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Maziar P, Maher A, Alimohammadzadeh K, Jafari M, Hosseini SM. Identifying the preparedness components in COVID-19: Systematic literature review. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2022; 11:385. [PMID: 36618467 PMCID: PMC9818771 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_28_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic posed a major challenge to the world. Since the world is constantly exposed to communicable diseases, comprehensive preparedness of countries is required. Therefore, the present systematic review is aimed at identifying the preparedness components in COVID-19. In this systematic literature review, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, Science Direct, Iran Medex, Magiran, and Scientific Information Database were searched from 2019 to 2021 to identify preparedness components in COVID-19. Thematic content analysis method was employed for data analysis. Out of 11,126 journals retrieved from searches, 45 studies were included for data analysis. Based on the findings, the components of COVID-19 preparedness were identified and discussed in three categories: governance with three subcategories of characteristics, responsibilities, and rules and regulations; society with two subcategories of culture and resilience; and services with three subcategories of managed services, advanced technology, and prepared health services. Among these, the governance and its subcategories had the highest frequency in studies. Considering the need to prepare for the next pandemic, countries should create clear and coherent structures and responsibilities for crisis preparedness through legal mechanisms, strengthening the infrastructure of the health system, coordination between organizations through analysis and identification of stakeholders, culture building and attracting social participation, and service management for an effective response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooneh Maziar
- Ph.D. Student of Health Services Management, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Maher
- Department of Health Policy, Economics and Management, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khalil Alimohammadzadeh
- Department of Health Services Management, North Tehran Branch, Health Economics Policy Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Jafari
- Department of Health Services Management, School of Management, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mojtaba Hosseini
- Department of Health Services Management, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Rasul G. A Framework for Addressing the Twin Challenges of COVID-19 and Climate Change for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in South Asia. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.679037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change has begun to ravage agriculture and threaten food security in many parts of the world. The novel coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has further disrupted agricultural activities and supply chains and has become a serious threat for public health. Like in many developing countries, South Asian farmers are now facing the double challenge of addressing the impacts of a changing climate and managing the disruptions caused by COVID-19. Despite growing concern, there is limited understanding of how climate change, public health, and COVID-19 interact, and of the possible pathways to achieving a climate-friendly recovery from COVID-19 to achieve food and nutrition security. In view of this, this paper explores the multifaceted challenges that farmers are now facing in South Asia due to climate change and the disruption caused by COVID-19 from the agricultural and food security lens. The analysis reveals that the complex interactions of COVID-19 and climate change have impacted all dimensions of food security. These interlinkages demand an integrated approach in dealing with food, public health, and climate change to harness synergies and minimize trade-offs between food production, public health, and climate mitigation. I present a framework to address the immediate challenge of COVID-19 and the longer-term challenge of anthropogenic climate change. Key elements of the framework include the strengthening health sector response capacities, strengthening of local and regional food systems, making agriculture resilient to pandemics, adopting flexible and smart approaches—including the implementation of climate-smart agricultural interventions on different scales, promotion of appropriate research and innovation, and the integration of short-term support to address the challenges of COVID-19 to build long-term productivity, and resilience of food systems by investing on natural capital. This framework would enable policy makers to choose the appropriate policy responses at different scales, to address these twin challenges of COVID-19 and climate change.
