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Long LF, Zhao QF, Zhang FL, Tang R, Wei JB, Guan S, Chen Y. Inhibitory effect of benzocaine from Schisandra chinensis on Alternaria alternata. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6691. [PMID: 38509170 PMCID: PMC10954763 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57237-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The clinical effects of Schisandra chinensis against human disease are well-documented; however, studies on its application in controlling plant pathogens are limited. Here, we investigated its inhibitory effect on the growth of Alternaria alternata, a fungus which causes significant post-harvest losses on apples, known as black spot disease. S. chinensis fruit extract exhibited strong inhibitory effects on the growth of A. alternata with an EC50 of 1882.00 mg/L. There were 157 compounds identified in the extract by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, where benzocaine constituted 14.19% of the extract. Antifungal experiments showed that the inhibitory activity of benzocaine on A. alternata was 43.77-fold higher than the crude extract. The application of benzocaine before and after A. alternata inoculation on apples prevented the pathogen infection and led to mycelial distortion according to scanning electron microscopy. Transcriptome analysis revealed that there were 4226 genes differentially expressed between treated and untreated A. alternata-infected apples with benzocaine. Metabolomics analysis led to the identification of 155 metabolites. Correlation analysis between the transcriptome and metabolome revealed that benzocaine may inhibit A. alternata growth via the beta-alanine metabolic pathway. Overall, S. chinensis extract and benzocaine are environmentally friendly plant-based fungicides with potential to control A. alternata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Fang Long
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P. R. China, College of Bioscience and Resources Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Qi Fang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P. R. China, College of Bioscience and Resources Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Fu Long Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Kingbo Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Bayannur, 015200, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Ran Tang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P. R. China, College of Bioscience and Resources Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jia Bao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P. R. China, College of Bioscience and Resources Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Shan Guan
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P. R. China, College of Bioscience and Resources Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P. R. China, College of Bioscience and Resources Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Zhou X, Zhong Y, Pan Z, Zhang J, Pan J. Physiology of pregnancy and oral local anesthesia considerations. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15585. [PMID: 37404472 PMCID: PMC10315135 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Safe and effective local anesthesia is a prerequisite for emergency oral surgeries and most dental treatments. Pregnancy is characterized by complex physiological changes, and increased sensitivity to pain. Pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to oral diseases, such as caries, gingivitis, pyogenic granuloma and third molar pericoronitis. Maternally administered drugs can affect the fetus through the placenta. Therefore, many physicians and patients are reluctant to provide or accept necessary local anesthesia, which leads to delays in the condition and adverse consequences. This review is intended to comprehensively discuss the instructions for local anesthesia in the oral treatment of pregnant patients. Methodology An in-depth search on Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library was performed to review articles concerned with maternal and fetal physiology, local anesthetic pharmacology, and their applications for oral treatment. Results Standard oral local anesthesia is safe throughout the pregnancy. At present, 2% lidocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine is considered to be the anesthetic agent that best balances safety and efficacy for pregnant women. Maternal and fetal considerations must be taken into account to accommodate the physiological and pharmacological changes in the gestation period. Semi-supine position, blood pressure monitoring, and reassurance are suggested for high-risk mothers to reduce the risk of transient changes in blood pressure, hypoxemia, and hypoglycemia. For patients with underlying diseases, such as eclampsia, hypertension, hypotension, and gestational diabetes, the physicians should use epinephrine cautiously and control the dose of anesthetic. New local anesthesia formulations and equipment, which contribute to minimizing injection pain and relieving the anxiety, have and are being developed but remain understudied. Conclusions Understanding the physiological and pharmacological changes during pregnancy is essential to ensure the safety and efficiency of local anesthesia. Optimal outcomes for the mother and fetus hinge on a robust understanding of the physiologic alterations and the appropriate selection of anesthetic drugs and approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueer Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunyu Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zijian Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiankang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Chengdu Advanced Medical Science Center, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Chengdu Advanced Medical Science Center, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Abbasi H, Ali F, Aslam H, Khan MS, Waqas M, Lal A. Cryoanesthesia with ethyl chloride spray versus 5% lidocaine gel in alleviating oral local anesthetic injection pain for buccal anaesthesia: A randomized clinical (controlled) trial. