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Narongpun P, Chanchaithong P, Yamagishi J, Thapa J, Nakajima C, Suzuki Y. Whole-Genome Investigation of Zoonotic Transmission of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clonal Complex 398 Isolated from Pigs and Humans in Thailand. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1745. [PMID: 38136779 PMCID: PMC10741195 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12121745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) has been widespread globally in pigs and humans for decades. Nasal colonization of LA-MRSA is regarded as an occupational hazard to people who are regularly involved in livestock production. Our previous study suggested pig-to-human transmission caused by LA-MRSA clonal complex (CC) 398, using traditional molecular typing methods. Instead, this study aimed to investigate the zoonotic transmission of LA-MRSA CC398 using whole genome sequencing (WGS) technologies. A total of 63 LA-MRSA isolates were identified and characterized in Thailand. Further, the 16 representatives of LA-MRSA CC9 and CC398, including porcine and worker isolates, were subjected to WGS on the Illumina Miseq platform. Core-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based analyses verify the zoonotic transmission caused by LA-MRSA CC398 in two farms. WGS-based characterization suggests the emergence of a novel staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC) mec type, consisting of multiple cassette chromosome recombinase (ccr) gene complexes via genetic recombination. Additionally, the WGS analyses revealed putative multi-resistant plasmids and several cross-resistance genes, conferring resistance against drugs of last resort used in humans such as quinupristin/dalfopristin and linezolid. Significantly, LA-MRSA isolates, in this study, harbored multiple virulence genes that may become a serious threat to an immunosuppressive population, particularly for persons who are in close contact with LA-MRSA carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawarut Narongpun
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (P.N.)
| | - Pattrarat Chanchaithong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Junya Yamagishi
- Division of Collaboration and Education, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Jeewan Thapa
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (P.N.)
| | - Chie Nakajima
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (P.N.)
- International Collaboration Unit, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (P.N.)
- International Collaboration Unit, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
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Olaru ID, Walther B, Schaumburg F. Zoonotic sources and the spread of antimicrobial resistance from the perspective of low and middle-income countries. Infect Dis Poverty 2023; 12:59. [PMID: 37316938 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-023-01113-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing challenge in low and middle-income countries as it is widespread in these countries and is linked to an increased mortality. Apart from human and environmental factors, animal-related drivers of antimicrobial resistance in low- and middle-income countries have special features that differ from high-income countries. The aim of this narrative review is to address the zoonotic sources and the spread of antimicrobial resistance from the perspective of low- and middle-income countries. MAIN BODY Contamination with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli is highest in poultry (Africa: 8.9-60%, Asia: 53-93%) and there is a risk to import ESBL-producing E. coli through poultry meat in Africa. In aquacultures, the proportion of ESBL-producers among E. coli can be high (27%) but the overall low quality of published studies limit the general conclusion on the impact of aquacultures on human health. ESBL-producing E. coli colonization of wildlife is 1-9% in bats or 2.5-63% birds. Since most of them are migratory animals, they can disperse antimicrobial resistant bacteria over large distances. So-called 'filth flies' are a relevant vector not only of enteric pathogens but also of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in settings where sanitary systems are poor. In Africa, up to 72.5% of 'filth flies' are colonized with ESBL-producing E. coli, mostly conferred by CTX-M (24.4-100%). While methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus plays a minor role in livestock in Africa, it is frequently found in South America in poultry (27%) or pork (37.5-56.5%) but less common in Asia (poultry: 3%, pork: 1-16%). CONCLUSIONS Interventions to contain the spread of AMR should be tailored to the needs of low- and middle-income countries. These comprise capacity building of diagnostic facilities, surveillance, infection prevention and control in small-scale farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana D Olaru
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Birgit Walther
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, German Environment Agency, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frieder Schaumburg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Khairullah AR, Kurniawan SC, Effendi MH, Sudjarwo SA, Ramandinianto SC, Widodo A, Riwu KHP, Silaen OSM, Rehman S. A review of new emerging livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from pig farms. Vet World 2023; 16:46-58. [PMID: 36855358 PMCID: PMC9967705 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.46-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a S. aureus strain resistant to β-lactam antibiotics and is often associated with livestock, known as livestock-associated (LA)-MRSA. Using molecular typing with multi-locus sequence typing, MRSA clones have been classified in pigs, including clonal complex 398. Livestock-associated-methicillin-resistant S. aureus was first discovered in pigs in the Netherlands in 2005. Since then, it has been widely detected in pigs in other countries. Livestock-associated-methicillin-resistant S. aureus can be transmitted from pigs to pigs, pigs to humans (zoonosis), and humans to humans. This transmission is enabled by several risk factors involved in the pig trade, including the use of antibiotics and zinc, the size and type of the herd, and the pig pen management system. Although LA-MRSA has little impact on the pigs' health, it can be transmitted from pig to pig or from pig to human. This is a serious concern as people in direct contact with pigs are highly predisposed to acquiring LA-MRSA infection. The measures to control LA-MRSA spread in pig farms include conducting periodic LA-MRSA screening tests on pigs and avoiding certain antibiotics in pigs. This study aimed to review the emerging LA-MRSA strains in pig farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Rafif Khairullah
