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Salazar LJ, Srinivasan K, Heylen E, Ekstrand ML. Medication Adherence among Primary Care Patients with Common Mental Disorders and Chronic Medical Conditions in Rural India. Indian J Psychol Med 2023; 45:622-628. [PMID: 38545530 PMCID: PMC10964881 DOI: 10.1177/02537176231173869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Only a few studies have explored the relationship between psychosocial factors and medication adherence in Indian patients with noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). We aimed to examine the association of psychosocial variables with medication adherence in people with NCDs and comorbid common mental disorders (CMDs) from primary care in rural southern India. Methods We performed a secondary analysis using baseline data from a randomized controlled trial in 49 primary care health centers in rural southern India (HOPE study). Participants were adults (≥30 years) with NCDs that included hypertension, diabetes, and/or ischemic heart disease, and comorbid depression or anxiety disorders. Medication adherence was assessed by asking participants if they had missed any prescribed NCD medication in the past month. Data were collected between May 2015 and November 2018. The association between psychosocial and demographic variables and medication nonadherence were assessed via logistic regression analyses. Results Of the 2486 participants enrolled, almost one-fifth (18.06%) reported missing medication. Male sex (OR = 1.74, 95% CI 1.37-2.22) and higher internalized mental illness stigma (OR = 1.46, 95% CI 1.07-2.00) were associated with higher odds of missing medication. Older age (OR = 0.40, 95% CI 0.26-0.60, for participants aged 64-75 years vs 30-44 years), reporting more social support (OR = 0.65, 95% CI 0.49-0.86), and higher satisfaction with health (OR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.61-0.89) were associated with lower odds of missing medication. Conclusions Greater internalized mental illness stigma and less social support are significantly associated with lower rates of medication adherence in patients with NCDs and comorbid CMDs in rural India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Joshua Salazar
- Dept. of Psychiatry, St. John’s Medical College, Sarjapur Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Krishnamachari Srinivasan
- Division of Mental Health and Neurosciences, St. John’s Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Elsa Heylen
- Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Division of Prevention Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Maria L. Ekstrand
- Division of Mental Health and Neurosciences, St. John’s Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Division of Prevention Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States
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Tolley A, Grewal K, Weiler A, Papameletiou AM, Hassan R, Basu S. Factors influencing adherence to non-communicable disease medication in India: secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from WHO - SAGE2. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1183818. [PMID: 37900158 PMCID: PMC10603298 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1183818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a leading cause of death globally and disproportionately affect those in low- and middle-income countries lower-middle-income countries. Poor medication adherence among patients with NCDs is prevalent in India due to lack of initiation, missed dosing or cessation of treatment, and represents a growing healthcare and financial burden. Objective: This study aimed to identify factors influencing medication adherence in adults with NCDs in India. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study, conducting secondary data analysis on the second wave of the World Health Organisation's 'Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE)', a survey that collected data from predominantly older adults across India. Bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression modelling were conducted to specifically interrogate the reasons for lack of initiation and cessation of treatment. Reporting of this study was informed by the STROBE guidelines. Results: The average medication adherence rate was 51% across 2,840 patients with one or more NCDs, reflecting non-initiation and lack of persistence of treatment. The strongest factor significantly predicting non-adherence to medication across these components was multimorbidity (odds ratio 0.47, 95% CI 0.40-0.56). Tobacco use (OR = 0.76, CI 0.59-0.98) and never having attended school (OR = 0.75, CI 0.62-0.92) were significantly associated with poor medication adherence (p < 0.05) while rural living (OR = 0.70, CI 0.48-1.02), feelings of anxiety (OR = 0.84, CI 0.66-1.08) and feelings of depression (OR = 0.90, CI 0.70-1.16) were factors lacking statistically significant association with medication adherence on multivariate analysis. Older age (OR = 2.02, CI 1.51-2.71) was significantly associated with improved medication adherence whilst there was a weak association between increased wealth and improved medication use. Limitations: The SAGE2 survey did not capture whether patients were taking their medication doses according to prescribed instructions-as a result our findings may under-estimate the true prevalence of medication non-adherence. Conclusion: Our analysis provides evidence that poor medication adherence in India is multifactorial, with distinct socioeconomic and health-system factors interacting to influence patient decision making. Future large-scale surveys interrogating adherence should assess all components of adherence specifically, whilst public health interventions to improve medication adherence should focus on barriers that may exist due to multimorbidity, comorbid depression and anxiety, and low educational status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Tolley