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Raina SK, Kumar R, Natrajan S, Gilada I, Garg S, Dhariwal AC, Galvankar S, Khaparde SD, Bhatt R, Bodhankar U, Agarwal P. India's need for long-term solutions to COVID-19-like pandemics: A policy paper by Organized Medicine Academic Guild. J Family Med Prim Care 2021; 10:1508-1511. [PMID: 34123882 PMCID: PMC8144750 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2220_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The entire world seems to have responded to COVID-19 pandemic in a knee-jerk manner with a short mindset without building on the existing strengths of public health infrastructure. National governments cannot be blamed for this as we are dealing with a crisis that comes once in a lifetime. Realising this, the Organized Medicine Academic Guild (OMAG) an association of major health associations in this country has suggested measures for long-term solutions to COVID-19-like pandemics in the form of a policy paper by OMAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Raina
- Department of Community Medicine, Dr. R.P. Government Medical College, Tanda, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Raman Kumar
- Academy of Family Physicians of India, New Delhi, India
| | - S Natrajan
- Aditya Jyot Eye Hospital, Wadala, Mumbai, India
| | - Ishwar Gilada
- India Unison Medicare and Research Centre, Alibhai Premji Marg, Grant Road-E, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Suneela Garg
- Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - A C Dhariwal
- National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP), Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Florida, USA
| | - Sagar Galvankar
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sarasota Memorial Hospital Florida State University, Florida, USA
| | - Sunil D Khaparde
- Former Deputy Director General TB Control, Father Muller Medical College, Manglore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ramesh Bhatt
- Department of Dermatology, Father Muller Medical College, Manglore, Karnataka, India
| | - Uday Bodhankar
- Department of Emergency Medicine, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Praveen Agarwal
- Bodhankar Childrens Hospital, Sharhari, Central Bazaar Road, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
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Afulani PA, Gyamerah AO, Nutor JJ, Laar A, Aborigo RA, Malechi H, Sterling M, Awoonor-Williams JK. Inadequate preparedness for response to COVID-19 is associated with stress and burnout among healthcare workers in Ghana. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250294. [PMID: 33861808 PMCID: PMC8051822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic has compounded the global crisis of stress and burnout among healthcare workers. But few studies have empirically examined the factors driving these outcomes in Africa. Our study examined associations between perceived preparedness to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic and healthcare worker stress and burnout and identified potential mediating factors among healthcare workers in Ghana. METHODS Healthcare workers in Ghana completed a cross-sectional self-administered online survey from April to May 2020; 414 and 409 completed stress and burnout questions, respectively. Perceived preparedness, stress, and burnout were measured using validated psychosocial scales. We assessed associations using linear regressions with robust standard errors. RESULTS The average score for preparedness was 24 (SD = 8.8), 16.3 (SD = 5.9) for stress, and 37.4 (SD = 15.5) for burnout. In multivariate analysis, healthcare workers who felt somewhat prepared and prepared had lower stress (β = -1.89, 95% CI: -3.49 to -0.30 and β = -2.66, 95% CI: -4.48 to -0.84) and burnout (β = -7.74, 95% CI: -11.8 to -3.64 and β = -9.25, 95% CI: -14.1 to -4.41) scores than those who did not feel prepared. Appreciation from management and family support were associated with lower stress and burnout, while fear of infection was associated with higher stress and burnout. Fear of infection partially mediated the relationship between perceived preparedness and stress/burnout, accounting for about 16 to 17% of the effect. CONCLUSIONS Low perceived preparedness to respond to COVID-19 increases stress and burnout, and this is partly through fear of infection. Interventions, incentives, and health systemic changes to increase healthcare workers' morale and capacity to respond to the pandemic are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patience A. Afulani
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Akua O. Gyamerah
- Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jerry J. Nutor
- Department of Family Health Care Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Amos Laar
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | - Mona Sterling
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Zaman FA, Aggarwal S, Pal R, Chatterjee PK, Kiran KA, Panda S, Sharma U, Bhattacharya T. Exploratory study on the operational issues faced in collection, transportation, and laboratory testing related to COVID-19 in remote areas of selected EAG states of North East and East India. J Family Med Prim Care 2021; 10:1443-1452. [PMID: 34041192 PMCID: PMC8140247 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2130_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 ongoing pandemic has proved beyond doubt that all countries in the world from high income to low- and middle-income countries were unprepared with under-diagnosed and underreported losses of precious human lives on already overstretched healthcare delivery infrastructure. Thus, the urgent need of the hour is to understand and identify the operational issues and challenges encountered in the sample collection process and also at the testing labs in order to respond at the earliest. This early and effective response will help not only to address the identified issues in the whole chain of sample collecting to test result communication but also it will