- Doctoral Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Shendy Canadya Kurniawan
- Master Program of Animal Sciences, Department of Animal Sciences, Specialisation in Molecule, Cell and Organ Functioning, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, Netherlands
| | - Mustofa Helmi Effendi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia,Corresponding author: Mustofa Helmi Effendi, e-mail: Co-authors: ARK: , SCK: , SAS: , SCR: , AW: , KHPR: , OSMS: , SR:
| | - Sri Agus Sudjarwo
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | | | - Agus Widodo
- Doctoral Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Katty Hendriana Priscilia Riwu
- Doctoral Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Otto Sahat Martua Silaen
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6 Senen, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Saifur Rehman
- Doctoral Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
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Fungwithaya P, Boonchuay K, Narinthorn R, Sontigun N, Sansamur C, Petcharat Y, Thomrongsuwannakij T, Wongtawan T. First study on diversity and antimicrobial-resistant profile of staphylococci in sports animals of Southern Thailand. Vet World 2022; 15:765-774. [PMID: 35497942 PMCID: PMC9047138 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.765-774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Staphylococci are commensal bacteria and opportunistic pathogens found on the skin and mucosa. Sports animals are more prone to injury and illness, and we believe that antimicrobial agents might be extensively used for the treatment and cause the existence of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria. This study aimed to investigate the diversity and AMR profile of staphylococci in sports animals (riding horses, fighting bulls, and fighting cocks) in South Thailand. Materials and Methods: Nasal (57 fighting bulls and 33 riding horses) and skin swabs (32 fighting cocks) were taken from 122 animals. Staphylococci were cultured in Mannitol Salt Agar and then identified species by biochemical tests using the VITEK® 2 card for Gram-positive organisms in conjunction with the VITEK® 2 COMPACT machine and genotypic identification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed with VITEK® 2 AST-GN80 test kit cards and VITEK® 2 COMPACT machine. Detection of AMR genes (mecA, mecC, and blaZ) and staphylococcal chromosomal mec (SCCmec) type was evaluated by PCR. Results: Forty-one colonies of staphylococci were isolated, and six species were identified, including Staphylococcus sciuri (61%), Staphylococcus pasteuri (15%), Staphylococcus cohnii (10%), Staphylococcus aureus (7%), Staphylococcus warneri (5%), and Staphylococcus haemolyticus (2%). Staphylococci were highly resistant to two drug classes, penicillin (93%) and cephalosporin (51%). About 56% of the isolates were methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS), and the majority was S. sciuri (82%), which is primarily found in horses. Most MRS (82%) were multidrug-resistant. Almost all (96%) of the mecA-positive MRS harbored the blaZ gene. Almost all MRS isolates possessed an unknown type of SCCmec. Interestingly, the AMR rate was notably lower in fighting bulls and cocks than in riding horses, which may be related to the owner’s preference for herbal therapy over antimicrobial drugs. Conclusion: This study presented many types of staphylococci displayed on bulls, cocks, and horses. However, we found a high prevalence of MRS in horses that could be transmitted to owners through close contact activities and might be a source of AMR genotype transmission to other staphylococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punpichaya Fungwithaya
- Akkraratchkumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 80160; Centre for One Health, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 80160; Excellence Centre for Melioidosis and Other Microorganisms, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 80160
| | - Kanpapat Boonchuay
- Akkraratchkumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 80160
| | - Ruethai Narinthorn
- Akkraratchkumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 80160
| | - Narin Sontigun
- Akkraratchkumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 80160; Centre for One Health, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 80160; Excellence Centre for Melioidosis and Other Microorganisms, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 80160
| | - Chalutwan Sansamur
- Akkraratchkumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 80160; Centre for One Health, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 80160
| | - Yotsapat Petcharat
- Akkraratchkumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 80160
| | - Thotsapol Thomrongsuwannakij
- Akkraratchkumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 80160; Centre for One Health, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 80160
| | - Tuempong Wongtawan
- Akkraratchkumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 80160; Centre for One Health, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 80160; Excellence Centre for Melioidosis and Other Microorganisms, Walailak University, Thai Buri, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 80160