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
| | - Kirpal Grewal
- Faculty of Natural Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
| | - Alessa Weiler
- Faculty of Natural Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
| | | | - Refaat Hassan
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
| | - Saurav Basu
- Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
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Olickal JJ, Chinnakali P, Suryanarayana BS, Rajanarayanan S, Vivekanandhan T, Saya GK, Ganapathy K, Subrahmanyam DKS. Down referral and assessing comprehensive diabetes care in primary care settings: An operational research from India. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2023; 17:102694. [PMID: 36563492 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In this study, we aimed to refer eligible (patients with stable blood sugar and without any history of cardiovascular events or proliferative retinopathy) and willing persons with diabetes (PwDs) to primary healthcare centers (PHCs) from tertiary care and to compare the care indicators. METHODS This before-after interventional study was conducted among PwDs aged ≥18 years at a tertiary care hospital in South India. Care indicators (regularity to the clinic, waiting time, and blood sugar control status) were assessed before down referral and after three months of follow-ups at PHCs. RESULTS Of 204 PwDs referred to PHCs. Among them, 88% (n = 180) registered at PHCs for care and 46% (n = 94, 95% CI 39.1-53.2%) were lost to follow-ups at PHCs. The main reason for loss to follow-ups was the unavailability of medicines at PHCs(n = 41, 44%). Among those who were on regular follow-ups at PHCs, there was no significant difference in fasting blood glucose (FBG) control status compared to tertiary (52%-64.6%, p = 0.083). However, there was a significant improvement in the regularity of clinic visits (75% vs. 100%, p < 0.001), consultation waiting time (90 vs. 60 min, p = 0.028), and waiting time at pharmacy queues (120 vs. 30 min, p < 0.001) between tertiary care and PHCs. However, among those registered at PHCs, only 40.6% (n = 73, 95% CI 33.3-48.1) were willing to continue care at PHCs for their diabetes management. CONCLUSION Primary care was better than tertiary care in terms of PwD's regularity of clinic visits and waiting time for care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeby Jose Olickal
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India; Department of Public Health, KS Hegde Medical Academy, NITTE (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Palanivel Chinnakali
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India.
| | - B S Suryanarayana
- Department of Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - S Rajanarayanan
- Department of Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - T Vivekanandhan
- District Programme Office for NCD, Villupuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ganesh Kumar Saya
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Kalaiselvan Ganapathy
- Department of Community Medicine, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Puducherry, India
| | - D K S Subrahmanyam
- Department of Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Kundu A, Epari V. Medication Adherence Among Patients of Type II Diabetes Mellitus and Its Associated Risk Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Eastern India. Cureus 2022; 14:e33074. [PMID: 36721541 PMCID: PMC9883658 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.33074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a major public health problem. Adherence to anti-diabetic medications improves glycaemic control, which in turn prevents complications as well as reduces out-of-pocket expenditure. The World Health Organization highlights that the impact of interventions directed to improve adherence has far greater implications than specific medical interventions. There are several factors that contribute to poor adherence. Not many studies have been conducted to explore adherence to diabetes medications in eastern India. OBJECTIVES To measure medication adherence among patients suffering from diabetes. To determine the various risk factors influencing adherence to medication. To find out the association of health-related quality of life with adherence to medication. METHODOLOGY A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the outpatient Department of General Medicine and Endocrinology of a tertiary care hospital in eastern India from January to March 2020. Adult subjects, who were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus for at least six months, were interviewed using a pretested, structured questionnaire containing 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) to determine adherence to diabetic medications. Data were analysed in SPSS version 27 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). RESULTS The mean age of the 331 participants interviewed was 53.40 (SD 11.0) years and the majority were males (57.1%). Medication adherence of 34.14% (n=113) was found among the subjects. Having any comorbidity, positive family history of diabetes and the habit of current alcohol intake increased the odds of poor adherence by 3.26 times, 1.88 times, and 2.35 times respectively in binary logistic regression analysis. Those following a diabetic diet had a protective effect, decreasing poor medication adherence by 79.6%. Poor medication adherence increased by 1.077 times with every one-day increase in unhealthy days. CONCLUSION The medication adherence was 34.14% and as compared to other similar studies medication adherence in the study population was poor and was associated with unhealthy days.
