As a Modulator, Multitasking Roles of SIRT1 in Respiratory Diseases

The role of polydatin in inhibiting oxidative stress through SIRT1 activation: A comprehensive review of molecular targets

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Reynoutria japonica Houtt is a medicinal plant renowned for its diverse pharmacological properties, including heat-clearing, toxin-removing, blood circulation promotion, blood stasis removal, diuretic action, and pain relief. The plant is commonly utilized in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), and its major bioactive constituents consist of polydatin (PD) and resveratrol (RES).

AIM OF THE STUDY

To summarize the relevant targets of PD in various oxidative stress-related diseases through the activation of Silence information regulator1 (SIRT1). Furthermore, elucidating the pharmacological effects and signaling mechanisms to establish the basis for PD's secure clinical implementation and expanded range of application.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Literature published before November 2023 on the structural analysis and pharmacological activities of PD was collected using online databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science. The keywords were "polydatin", "SIRT1" and "oxidative stress". The inclusion criteria were research articles published in English, including in vivo and in vitro experiments and clinical studies. Non-research articles such as reviews, meta-analyses, and letters were excluded.

RESULTS

PD has been found to have significantly protective and curative effects on diseases associated with oxidative stress by regulating SIRT1-related targets including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), nuclear factor erythroid2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3), p38/p53, as well as endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOs), among others. Strong evidence suggests that PD is an effective natural product for treating diseases related to oxidative stress.

CONCLUSION

PD holds promise as an effective treatment for a wide range of diseases, with SIRT1-mediated oxidative stress as its potential pathway.

SIRT1: An Intermediator of Key Pathways Regulating Pulmonary Diseases

Silent information regulator type-1 (SIRT1), a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide+-dependent deacetylase, is a member of the sirtuins family and has unique protein deacetylase activity. SIRT1 participates in physiological as well as pathophysiological processes by targeting a wide range of protein substrates and signalings. In this review, we described the latest progress of SIRT1 in pulmonary diseases. We have introduced the basic information and summarized the prominent role of SIRT1 in several lung diseases, such as acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and aging-related diseases.

SIRT1-Mediated HMGB1 Deacetylation Suppresses Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Related to Blood-Brain Barrier Impairment After Cerebral Venous Thrombosis

Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a neurovascular disease with recently increasing incidence. Aseptic inflammatory responses play an important role in the pathology of CVT. Recent studies report that neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are major triggers of thrombosis and inflammation in stroke, but their effect on brain injury in CVT requires further validation. In this study, two CVT animal models were used to simulate superior sagittal sinus thrombosis and cortical vein thrombosis. The effects of brain tissue infiltration of NETs and the molecular mechanisms associated with NET formation were deeply explored in combination with proteomics, histology, and serology. The results showed that the cortical vein thrombosis model could be combined with more severe blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and showed more severe cerebral hemorrhage. Decreased Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression promotes high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) acetylation, causing increased cytosolic translocation and extracellular release, and HMGB1 can promote NET formation and recruitment. In addition, corticocerebral accumulation of NETs contributes to BBB damage. This establishes a vicious cycle between BBB damage and NET accumulation. SIRT1 mediated-HMGB1 deacetylation may play a critical role in attenuating BBB damage following CVT. This study employed a combined validation using models of venous sinus thrombosis and cortical vein thrombosis to investigate the deacetylation role of SIRT1, aiming to offer new insights into the pathological mechanisms of brain injury following CVT.

Investigating Forkhead Box O Transcription Factor 1 Gene's Relation to Immunoglobulin E in House Dust Mite-Allergic Asthma Patients

House dust mite (HDM)-allergic asthma is an abnormal immune response to extrinsic aeroallergens found in human vicinities. Studying the role of the associated immunity biomarkers and their interplay helps in discovering novel therapeutic strategies that can be used in adjunct with effective long-term immunotherapy. This study investigates the total serum IgE, FoxO1, and Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) gene expressions in HDM-allergic asthma patients. We enrolled 40 patients for each of the following three groups: an HV group of healthy volunteers and HDM/AA and HDM/SCIT groups of HDM-allergic asthma patients who did not and who did receive immunotherapy before recruitment in this study, respectively. The results elucidated that total IgE was strikingly elevated in the HDM/AA group and showed little decline in the HDM/SCIT group. Both FoxO1 and SIRT1 gene expressions showed the highest levels in the HDM/SCIT group. There was a negative correlation between total IgE and both FoxO1 and SIRT1 in the HDM/AA group while there was a positive correlation with SIRT1 in the HDM/SCIT group. In conclusion, the interplay of the three immunity biomarkers related to HDM-allergic asthma after the course of immunotherapy treatment suggests further, broader studies on the feasibility of their role as immunity biomarkers in the control and remission of HDM-allergic asthma.

