy carried out on four patients, showed acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) in one patient, acute tubular necrosis (ATN) in two patients, and one patient had both AIN and ATN. The two patients with AIN were given steroids, while all other patients were managed with supportive measures. One patient died within 48 h of presentation due to shock. At a mean follow-up of 24 months, one had progressed to chronic kidney disease and the remaining nine had normal renal function.

Conclusions

Wasp sting is an occupational hazard. AKI was most commonly due to rhabdomyolysis. Early renal biopsy is indicated in those patients who do not respond to supportive measures. Timely dialysis and steroid in the case of AIN improves renal survival.

Acute kidney injury and rhabdomyolysis due to multiple wasp stings

In most patients, wasp stings cause local reactions and rarely anaphylaxis. Acute kidney injury and rhabdomyolysis are unusual complications of wasp stings. We report a case of acute kidney injury and rhabdomyolysis secondary to multiple wasp stings. A 55-year-old farmer developed multi organ dysfunction with acute kidney injury and rhabdomyolysis 3 days after he had sustained multiple wasp stings. The etiology of acute kidney injury is probably both rhabdomyolysis and acute tubular necrosis. He improved completely after hemodialysis and intensive care.

Clinical predictors of acute kidney injury following snake bite envenomation

Background:

Snake bite envenomation is a major public health concern in developing countries. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is as important cause of mortality in patients with vasculotoxic snake bite.

Aims:

This study was to evaluate the clinical profile of snake bite patients and to determine the predictors of developing AKI following snake bite.

Materials and Methods:

Two hundred and eighty-one patients with snake envenomation were included. Eighty-seven patients developed AKI (Group A) and 194 (Group B) did not. History, examination findings and investigations results were recorded and compared between the two groups.

Results:

In group A, 61 (70.11%) patients were male and in group B, 117 (60.30%) patients were male. Out of 281 patients, 232 had cellulitis, 113 had bleeding tendencies, 87 had oliguria, 76 had neuroparalysis, and 23 had hypotension at presentation. After multivariate analysis, bite to hospital time (P = 0.016), hypotension (P = 0.000), albuminuria (P = 0.000), bleeding time (P = 0.000), prothrombin time (P = 0.000), hemoglobin (P = 0.000) and total bilirubin (P = 0.010) were significant independent predictors of AKI.

Conclusions:

AKI developed in 30.96% of patients with snake bite, leading to mortality in 39.08% patients. Factors associated with AKI are bite to hospital time, hypotension, albuminuria, prolonged bleeding time, prolonged prothrombin time, low hemoglobin and a high total bilirubin.