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Cao W, Kadir AA, Wang J, Hu L, Wen L, Yu M, Peng L, Chen L, Luo N, Hassan II. Medication non-adherence and associated factors among older adult stroke survivors in China. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1054603. [PMID: 36506570 PMCID: PMC9731135 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1054603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Medication non-adherence has remained a common and costly global health issue of growing importance among older adults. This study aims to determine the prevalence and associated factors related to medication non-adherence among older adult stroke survivors in China. Methods and results: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 402 older adult stroke survivors were recruited from three tertiary hospitals in China. The results of the survey showed that 61.4% exhibited medication non-adherence. The chances of medication non-adherence among older adult stroke survivors who had primary school or less educational levels were higher than those who had senior secondary and junior college educational levels [OR (95% CI) = 0.440(0.249, 0.778)] as well as those who had a bachelor's degree or above educational levels [OR (95%CI) = 0.367(0.202, 0.667)]. Moreover, the probability of medication non-adherence with 4-5 and ≥6 types of total prescription medications per day increased by 1.993 times [OR (95% CI) = 1.993(1.190, 3.339))] and 2.233 times [OR (95%CI) = 2.233(1.159, 4.300)], respectively, as compared to when there were ≤3 types. Furthermore, medication non-adherence decreased with the increase in health literacy scores (β = -0.641 (95% CI; (0.913, 0.965)) and BMQ specific-necessity scores (β = -0.131 (95% CI; 0.806, 0.995)). On the other hand, when the BMQ specific-concerns score increased by one unit, medication non-adherence increased by 11.1% [OR (95% CI) = 1.111(1.044, 1.182)]. Conclusion: The present study found that patient medication adherence among older adult stroke survivors in China is problematic and associated with educational levels, total prescribed drugs per day, beliefs about medication, and health literacy scores. This indicates that measures should be taken to enhance medication adherence among such higher-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Cao
- School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia,Xiang Nan University, Chenzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Azidah Abdul Kadir
- School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Juan Wang
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Hu
- Xiang Nan University, Chenzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Linlan Wen
- Chenzhou No.1 People’s Hospital, Chenzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Mei Yu
- Chenzhou Third People’s Hospital, Chenzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Liqun Peng
- Affiliated hospital of Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Lanying Chen
- Affiliated hospital of Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Na Luo
- Xiang Nan University, Chenzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Intan Idiana Hassan
- School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia,*Correspondence: Intan Idiana Hassan, ,
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Nakajima R, Morita N, Watanabe F, Kosuge Y. Association Between Inappropriate Use of Over-The-Counter Drugs for Allergic Rhinitis and Side Effects on the Central Nervous system-a Cross-Sectional Survey. Patient Prefer Adherence 2022; 16:3111-3118. [PMID: 36419583 PMCID: PMC9677884 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s388226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Antihistamine over-the-counter (OTC) drugs for allergic rhinitis are widely used and cause central nervous system side effects. Most available data on anti-allergic drugs are on controlled usage. It is necessary to investigate the occurrence of side effects in the context of self-medication to avoid inappropriate use. We aimed to clarify the association between the usage of OTC anti-allergic drugs and central nervous system side effects. PATIENTS AND METHODS An online, anonymous, cross-sectional study was conducted using a structured questionnaire. People who had used OTC anti-allergic drugs in the year prior to the study were recruited. To assess the association between inappropriate drug use and the occurrence of side effects, a binary logistics regression analysis was performed according to three dosage forms (oral only, nasal only, and oral and nasal combined use). RESULTS Somnolence was experienced by 59.1% of the participants using the OTC drug for allergic rhinitis. Using logistic regression analysis, "drug use exceeding the upper limit" was seen to be associated with side effects in only oral (Somnolence: OR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.17-1.70; Dull head: OR=1.41, 95% CI = 1.16-1.70; Loss of concentration: OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.04-1.49) and oral and nasal combined use groups (Somnolence: OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.04-1.71; Dull head: OR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.15-1.89; Loss of concentration: OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.19-1.91). Furthermore, "expired drug use" was associated with side effects in the nasal spray-only group (Somnolence: OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.07-1.60; Dull head: OR =1.25, 95% CI = 1.02-1.53; Loss of concentration: OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.00-1.54). CONCLUSION Inappropriate use was common among users of OTC allergic rhinitis drugs. Differences in side effects depending on the dosage form used were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Nakajima
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Chiba, 274-8555, Japan
- Correspondence: Rie Nakajima, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Tel +81 47 465 7389, Fax +81 47 465 7389, Email