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Sirichokchatchawan W, Apiwatsiri P, Pupa P, Saenkankam I, Khine NO, Lekagul A, Lugsomya K, Hampson DJ, Prapasarakul N. Reducing the Risk of Transmission of Critical Antimicrobial Resistance Determinants From Contaminated Pork Products to Humans in South-East Asia. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:689015. [PMID: 34385984 PMCID: PMC8353453 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.689015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical challenge worldwide as it impacts public health, especially via contamination in the food chain and in healthcare-associated infections. In relation to farming, the systems used, waste management on farms, and the production line process are all determinants reflecting the risk of AMR emergence and rate of contamination of foodstuffs. This review focuses on South East Asia (SEA), which contains diverse regions covering 11 countries, each having different levels of development, customs, laws, and regulations. Routinely, here as elsewhere antimicrobials are still used for three indications: therapy, prevention, and growth promotion, and these are the fundamental drivers of AMR development and persistence. The accuracy of detection of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) depends on the laboratory standards applicable in the various institutes and countries, and this affects the consistency of regional data. Enterobacteriaceae such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae are the standard proxy species used for indicating AMR-associated nosocomial infections and healthcare-associated infections. Pig feces and wastewater have been suspected as one of the hotspots for spread and circulation of ARB and ARG. As part of AMR surveillance in a One Health approach, clonal typing is used to identify bacterial clonal transmission from the production process to consumers and patients - although to date there have been few published definitive studies about this in SEA. Various alternatives to antibiotics are available to reduce antibiotic use on farms. Certain of these alternatives together with improved disease prevention methods are essential tools to reduce antimicrobial usage in swine farms and to support global policy. This review highlights evidence for potential transfer of resistant bacteria from food animals to humans, and awareness and understanding of AMR through a description of the occurrence of AMR in pig farm food chains under SEA management systems. The latter includes a description of standard pig farming practices, detection of AMR and clonal analysis of bacteria, and AMR in the food chain and associated environments. Finally, the possibility of using alternatives to antibiotics and improving policies for future strategies in combating AMR in a SEA context are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wandee Sirichokchatchawan
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Diagnosis and Monitoring of Animal Pathogen Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prasert Apiwatsiri
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pawiya Pupa
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Imporn Saenkankam
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nwai Oo Khine
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Angkana Lekagul
- International Health Policy Program, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Kittitat Lugsomya
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - David J. Hampson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Nuvee Prapasarakul
- Diagnosis and Monitoring of Animal Pathogen Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Antimicrobial Resistance and Molecular Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Slaughtered Pigs and Pork in the Central Region of Thailand. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10020206. [PMID: 33669812 PMCID: PMC7922250 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have been a major public health concern in humans. Among MRSA, livestock-associated (LA)-MRSA strains have always been associated with exposure to livestock or their products and have emerged in different countries globally. Although studies have identified LA-MRSA from healthy pigs and pork in Thailand, prevalence in slaughtered pigs is still unknown. In addition, there are few reports on the epidemiology and molecular characteristics of LA-MRSA in Thailand. Hence, this is the first report investigating the epidemiology and molecular characteristics of MRSA in individual slaughtered pigs and pork in Thailand. A total of 204 nasal swab and 116 retailed pork samples were collected from three slaughterhouses and four fresh markets, respectively. Individual samples were used for screening for MRSA and obtained isolates were examined for drug- resistance profiling for 12 antimicrobial agents of 10 drug classes. In addition, SCCmec typing and multi-locus sequence typing were conducted to obtain genotype profiles. MRSA were isolated from 11 and 52 nasal swab and pork samples, respectively. The prevalence was significantly higher in the pork than in the nasal swab samples (p-value < 0.05). A high prevalence of ST9-SCCmecIX and ST398-SCCmecV with high-level antimicrobial resistance from markets and slaughterhouses indicated the spreading of MRSA with these genotypes in the Thai swine processing chains and suggested the need for further investigation to determine a control.
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Acquisition Risk Factors of the SCC mec IX-Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Swine Production Personnel in Chiang Mai and Lamphun Provinces, Thailand. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9100651. [PMID: 33003278 PMCID: PMC7601853 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9100651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) harboring the type-IX staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) has been found in pigs and humans in Northern Thailand. However, knowledge of the prevalence and acquisition risk factors of this MRSA strain among swine production personnel (SPP) are needed. The nasal swab samples and data were collected from 202 voluntary SPP and 31 swine farms in Chiang Mai and Lamphun Provinces, Thailand in 2017. MRSA were screened and identified using mannitol salt agar, biochemical and antimicrobial susceptibility testing, multiplex PCR, and the SCCmec typing. The prevalence of MRSA was 7.9% (16/202) and 19.3% (6/31) among SPP and swine farms. All isolates were multidrug-resistant, and 55 of 59 isolates (93%) contained the type-IX SCCmec element. Data analysis indicated that education, working time, contact frequency, working solely with swine production, and personal hygiene were significantly related to MRSA acquisition (p < 0.05). The multivariate analysis revealed that pig farming experience, working days, and showering were good predictors for MRSA carriage among SPP (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.84). The biosecurity protocols and tetracycline use were significantly associated with MRSA detection in pig farms (p < 0.05). Hence, the active surveillance of MRSA and further development of local/national intervention for MRSA control are essential.