help to improve the functioning of the entire system involved in this process. OBJECTIVES The present study was undertaken to identify the issues faced during various steps involved in laboratory testing as part of the COVID-19 control activities in selected remote districts of North East and East India. Further, perceived adequacy of human resources, equipment, diagnostic kits, and other essential consumables including PPEs vis-a-vis the load of samples received from the catchment areas of the testing laboratories were also explored. METHODS The study was a qualitative research using in-depth interview method to collect and collate the data from the chain of personnel involved in sample collection, storage, transportation, and testing by recorded telephonic interview by state-level collaborators as per the study protocol. The respondents were recruited from randomly selected sites of remote districts for sample collection, storage, transportation, and dedicated testing labs in six states of North East and Eastern India. The study findings were analyzed by two-dimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis to get the collective picture involving transcription, preliminary data scrutiny, content analysis, and interpretation of the verbal IDI; classified and summarized by triangulation; free listing and pile sorting of suggestions. RESULTS The entire laboratory testing related human resources has been working on war-footing round-the-clock to fulfil the expectation of the stakeholders and maintaining high quality despite the ever-increasing load of sample testing in both the public and private sectors. The findings indicated that the healthcare workers from all levels of laboratory diagnosis have taken it as a challenge to control the pandemic even with limitations of logistics to capacity building. Positive suggestions to improve laboratory services were to increase human resources, infrastructure, IT with the robust mechanism of monitoring and supervision. CONCLUSIONS Upgradation of laboratory capacities and expertise in public health has become one of the points of concern to contain the COVID-19 pandemic of the new millennium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forhad Akhtar Zaman
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Sumit Aggarwal
- Scientist and Program Officer, Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, ICMR HQ, Delhi, India
| | - Ranabir Pal
- Department of Community Medicine, MGM Medical College and LSK Hospital, Kishanganj, Bihar, India
| | | | - K Asha Kiran
- Department of Community Medicine, RIMS, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Srikanta Panda
- Department of Surgery, SCB Medical College, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Utpal Sharma
- Department of Community Medicine, FAAMC, Barpeta, Assam, India
| | - Tridibes Bhattacharya
- Department of Community Medicine, Bankura Sammilani Medical College, Bankura, West Bengal, India
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Raina SK, Kumar R, Kumar A, Kumar D, Raina S, Gupta R, Joshi H. Broad guidelines for primary care practitioners/standalone private health facilities/frontline healthcare facilities in view of COVID-19 pandemic. J Family Med Prim Care 2021; 10:1-9. [PMID: 34017693 PMCID: PMC8132802 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1192_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In view of India unlocking, to secure a large population of this country, the healthcare facilities delivering primary care as well standalone health facilities need to be secured from impacts of COVID-19 pandemic. This document dwells on the broader guidelines for primary care practitioners/standalone private health facilities/frontline healthcare facilities to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 Pandemic. The authors understand that the situation is evolving, so the guidelines too will keep evolving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Raina
- Community Medicine, Dr. RP Govt. Medical College, Tanda, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | | | - Ajay Kumar
- Pharmacology, ASCOMS, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Community Medicine, Dr. RP Govt. Medical College, Tanda, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sujeet Raina
- Internal Medicine, Dr. RP Govt. Medical College, Tanda, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rajiv Gupta
- Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Chandy SJ, Ranjalkar J, Chandy SS. Collateral effects and ethical challenges in healthcare due to COVID-19 - A dire need to support healthcare workers and systems. J Family Med Prim Care 2021; 10:22-26. [PMID: 34017697 PMCID: PMC8132839 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1653_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has affected the daily activities of people across the globe. The effects of the pandemic have not just been medical, but also societal and economical. The responses of government and the public have varied in different countries. Measures have ranged from improving hygiene, information dissemination, and social distancing to more radical measures such as social isolation, quarantine and lockdown. The disease and human responses have had consequences on the way we live, work, eat and rest. Life and livelihoods have been affected. This article highlights how the response to the pandemic has affected various aspects of healthcare and ethical dilemmas this has raised. As the pandemic progresses, awareness and evaluation of the unintended consequences of the pandemic and responses on our health and healthcare systems are needed. Discussing these points and being aware of the ethical issues may help countries and policy makers plan suitable strategies to mitigate these collateral effects, especially as the pandemic continues. It is hoped that this article will support healthcare workers, especially those in primary and secondary healthcare, as they overcome various challenges to treat patients with existing and prior diseases, and encourage them to advocate for robust and sustainable healthcare systems for public health. This would then help effectively combat future epidemics. Most importantly, it can mitigate the adverse collateral effects on healthcare that the public are experiencing and the treatment dilemmas that family and primary care physicians are facing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujith J Chandy