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2023; 17:40-46. [PMID: 37650023 PMCID: PMC10462915 DOI: 10.34172/joddd.2023.37041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Numbing the area of oral mucosa with cold application prior to administration of regional anesthesia has been widely used by various dentists in alleviating pain caused by needle prick. Cryoanesthesia using Endo-ice as topical anesthesia has been studied as a replacement to prevail the fallibility of topical anaesthetics. This study aimed to evaluate and compare effectiveness of ethyl chloride spray with 5% lidocaine gel in alleviating buccal anesthesia injection pain. Methods Total of 90 outpatients were randomly divided into 3 groups as follows: Group 1 - cryotherapy with ethyl chloride at the anesthetic site preceding before administration of local anesthesia; Group 2 - topical application of 5% LIDOCAINE GEL preceding before administration of local anesthesia; and group 3 - control that did not receive any topical agent preceding before administration of local anesthesia. Visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to document pain immediately after injection prick. Results About comparison of pain scores, significant difference was found between group 1 (ethyl chloride) and group 2 (topical lidocaine) patients (P=0.001). For group 1, about 15 (50%) patients suffered from mild pain, followed by 14 (46.67%) patients suffering from moderate pain. However, majority of the 21 (70%) patients in group 2 suffered from moderate pain. All the patients in group 3 suffered from severe pain. Conclusion Importance of alleviating fear of needle injection phobia amongst patients is of paramount importance. Ethyl chloride was found to be more effective than topical lidocaine in alleviating needle injection pain before administration of local anesthetic injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hira Abbasi
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Ali
- Department of Dental Surgery, The Agha Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Hina Aslam
- Department of Prosthodontics, Khyber College Of Dentistry, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Waqas
- Department of Prosthodontics, Jinnah Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Abhishek Lal
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine, Karachi, Pakistan
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Abbasi H, Saqib M, Maqsood A, Jouhar R, Lal A, Ahmed N, Heboyan A. Effectiveness of precooling with ethyl chloride versus honey in alleviating intra-oral injection pain in adult patients: A randomized controlled trial. SAGE Open Med 2023; 11:20503121231162342. [PMID: 37008683 PMCID: PMC10064462 DOI: 10.1177/20503121231162342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The objective of the study was to assess and compare the effectiveness of precooling with ethyl chloride versus honey in alleviating the pain of dental injection. Methods: About 90 patients were recruited for this randomized controlled trial. In each of the following three groups, 30 patients were allocated: Group 1, precooling with ethyl chloride; Group 2, honey; and Group 3, control. The pain score of patients in each group was measured after injecting the dental local anesthesia using a visual analog scale. Paired t-test and multiple linear regression tests were used for statistical analysis. A p value of ⩽0.05 was considered to be as significant. Results: The mean pain scores of participants residing in different groups were as follows: Group 1: 2.83 ± 1.46, Group 2: 4.33 ± 1.62, and Group 3: 7.80. After administrating ethyl chloride, the majority of the 18 (60%) patients reported to suffer from “mild pain.” Furthermore, in patients who were given honey in Group 2, most of the 21 (70%) patients reported suffering from “moderate pain.” In Group 3 (control) where no anesthetic modality was used, the majority of the 25 (83.33%) patients experienced “severe pain.” A significant difference was noted among the pain scores of three groups ( p = 0.001). Conclusion: The administration of local anesthetic is part of almost all dental procedures. Precooling with ethyl chloride resulted in a greater reduction in pain scores than honey upon administration of local anesthesia injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hira Abbasi
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saqib
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Afsheen Maqsood
- Department of Oral Pathology, Bahria University Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rizwan Jouhar
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abhishek Lal
- Department of Prosthodontics, Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Naseer Ahmed