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Chanchaithong P, Perreten V, Am-In N, Lugsomya K, Tummaruk P, Prapasarakul N. Molecular Characterization and Antimicrobial Resistance of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Pigs and Swine Workers in Central Thailand. Microb Drug Resist 2019; 25:1382-1389. [PMID: 31361580 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents molecular characteristics of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) from pigs and swine workers in central Thailand. Sixty-three MRSA isolates were recovered from pigs (n = 60) and humans (n = 3). Two major LA-MRSA lineages, including sequence type (ST) 398 and clonal complex 9 (ST9 and ST4576, a novel single-locus variant of ST9), were identified. ST398 had spa type t034 (n = 55). ST9 and ST4576 had t337 (n = 8) and carried staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) IX only. MRSA-ST398-t034 contained various SCCmec, including SCCmec V (n = 42), a novel SCCmec composite island (n = 12), and a nontypeable SCCmec (n = 1). All isolates were multidrug resistant and carried common resistance genes found in LA-MRSA. This is the first report of the presence of swine MRSA ST398 and multidrug resistance gene cfr in MRSA ST9 in Thailand. With identical molecular characteristics, pigs could be a source of MRSA ST398 spread to humans. A minor variation of genetic features and resistance gene carriage in both lineages represented a heterogeneous population and evolution of the endemic clones. A monitoring program and farm management, with prudent antimicrobial uses, should be implemented to reduce spreading. Strict hygiene and personal protection are also necessary to prevent transfer of LA-MRSA to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattrarat Chanchaithong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Diagnosis and Monitoring of Animal Pathogen Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vincent Perreten
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nutthee Am-In
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kittitat Lugsomya
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Padet Tummaruk
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nuvee Prapasarakul
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Diagnosis and Monitoring of Animal Pathogen Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Coyne L, Arief R, Benigno C, Giang VN, Huong LQ, Jeamsripong S, Kalpravidh W, McGrane J, Padungtod P, Patrick I, Schoonman L, Setyawan E, Harja Sukarno A, Srisamran J, Ngoc PT, Rushton J. Characterizing Antimicrobial Use in the Livestock Sector in Three South East Asian Countries (Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam). Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:E33. [PMID: 30934638 PMCID: PMC6466601 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A framework was developed to characterize the antimicrobial use/antimicrobial resistance complex in livestock systems in Indonesia, Vietnam, and Thailand. Farm profitability, disease prevention, and mortality rate reduction were identified as drivers toward antimicrobial use in livestock systems. It revealed that antimicrobial use was high in all sectors studied, and that routine preventative use was of particular importance to broiler production systems. Misleading feed labeling was identified as a hurdle to the collection of accurate antimicrobial use data, with farmers being unaware of the antimicrobials contained in some commercial feed. Economic analysis found that the cost of antimicrobials was low relative to other farm inputs, and that farm profitability was precariously balanced. High disease and poor prices were identified as potential drivers toward economic loss. The research indicates that antimicrobial use in small-scale poultry production systems improves feed conversion ratios and overall productivity. However, data were limited to quantify adequately these potential gains and their impacts on the food supply. During the study, all countries embraced and implemented policies on better management of antimicrobial use in livestock and surveillance of antimicrobial resistance. Future policies need to consider farm-level economics and livestock food supply issues when developing further antimicrobial use interventions in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Coyne
- Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - Riana Arief
- Center for Indonesian Veterinary Analytical Studies, Bogor 16310, Indonesia.
| | - Carolyn Benigno
- FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok 10200, Thailand.
| | | | | | - Saharuetai Jeamsripong
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | | | - James McGrane
- FAO Country Office for Indonesia, Jakarta 10250, Indonesia.
| | | | - Ian Patrick
- Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
- Agricultural and Resource Economic Consulting Services, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia.
| | - Luuk Schoonman
- FAO Country Office for Indonesia, Jakarta 10250, Indonesia.
| | - Erry Setyawan
- FAO Country Office for Indonesia, Jakarta 10250, Indonesia.
| | | | - Jutanat Srisamran
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Pham Thi Ngoc
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Jonathan Rushton
- Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
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Sianglum W, Saeloh D, Tongtawe P, Wootipoom N, Indrawattana N, Voravuthikunchai SP. Early Effects of Rhodomyrtone on Membrane Integrity in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Microb Drug Resist 2017; 24:882-889. [PMID: 29215320 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2016.0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong evidence of high potency of rhodomyrtone as a promising antibacterial agent against pathogenic gram-positive bacteria has been clearly demonstrated in our previous work. The aim of this study was to provide insight into early action of rhodomyrtone, an acylphloroglucinol, on membrane damage in multidrug-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Early effects of rhodomyrtone on the bacterial membrane integrity were detected in a time-course study. Flow cytometry revealed a reduction in green fluorescent emission and increase in uptake of propidium iodide in rhodomyrtone-treated bacterial cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Disruption of cytoplasmic membrane was further monitored by measuring cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and potassium ion (K+). Leakage of both ATP and K+ and significant decrease in intracellular ATP in MRSA were observed following treatment. Pronounced changes in the bacterial ultrastructure and morphology were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Bacterial cell disruption, holes in cell surface, and bulge formations were noted in rhodomyrtone-treated cells. In this study, we provided relevant data to clarify that rhodomyrtone is a bacterial cell membrane-damaging agent. A possible early effect of this novel compound involves bacterial membrane disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wipawadee Sianglum
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Excellence Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Faculty of Science and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University , Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Dennapa Saeloh
- 2 Faculty of Medical Technology, Prince of Songkla University , Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Pongsri Tongtawe
- 3 Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University , Pathumtanee, Thailand
| | - Natthakul Wootipoom
- 4 Immunology and Virology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University , Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Nitaya Indrawattana
- 5 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University , Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supayang Piyawan Voravuthikunchai
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Excellence Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Faculty of Science and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University , Hat Yai, Thailand
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11
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Vasconcelos SECB, Melo HM, Cavalcante TTA, Júnior FEAC, de Carvalho MG, Menezes FGR, de Sousa OV, Costa RA. Plectranthus amboinicus essential oil and carvacrol bioactive against planktonic and biofilm of oxacillin- and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:462. [PMID: 28915875 PMCID: PMC5602841 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1968-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria is a worldwide concern and in order to find an alternative to this problem, the occurrence of antimicrobial compounds in Plectranthus amboinicus essential oil was investigated. Thus, this study aims to determine susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from food to antibiotics, P. amboinicus essential oil (PAEO) and carvacrol. Methods Leaves and stem of P. amboinicus were used for extraction of essential oil (PAEO) by hydrodistillation technique and EO chemical analysis was performed by gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer. S. aureus strains (n = 35) isolated from food and S. aureus ATCC 6538 were used to evaluate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of PAEO and carvacrol. All strains (n = 35) were submitted to antimicrobial susceptibility profile by disk diffusion method. Determination of MIC and MBC was performed by microdilution technique and antibiofilm activity was determined by microtiter-plate technique with crystal violet assay and counting viable cells in Colony Forming Units (CFU). Results Carvacrol (88.17%) was the major component in the PAEO. Antibiotic resistance was detected in 28 S. aureus strains (80%) and 12 strains (34.3%) were oxacillin and vancomycin-resistant (OVRSA). From the 28 resistant strains, 7 (25%) showed resistance plasmid of 12,000 bp. All strains (n = 35) were sensitive to PAEO and carvacrol, with inhibition zones ranging from 16 to 38 mm and 23 to 42 mm, respectively. The lowest MIC (0.25 mg mL−1) and MBC (0.5 mg mL−1) values were observed when carvacrol was used against OVRSA. When a 0.5 mg mL−1 concentration of PAEO and carvacrol was used, no viable cells were found on S. aureus biofilm. Conclusion The antibacterial effect of carvacrol and PAEO proves to be a possible alternative against planktonic forms and staphylococcal biofilm.