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jaya Ranjalkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sheeba S Chandy
- Ethicist, College Campus, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Ghosh A. COVID-19: Lab medicine expect due respect. J Family Med Prim Care 2020; 9:5437-5438. [PMID: 33532375 PMCID: PMC7842421 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1164_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College, 88, College Street, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Jamir L, Najeeb S, Aravindakshan R. COVID-19 preparedness among public and healthcare providers in the initial days of nationwide lockdown in India: A rapid electronic survey. J Family Med Prim Care 2020; 9:4756-4760. [PMID: 33209796 PMCID: PMC7652165 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_902_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims The COVID-19 Pandemic has been raging across continents in recent months. Public health measures are crucial in preventing COVID-19. The Government of India declared a nationwide lockdown on 24 March, 2020. The objective of this study is to assess preparedness among general public and healthcare providers against COVID-19 by way of adopting public health measures at the very beginning of the nationwide lockdown in India. Settings and Design A rapid cross sectional electronic survey was conducted across the country between 25 and 27 March, 2020. Methods and Materials Participants were general public and healthcare providers. Online questionnaire was generated in Google Forms. This included precautionary measures such as staying home, hand hygiene, wearing masks, cough hygiene and advisory against face touching. The web link to the form was shared through WhatsApp. Statistical Analysis Used Descriptive data analysis was done using Epi Info software (version-7). Results A total of 226 persons (general public = 183; healthcare providers [HCPs] = 43) participated in the study. During the lockdown, HCPs spent more time outside than the general public (p = 0.009). Only 47% of the participants claimed to practise frequent hand washing and majority (72%; n = 163) did not wear masks while outdoors. Almost a half (45%) of the participants touched their face frequently and very few (8%) participants covered their mouth or nose while coughing or sneezing. There was no significant difference between HCPs and general public in frequent hand washing (p = 0.456), wearing masks (p = 0.255), face touching (p = 0.632) or covering mouth/nose while coughing or sneezing (p = 0.428). Conclusion There is lack of preparedness among general public and healthcare providers against COVID-19 at the beginning of the nationwide lockdown in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limalemla Jamir
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Shaista Najeeb
- MBBS Student, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Rajeev Aravindakshan
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Sonkar SK, Kumar S, Gupta KK, Chaudhary SC, Kumar V, Sawlani KK, Verma SK. A learning experience of pandemic COVID-19 management at our medical institute. J Family Med Prim Care 2020; 9:4270-4276. [PMID: 33110844 PMCID: PMC7586540 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_836_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel disease. Objectives: Our healthcare sector is at the epicentre of this unprecedented global pandemic challenge and we are not fully aware of it's management. Here we have discussed our learning experience in managing and tackling the COVID-19 pandemic at our institute which will set an example for other hospitals as well as instill confidence in our primary care physicians who are the frontline warriors. Methods and Results: For combating COVID-19, dedicated teams for its management including logistic support was streamlined. Our capacity was built up for 200 isolation beds including 40 ventilator equipped beds and 645 defined quarantine rooms, to be implemented in phased manner. Till date more than 200 COVID-19 patients have been admitted here. Fever and cough were common presentations. Mortality was high in patients with advanced age or who had multiple co-morbid conditions. Efficient training and infection prevention control have resulted in a satisfactory outcome. Conclusion: In the wake of this pandemic all hospital setup, with collective responsibility should follow a specified protocol so that our hospital is not converted to the hotspot. COVID-19 has imposed a new challenge where not only patients have to be managed but our health care workers also need to be protected. Telemedicine and our primary care physicians will play a crucial role. Here at a medical institute, medical teaching, and learning atmosphere has to be created amidst the pandemic apprehension for our budding medicos.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Satish Kumar
- Department of Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kamlesh Kumar Gupta
- Department of Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shyam Chand Chaudhary
- Department of Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Department of Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kamal Kumar Sawlani
- Department of Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Verma
- Department of Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Erratum: Are we prepared? Lessons from Covid-19 and OMAG position paper on epidemic preparedness. J Family Med Prim Care 2020; 9:3791. [PMID: 33102378 PMCID: PMC7567240 DOI: 10.4103/2249-4863.290852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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