The sirtuin family in health and disease

Sirtuins (SIRTs) are nicotine adenine dinucleotide(+)-dependent histone deacetylases regulating critical signaling pathways in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and are involved in numerous biological processes. Currently, seven mammalian homologs of yeast Sir2 named SIRT1 to SIRT7 have been identified. Increasing evidence has suggested the vital roles of seven members of the SIRT family in health and disease conditions. Notably, this protein family plays a variety of important roles in cellular biology such as inflammation, metabolism, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, etc., thus, it is considered a potential therapeutic target for different kinds of pathologies including cancer, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and other conditions. Moreover, identification of SIRT modulators and exploring the functions of these different modulators have prompted increased efforts to discover new small molecules, which can modify SIRT activity. Furthermore, several randomized controlled trials have indicated that different interventions might affect the expression of SIRT protein in human samples, and supplementation of SIRT modulators might have diverse impact on physiological function in different participants. In this review, we introduce the history and structure of the SIRT protein family, discuss the molecular mechanisms and biological functions of seven members of the SIRT protein family, elaborate on the regulatory roles of SIRTs in human disease, summarize SIRT inhibitors and activators, and review related clinical studies.

Metabolism-epigenetic interactions on in vitro produced embryos

Metabolism and epigenetics, which reciprocally regulate each other in different cell types, are fundamental aspects of cellular adaptation to the environment. Evidence in cancer and stem cells has shown that the metabolic status modifies the epigenome while epigenetic mechanisms regulate the expression of genes involved in metabolic processes, thereby altering the metabolome. This crosstalk occurs as many metabolites serve as substrates or cofactors of chromatin-modifying enzymes. If we consider the intense metabolic dynamic and the epigenetic remodelling of the embryo, the comprehension of these regulatory networks will be important not only for understanding early embryonic development, but also to determine in vitro culture conditions that support embryo development and may insert positive regulatory marks that may persist until adult life. In this review, we focus on how metabolism may affect epigenetic reprogramming of the early stages of development, in particular acetylation and methylation of histone and DNA. We also present other metabolic modifications in bovine embryos, such as lactylation, highlighting the promising epigenetic and metabolic targets to improve conditions for in vitro embryo development.

Augmentation of NAD+ by Dunnione Ameliorates Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis-Like Dermatitis in Mice

Background

Dunnione has anti-inflammatory properties arising from its ability to alter the ratio of NAD⁺/NADH through NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) enzymatic action, followed by subsequent inhibition of NF-κB and inflammatory cytokines. Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory skin disorder in which the IL-23/Th17 axis plays an important role in inflammation. However, it is unclear whether modulation of NAD⁺ levels affects psoriasis, such as skin inflammation. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of NAD⁺/NADH ratio modulation on imiquimod (IMQ)-induced, psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice.

Methods

Psoriasis-like skin inflammation was generated by daily topical application of IMQ cream. The severity of dermatitis was assessed using the Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) and histochemistry. Expression of inflammatory cytokines was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative PCR. Acetylation of NF-κB p65 and STAT3 was determined by Western blotting.

Results

Dunnione improved IMQ-induced epidermal hyperplasia and inflammation, consistent with decreased levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-17, IL-22, and IL-23) in skin lesions. Moreover, we found that an increase in the NAD⁺/NADH ratio by dunnione restored SIRT1 activity, thereby reduced imiquimod-induced STAT3 acetylation, which modulates the expression of psoriasis-promoting inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-17, IL-22, and IL-23.

Conclusion

Pharmacological modulation of cellular NAD⁺ levels could be a promising therapeutic approach for psoriasis-like skin disease.