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12
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Lam S, Pham G, Nguyen-Viet H. Emerging health risks from agricultural intensification in Southeast Asia: a systematic review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2017; 23:250-260. [PMID: 29560804 PMCID: PMC6060873 DOI: 10.1080/10773525.2018.1450923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Agricultural intensification is having profound impacts on food security and rural livelihoods; however, concerns remain about the potential implications on public health. Objectives We aim to examine and synthesize the evidence for human health risks of agricultural intensification in Southeast Asia. Methods We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed articles published between January 2000 and December 2015 from two electronic databases (PubMed, CAB Direct). Results A total of 73 relevant studies were included and evaluated. More than half of the studies used epidemiological methods while others applied alternative methods to quantify or estimate risks. Studies mainly focused on occupational and consumer exposure to pesticides, without often specifying the actual health risk. Conclusion Overall, the current knowledge on health risks appears to be limited. More research on long-term health implications and a wider range of contaminants are needed if sustainable benefits are to be obtained from agricultural intensification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Lam
- Hanoi University of Public Health, Center for Public Health and Ecosystem Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Giang Pham
- Hanoi University of Public Health, Center for Public Health and Ecosystem Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Vietnam Public Health Association, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hung Nguyen-Viet
- Hanoi University of Public Health, Center for Public Health and Ecosystem Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
- International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam
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13
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Kumar A, Kaushik P, Anjay, Kumar P, Kumar M. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin and nasal carriage isolates from bovines and its antibiogram. Vet World 2017; 10:593-597. [PMID: 28717308 PMCID: PMC5499073 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.593-597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim:: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in cattle and buffalo and to study their antibiotic resistance pattern. Materials and Methods:: A total of 136 samples (skin and nasal swab) from cattle and buffalo were collected. MRSA was identified by conventional bacterial culture techniques which were further confirmed by amplification of S. aureus-specific 16S rRNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The isolates were further analyzed for the presence of mec A gene by PCR. The antimicrobial susceptibility profiling was performed by disc diffusion method. Results:: The prevalence of MRSA in the current study was 28.57% and 34.28% in cattle nasal and skin swab, respectively, with an overall prevalence of 31.43% MRSA among cattle. Buffalo nasal and skin sample showed MRSA prevalence of 54.55% and 39.4%, respectively, with 46.9% overall prevalence. PCR could detect mec A gene in 36.4% and 58% MRSA isolates from cattle and buffalo, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility test found MRSA resistant to penicillin and oxytetracycline (88% each), cefoxitin (75%), cotrimoxazole (62%), and amoxyclav (50%). 100% sensitivity was observed against ciprofloxacin, amikacin, chloramphenicol, and gentamicin. Three (16.7%) MRSA isolates from buffalo were found resistant to vancomycin. Conclusion:: Cattle and buffalo were identified as a potential carrier of MRSA in Bihar (India). The isolation of vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) in the current study indicates the emergence of VRSA in animal population which may be transmitted to the human beings working in close contact to the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, Bihar Veterinary College, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Purushottam Kaushik
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, Bihar Veterinary College, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Anjay
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, Bihar Veterinary College, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Bihar Veterinary College, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Bihar Veterinary College, Patna, Bihar, India
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Nadimpalli M, Stewart JR, Pierce E, Pisanic N, Love DC, Hall D, Larsen J, Carroll KC, Tekle T, Perl TM, Heaney CD. Livestock-Associated, Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage and Recent Skin and Soft Tissue Infection among Industrial Hog Operation Workers. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165713. [PMID: 27851746 PMCID: PMC5112983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine production work is a risk factor for nasal carriage of livestock-associated (LA-) Staphylococcus aureus and also for skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI). However, whether LA-S. aureus nasal carriage is associated with increased risk of SSTI remains unclear. We aimed to examine S. aureus nasal carriage and recent (≤3 months prior to enrollment) SSTI symptoms among industrial hog operation (IHO) workers and their household contacts. IHO workers and their household contacts provided a nasal swab and responded to a questionnaire assessing self-reported personal and occupational exposures and recent SSTI symptoms. Nasal swabs were analyzed for S. aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), multidrug-resistant-S. aureus (MDRSA), absence of scn (livestock association), and spa type. S. aureus with at least one indicator of LA was observed among 19% of 103 IHO workers and 6% of 80 household members. Prevalence of recent SSTI was 6% among IHO workers and 11% among 54 minor household members (0/26 adult household members reported SSTI). Among IHO workers, nasal carriers of MDRSA and scn-negative S. aureus were 8.8 (95% CI: 1.8, 43.9) and 5.1 (95% CI: 1.2, 22.2) times as likely to report recent SSTI as non-carriers, respectively. In one household, both an IHO worker and child reported recent SSTI and carried the same S. aureus spa type (t4976) intranasally. Prevalence of scn-negative S. aureus (PR: 5.0, 95% CI: 1.2, 21.4) was elevated among IHO workers who reported never versus always wearing a face mask at work. Although few SSTI were reported, this study of IHO workers and their household contacts is the first to characterize a relation between nasal carriage of antibiotic-resistant LA-S. aureus and SSTI. The direction and temporality of this relation and IHO workers' use of face masks to prevent nasal carriage of these bacteria warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Nadimpalli