- Department of Prosthodontics, Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Artak Heboyan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Stomatology, Yerevan State Medical University after Mkhitar Heratsi, Yerevan, Armenia
- Artak Heboyan, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Stomatology, Yerevan State Medical University after Mkhitar Heratsi, Koryun str. 2, Yerevan, 0025, Armenia. Emails: ;
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Tirupathi S, Gopalakrishnan D, Deshkar S. Herbal topical anesthetics in dentistry: an exploratory review. J Dent Anesth Pain Med 2022; 22:419-426. [PMID: 36601130 PMCID: PMC9763823 DOI: 10.17245/jdapm.2022.22.6.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Topical anesthetics are routinely used in dental practice for various purposes. They are usually available at higher dosages and have serious potential adverse reactions, such as seizures, anaphylaxis, and acquired methemoglobinemia. To date, the scope of application of herbal plants and their extracts, which have medicinal properties, has been elaborated in the field of dentistry. The growing interest in herbal medication can be attributed to the increased safety profile of herbal agents, in contrast to synthetic preparations that have a higher risk of systemic complications. Herbal preparations can induce topical anesthesia with minimal side effects. Recently, many studies have reported the use of topical herbal preparations. The current review aimed to evaluate data from various articles comparing the capacity of herbal topical anesthetic formulations and conventional synthetic anesthetics in reducing pain perception when used as local anesthesia before dental procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunnypriyatham Tirupathi
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Dr.D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr.D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dharmarajan Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Periodontology, Dr.D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr.D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanjeevani Deshkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr.D.Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Dr.D.Y. Patil Unitech Society, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Havale R, Rao DG, S P S, M Tuppadmath K, Tharay N, Mathew I, Taj KE. Comparative evaluation of pain perception following topical application of clove oil, betel leaf extract, lignocaine gel, and ice prior to intraoral injection in children aged 6-10 years: a randomized control study. J Dent Anesth Pain Med 2021; 21:329-336. [PMID: 34395900 PMCID: PMC8349677 DOI: 10.17245/jdapm.2021.21.4.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the field of dentistry, topical anesthetics play an important role in reducing pain during needle pricks. The anesthetic property of betel leaves remain unexplored, even though they have been widely used for the treatment of various ailments. The purpose of this study was to compare and evaluate pain perception following topical application of lignocaine gel, clove gel, ice, and newly developed betel leaf extract gel during intraoral injection in children. Methods Sixty children aged 6–10 years who met the inclusion criteria were divided into four groups. Topical anesthetic agents, 2% lignocaine (Lox-2% Jelly, Neon, Mumbai, India), 4.7% clove gel (Pain Out Dental Gel, Colgate Palmolive India Ltd, Solan, India), 10% betel leaf extract gel, and ice were applied to each group for one min, followed by administration of infiltration anesthesia. Pain perception was analyzed during needle insertion. The Wong Bakers FACES pain rating scale (WBFPRS) was used for subjective assessment and the Sound, Eye, Motor (SEM) scale for objective assessment. Recorded values were tabulated and subjected to appropriate statistical analysis using SPSS software with a P value set at 0.05. Results The clove oil and betel leaf groups demonstrated the highest WBFPRS scores, followed by the ice and lignocaine groups. The clove, betel leaf extract, and ice groups showed equal and highest SEM scores, followed by the lignocaine group. The mean WBFPRS and mean SEM scores were statistically significant. Conclusion Betel leaf extract gel is effective in reducing pain and can act as an alternative topical anesthetic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra Havale
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Academy of Medical Education Dental College and Hospital, Raichur, India
| | - Dhanu G Rao
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Academy of Medical Education Dental College and Hospital, Raichur, India
| | - Shrutha S P
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Academy of Medical Education Dental College and Hospital, Raichur, India
| | - Kanchan M Tuppadmath
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Academy of Medical Education Dental College and Hospital, Raichur, India
| | - Namratha Tharay
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Academy of Medical Education Dental College and Hospital, Raichur, India
| | - Irin Mathew
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Academy of Medical Education Dental College and Hospital, Raichur, India
| | - Kausar E Taj
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Academy of Medical Education Dental College and Hospital, Raichur, India
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