| | - Nana Morita
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Chiba, 274-8555, Japan
| | | | - Yasuhiro Kosuge
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Chiba, 274-8555, Japan
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Banerjee A, Paul B, Dobe M, Bandyopadhyay L, Bhattacharyya M, Sahu M. Determinants of Treatment Adherence Among Patients Living With Noncommunicable Diseases: A Mixed-Method Study in a Rural Area of West Bengal. J Patient Exp 2021; 8:23743735211039330. [PMID: 34514122 PMCID: PMC8427912 DOI: 10.1177/23743735211039330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The multisectoral impact of the COVID-19 pandemic can impair treatment adherence of patients with noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). This mixed-method study, conducted from November 2020 to January 2021, assessed the quantum of their treatment adherence and its determinants in rural West Bengal. Quantitative data were collected from 213 NCD patients while qualitative exploration for barriers of treatment adherence was conducted as 6 in-depth Interviews. Treatment adherence was assessed by “Medication Compliance Questionnaire” and “Adherence to Healthy Lifestyle and Follow-up Advice” Questionnaire. A total of 39.4% were nonadherent to medications while 67.1% had nonadherence to healthy lifestyle and follow-up advice. Significant predictors associated with nonadherence were increasing age, female gender, lower socioeconomic status, decreasing patient empowerment, and decreasing trust in the medical profession. Economic crisis, fear of contagion, and nonavailability of investigation facilities were some new emerging barriers in addition to preexisting barriers of treatment adherence. Therefore, measures for improving patient empowerment and patient–provider relationship by motivation and counseling, taking proper care of vulnerable patients affected by the pandemic, and correcting deficiencies at the health-system level should be given utmost priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankush Banerjee
- All India Institute of Hygiene & Public Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Bobby Paul
- All India Institute of Hygiene & Public Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Madhumita Dobe
- All India Institute of Hygiene & Public Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Lina Bandyopadhyay
- All India Institute of Hygiene & Public Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Monalisha Sahu
- All India Institute of Hygiene & Public Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Olickal JJ, Chinnakali P, Suryanarayana B, Saya GK, Ganapathy K, Subrahmanyam D. Medication adherence and glycemic control status among people with diabetes seeking care from a tertiary care teaching hospital, south India. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Kumar A, Mohammadnezhad M, May W. Patients' Perception of Factors Influencing Noncompliance with Medication among Cardiac Patients in Fiji: A Qualitative Study. Patient Prefer Adherence 2021; 15:1843-1852. [PMID: 34465983 PMCID: PMC8403084 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s322731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noncompliance with prescribed medication leads to disease progression, which often leads to premature deaths. It often leads to worsening symptoms of cardiac conditions and hospitalization. Due to the lack of previous research, this study aimed to explore the factors contributing to noncompliance with medication in cardiac patients in Fiji. METHODS This qualitative study was conducted among 25 cardiac patients with congestive heart failure and coronary heart disease who attended special outpatient department (SOPD) clinics at Sigatoka Subdivisional Hospital in Fiji. Purposive sampling was used to select the study sample, and in-depth face-to-face interviews were conducted using a semistructured, open-ended questionnaire. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis, whereby the data collected were grouped in subthemes and then common themes related to the topic. RESULTS A total of 25 patients were interviewed, with a majority (n=14) being men and 15 Fijian of Indian descent. A greater number (n=17) of participants were above the age of 60 years, 19 had had primary education, while 12 were unemployed. Eight themes were identified as factors affecting noncompliance with medication: scarcity of knowledge, patients' negative attitudes, poor family support, financial constraints, forgetfulness, irregular clinic attendance, heavy alcohol use, and alternative treatment vs pharmaceutical medication. CONCLUSION Noncompliance with medication in cardiac patients contributes to worsening cardiac disease and premature deaths. For factors related to noncompliance, awareness can be raised in SOPD clinics for patients to realize the effects of noncompliance and provide ways to improve compliance. Providing professional counseling services for all SOPD patients would greatly help in increasing compliance with medication in Fiji.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avnit Kumar
- Department of Primary Care and Nutrition, Fiji National University, Suva, Fiji Islands
| | - Masoud Mohammadnezhad
- Department of Public Health and Health Services Management, Fiji National University, Suva, Fiji Islands
- Correspondence: Masoud Mohammadnezhad Department of Public Health and Health Services Management, Fiji National University, Suva, Fiji Islands Email
| | - William May
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fiji National University, Suva, Fiji Islands
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Kamat T. Digital therapeutics can improve medication adherence in diabetes. J Family Med Prim Care 2020; 9:5806-5807. [PMID: 33532443 PMCID: PMC7842486 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1252_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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