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jill R. Stewart
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Pierce
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nora Pisanic
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David C. Love
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Devon Hall
- Rural Empowerment Association for Community Help, Warsaw, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jesper Larsen
- Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen C. Carroll
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Microbiology Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tsigereda Tekle
- Microbiology Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Trish M. Perl
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christopher D. Heaney
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Nhung NT, Cuong NV, Thwaites G, Carrique-Mas J. Antimicrobial Usage and Antimicrobial Resistance in Animal Production in Southeast Asia: A Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2016; 5:E37. [PMID: 27827853 PMCID: PMC5187518 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics5040037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Southeast Asia is an area of great economic dynamism. In recent years, it has experienced a rapid rise in the levels of animal product production and consumption. The region is considered to be a hotspot for infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). We reviewed English-language peer-reviewed publications related to antimicrobial usage (AMU) and AMR in animal production, as well as antimicrobial residues in meat and fish from 2000 to 2016, in the region. There is a paucity of data from most countries and for most bacterial pathogens. Most of the published work relates to non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Campylobacter spp. (mainly from Vietnam and Thailand), Enterococcus spp. (Malaysia), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (Thailand). However, most studies used the disk diffusion method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; breakpoints were interpreted using Clinical Standard Laboratory Institute (CSLI) guidelines. Statistical models integrating data from publications on AMR in NTS and E. coli studies show a higher overall prevalence of AMR in pig isolates, and an increase in levels of AMR over the years. AMU studies (mostly from Vietnam) indicate very high usage levels of most types of antimicrobials, including beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, and quinolones. This review summarizes information about genetic determinants of resistance, most of which are transferrable (mostly plasmids and integrons). The data in this review provide a benchmark to help focus research and policies on AMU and AMR in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen T Nhung
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Nguyen V Cuong
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
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16
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Hatcher SM, Myers KW, Heaney CD, Larsen J, Hall D, Miller MB, Stewart JR. Occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in surface waters near industrial hog operation spray fields. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 565:1028-1036. [PMID: 27261430 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Industrial hog operations (IHOs) have been identified as a source of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). However, few studies have investigated the presence of antibiotic-resistant S. aureus in the environment near IHOs, specifically surface waters proximal to spray fields where IHO liquid lagoon waste is sprayed. Surface water samples (n=179) were collected over the course of approximately one year from nine locations in southeastern North Carolina and analyzed for the presence of presumptive MRSA using CHROMagar MRSA media. Culture-based, biochemical, and molecular tests, as well as matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry were used to confirm that isolates that grew on CHROMagar MRSA media were S. aureus. Confirmed S. aureus isolates were then tested for susceptibility to 16 antibiotics and screened for molecular markers of MRSA (mecA, mecC) and livestock adaptation (absence of scn). A total of 12 confirmed MRSA were detected in 9 distinct water samples. Nine of 12 MRSA isolates were also multidrug-resistant (MDRSA [i.e., resistant to ≥3 antibiotic classes]). All MRSA were scn-positive and most (11/12) belonged to a staphylococcal protein A (spa) type t008, which is commonly associated with humans. Additionally, 12 confirmed S. aureus that were methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) were recovered, 7 of which belonged to spa type t021 and were scn-negative (a marker of livestock-adaptation). This study demonstrated the presence of MSSA, MRSA, and MDRSA in surface waters adjacent to IHO lagoon waste spray fields in southeastern North Carolina. To our knowledge, this is the first report of waterborne S. aureus from surface waters proximal to IHOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Hatcher
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, United States.
| | - K W Myers
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, United States.
| | - C D Heaney
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States.
| | - J Larsen
- Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institute, 5 Artillerivej, 46/104, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - D Hall
- Rural Empowerment Association for Community Help, 2389 W. Wards Bridge Road, Warsaw, NC 28398, United States.
| | - M B Miller
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525, United States.
| | - J R Stewart
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, United States.
