High-performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of phenytoin in rabbits receiving sildenafil

A Comprehensive Review of the Recent Developments in the Electroanalytical Methods for the Therapeutic Monitoring of Antiepileptic Drugs

Epilepsy is a serious neurological disease that impacts all facets of a patient's life, including their socioeconomic situation. The failure to identify underlying epileptic signatures in their early stages might result in severe harm to the central nervous system (CNS) and permanent adverse changes to some organs. Therefore, numerous antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are frequently used to control and treat the frequency of seizures. Since clinical effects and plasma concentration are directly correlated, determining AED levels in various samples has drawn a lot of interest in the optimization of drug doses. In the past several years, various generations of AEDs have appeared, and a variety of techniques have been widely used to analyze AEDs, including HPLC, chromatography, spectrometry, and electrochemical methods such as voltammetric, potentiometric, and others that can help in the analysis of these drugs because of their special benefits, which include quick analysis, high sensitivity, high selectivity, low cost, and dependable results. For the first time, this review article details the most recent advancements in the electrochemical measurement techniques used in the analysis of some of the most effective drugs in the three generations of AEDs in various samples using diverse electrode types, including glassy carbon electrodes (GCE), gold electrodes, pencil graphite electrodes (PGE), and other types. In addition to summarizing their mode of action and side effects. Finally, we will present the prospects for the development of electrochemical platforms for the determination of the next generation of AEDs.

High performance liquid chromatography: A versatile tool for assaying antiepileptic drugs in biological matrices

Epilepsy is a recurrent long-term illness occurring in approximately 1.0% of the world's population. There are currently about 29 approved antiepileptic drugs for the management of epilepsy. Due to narrow therapeutic indices of most antiepileptic drugs, clinical pharmacokinetic characteristics and therapeutic drug monitoring of these drugs are imperative. The objectives of this review were to identify common chromatographic principles, requirements and/or conditions for high-performance liquid chromatography as applied to assay of antiepileptic drugs in biological matrices. The review was conducted using 66 peer reviewed articles (1990 to 2020) from 29 journals that were sought via PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar. In all, 29 antiepileptic drugs were assayed from 6 different biological matrices. Forty-three of the reviewed articles estimated the concentration of only one antiepileptic drug, whilst 23 articles focused on simultaneous determination of two or more antiepileptic drugs. Thirty-four, 20, and 14 articles reported using liquid-liquid extraction, protein precipitation, or solid phase extraction for sample clean up, respectively. The ratio of reversed-phase to normal phase, LC-UV to LC-MS and isocratic elution to gradient elution were 61:3, 43:7 and 55:11, respectively. With the exception of one article the reported recoveries ranged from 60.3% to 109.6%. It is noteworthy, that, the performance metrics of high-performance liquid chromatography are better compared to other assays of antiepileptic drugs in biological matrices. This review describes the relevant liquid chromatographic method conditions over the past 30 years for the analysis of this class of drugs, which provides a basis for further method development and optimization.