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Genotypic and Phenotypic Markers of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC9 in Humans. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:3892-3899. [PMID: 27107114 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00091-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Use of antimicrobials in industrial food animal production is associated with the presence of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among animals and humans. The livestock-associated (LA) methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) clonal complex 9 (CC9) is associated with animals and related workers in Asia. This study aimed to explore the genotypic and phenotypic markers of LA-MRSA CC9 in humans. We conducted a cross-sectional study of livestock workers and controls in Guangdong, China. The study participants responded to a questionnaire and provided a nasal swab for S. aureus analysis. The resulting isolates were assessed for antibiotic susceptibility, multilocus sequence type, and immune evasion cluster (IEC) genes. Livestock workers had significantly higher rates of S. aureus CC9 (odds ratio [OR] = 30.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.06 to 236.39) and tetracycline-resistant S. aureus (OR = 3.26; 95% CI, 2.12 to 5.00) carriage than controls. All 19 S. aureus CC9 isolates from livestock workers were MRSA isolates and also exhibited the characteristics of resistance to several classes of antibiotics and absence of the IEC genes. Notably, the interaction analyses indicated phenotype-phenotype (OR = 525.7; 95% CI, 60.0 to 4,602.1) and gene-environment (OR = 232.3; 95% CI, 28.7 to 1,876.7) interactions associated with increased risk for livestock-associated S. aureus CC9 carriage. These findings suggest that livestock-associated S. aureus and MRSA (CC9, IEC negative, and tetracycline resistant) in humans are associated with occupational livestock contact, raising questions about the potential for occupational exposure to opportunistic S. aureus IMPORTANCE This study adds to existing knowledge by giving insight into the genotypic and phenotypic markers of LA-MRSA. Our findings suggest that livestock-associated S. aureus and MRSA (CC9, IEC negative, and tetracycline resistant) in humans are associated with occupational livestock contact. Future studies should direct more attention to exploring the exact transmission routes and establishing measures to prevent the spread of LA-MRSA.
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Krakauer T, Pradhan K, Stiles BG. Staphylococcal Superantigens Spark Host-Mediated Danger Signals. Front Immunol 2016; 7:23. [PMID: 26870039 PMCID: PMC4735405 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) of Staphylococcus aureus, and related superantigenic toxins produced by myriad microbes, are potent stimulators of the immune system causing a variety of human diseases from transient food poisoning to lethal toxic shock. These protein toxins bind directly to specific Vβ regions of T-cell receptors (TCR) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II on antigen-presenting cells, resulting in hyperactivation of T lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages. Activated host cells produce excessive amounts of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, especially tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-2, interferon γ (IFNγ), and macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 causing clinical symptoms of fever, hypotension, and shock. Because of superantigen-induced T cells skewed toward TH1 helper cells, and the induction of proinflammatory cytokines, superantigens can exacerbate autoimmune diseases. Upon TCR/MHC ligation, pathways induced by superantigens include the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades and cytokine receptor signaling, resulting in activation of NFκB and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin pathways. Various mouse models exist to study SEB-induced shock including those with potentiating agents, transgenic mice and an “SEB-only” model. However, therapeutics to treat toxic shock remain elusive as host response genes central to pathogenesis of superantigens have only been identified recently. Gene profiling of a murine model for SEB-induced shock reveals novel molecules upregulated in multiple organs not previously associated with SEB-induced responses. The pivotal genes include intracellular DNA/RNA sensors, apoptosis/DNA damage-related molecules, immunoproteasome components, as well as antiviral and IFN-stimulated genes. The host-wide induction of these, and other, antimicrobial defense genes provide evidence that SEB elicits danger signals resulting in multi-organ damage and toxic shock. Ultimately, these discoveries might lead to novel therapeutics for various superantigen-based diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Krakauer
- Department of Immunology, Molecular Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick , Frederick, MD , USA
| | - Kisha Pradhan
- Biology Department, Wilson College , Chambersburg, PA , USA
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Rossi G, Cerquetella M, Attili AR. Amphixenosic Aspects of Staphylococcus aureus Infection in Man and Animals. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2016; 409:297-323. [PMID: 27023699 DOI: 10.1007/82_2016_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
According to the mode of transmission, Staphylococcus aureus infection between hosts is classified as "direct zoonoses," or infection that is transmitted from an infected vertebrate host to a susceptible host (man) by direct contact, by contact with a fomite or by a mechanical vector. The agent itself undergoes little or no propagative or developmental changes during transmission. According to the reservoir host, staphylococcosis is most precisely defined as "zooanthroponoses" or infections transmitted from man to lower vertebrate animals (e.g., streptococci, diphtheria, Enterobacteriaceae, human tuberculosis in cattle and parrots), but also "anthropozoonoses" or infections transmitted to man from lower vertebrate animals. In particular, actually, the correct definition of S. aureus infections between humans and animals is "amphixenoses" or infections maintained in both man and lower vertebrate animals and transmitted in either direction. S. aureus exhibits tropisms to many distinct animal hosts. While spillover events can occur wherever there is an interface between host species, changes in host tropism only occur with the establishment of sustained transmission in the new host species, leading to clonal expansion. Although the genomic variation underpinning adaptation in S. aureus genotypes infecting bovids and poultry has been well characterized, the frequency of switches from one host to another remains obscure. In this review, we sought to identify the sustained switches in host tropism in the S. aureus population, both anthroponotic and zoonotic, and their distribution over the species phylogeny. S. aureus is an organism with the capacity to switch into and adapt to novel hosts, even after long periods of isolation in a single host species. Based on this evidence, animal-adapted S. aureus lineages exhibiting resistance to antibiotics must be considered a major threat to public health, as they can adapt to the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Rossi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024, Matelica, MC, Italy.
| | - Matteo Cerquetella
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024, Matelica, MC, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Attili
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024, Matelica, MC, Italy
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Sinlapasorn S, Lulitanond A, Angkititrakul S, Chanawong A, Wilailuckana C, Tavichakorntrakool R, Chindawong K, Seelaget C, Krasaesom M, Chartchai S, Wonglakorn L, Sribenjalux P. SCCmec IX in meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and meticillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci from pigs and workers at pig farms in Khon Kaen, Thailand. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:1087-1093. [PMID: 26296763 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, clonal complex (CC) 398, has been reported in Europe, whereas CC9 MRSA has mostly been found in Asia. Therefore, we aimed to detect MRSA on pig farms in north-eastern Thailand. A total of 257 nasal swabs (159 samples from pigs and 98 from pig-farm workers) were collected from three pig farms in north-eastern Thailand from 2010 to 2011. MRSA isolates were confirmed for femA and mecA genes by PCR. The MICs of eight antimicrobials, namely vancomycin (VA), cefazolin (CZ), ofloxacin (OF), tetracycline (TET), erythromycin (ER), oxacillin (OX), cefoxitin (FOX) and gentamicin (GN), were tested by agar dilution method. The virulence genes for Panton-Valentine leukocidin toxin (lukSF-PV), toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (tst) and α-haemolysin (hla) were detected by PCR. Strain typing was performed by staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC) mec, agr, spa and multilocus sequence typing. Four MRSA were isolated: three from workers and one from a pig. All the MRSA isolates were resistant to OX, GN, ER, TET and CZ, and they all carried hla only. Two MRSA from humans carried SCCmec II-sequence type (ST)764-agrII, whereas the two remaining MRSA (one each from a human and a pig) contained SCCmec IX-ST9-agrII. Interestingly, meticillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolates carrying SCCmec IX were also obtained from five workers and three pigs. This study suggests that the SCCmec IX element is distributed among the Staphylococcus found in pigs and pig-farm workers, and pigs may be a reservoir for MRSA in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwaporn Sinlapasorn
- Graduate School, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Aroonlug Lulitanond
- Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sunpetch Angkititrakul
- Research Group for Preventive Technology in Livestock, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Aroonwadee Chanawong
- Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Chotechana Wilailuckana
- Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Ratree Tavichakorntrakool
- Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Kanoksak Chindawong
- Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Charinya Seelaget
- Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Mana Krasaesom
- Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sarawut Chartchai
- Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Lumyai Wonglakorn
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Srinagarind Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Pipat Sribenjalux
- Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Nadimpalli M, Rinsky JL, Wing S, Hall D, Stewart J, Larsen J, Nachman KE, Love DC, Pierce E, Pisanic N, Strelitz J, Harduar-Morano L, Heaney CD. Persistence of livestock-associated antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among industrial hog operation workers in North Carolina over 14 days. Occup Environ Med 2014; 72:90-9. [PMID: 25200855 PMCID: PMC4316926 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2014-102095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the persistence of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus and multidrug-resistant S. aureus over 14 days of follow-up among industrial hog operation workers in North Carolina. METHODS Workers anticipating at least 24 h away from work were enrolled June-August 2012. Participants self-collected a nasal swab and completed a study journal on the evening of day 1, and each morning and evening on days 2-7 and 14 of the study. S. aureus isolated from nasal swabs were assessed for antibiotic susceptibility, spa type and absence of the scn gene. Livestock association was defined by absence of scn. RESULTS Twenty-two workers provided 327 samples. S. aureus carriage end points did not change with time away from work (mean 49 h; range >0-96 h). Ten workers were persistent and six were intermittent carriers of livestock-associated S. aureus. Six workers were persistent and three intermittent carriers of livestock-associated multidrug-resistant S. aureus. One worker persistently carried livestock-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Six workers were non-carriers of livestock-associated S. aureus. Eighty-two per cent of livestock-associated S. aureus demonstrated resistance to tetracycline. A majority of livestock-associated S. aureus isolates (n=169) were CC398 (68%) while 31% were CC9. No CC398 and one CC9 isolate was detected among scn-positive isolates. CONCLUSIONS Nasal carriage of livestock-associated S. aureus, multidrug-resistant S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus can persist among industrial hog operation workers over a 14-day period, which included up to 96 h away from work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Nadimpalli
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jessica L Rinsky
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Steve Wing
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Devon Hall
- Rural Empowerment Association for Community Help (REACH), Warsaw, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jill Stewart
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jesper Larsen
- Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Keeve E Nachman
- Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore Maryland, USA Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dave C Love
- Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore Maryland, USA Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth Pierce
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nora Pisanic
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jean Strelitz
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Laurel Harduar-Morano
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christopher D Heaney
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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