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Stanzione R, Pietrangelo D, Cotugno M, Forte M, Rubattu S. Role of autophagy in ischemic stroke: insights from animal models and preliminary evidence in the human disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1360014. [PMID: 38590779 PMCID: PMC10999556 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1360014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke represents a main cause of death and permanent disability worldwide. The molecular mechanisms underlying cerebral injury in response to the ischemic insults are not completely understood. In this article, we summarize recent evidence regarding the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke by reviewing data obtained in murine models of either transient or permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion, and in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat. Few preliminary observational studies investigating the role of autophagy in subjects at high cerebrovascular risk and in cohorts of stroke patients were also reviewed. Autophagy plays a dual role in neuronal and vascular cells by exerting both protective and detrimental effects depending on its level, duration of stress and type of cells involved. Protective autophagy exerts adaptive mechanisms which reduce neuronal loss and promote survival. On the other hand, excessive activation of autophagy leads to neuronal cell death and increases brain injury. In conclusion, the evidence reviewed suggests that a proper manipulation of autophagy may represent an interesting strategy to either prevent or reduce brain ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donatella Pietrangelo
- Clinical and Molecular Medicine Department, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Speranza Rubattu
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Clinical and Molecular Medicine Department, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Qin C, Yang S, Chu YH, Zhang H, Pang XW, Chen L, Zhou LQ, Chen M, Tian DS, Wang W. Signaling pathways involved in ischemic stroke: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:215. [PMID: 35794095 PMCID: PMC9259607 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is caused primarily by an interruption in cerebral blood flow, which induces severe neural injuries, and is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Thus, it is of great necessity to further detailly elucidate the mechanisms of ischemic stroke and find out new therapies against the disease. In recent years, efforts have been made to understand the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke, including cellular excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, cell death processes, and neuroinflammation. In the meantime, a plethora of signaling pathways, either detrimental or neuroprotective, are also highly involved in the forementioned pathophysiology. These pathways are closely intertwined and form a complex signaling network. Also, these signaling pathways reveal therapeutic potential, as targeting these signaling pathways could possibly serve as therapeutic approaches against ischemic stroke. In this review, we describe the signaling pathways involved in ischemic stroke and categorize them based on the pathophysiological processes they participate in. Therapeutic approaches targeting these signaling pathways, which are associated with the pathophysiology mentioned above, are also discussed. Meanwhile, clinical trials regarding ischemic stroke, which potentially target the pathophysiology and the signaling pathways involved, are summarized in details. Conclusively, this review elucidated potential molecular mechanisms and related signaling pathways underlying ischemic stroke, and summarize the therapeutic approaches targeted various pathophysiology, with particular reference to clinical trials and future prospects for treating ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Qin
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yun-Hui Chu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Pang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lian Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Luo-Qi Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Man Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dai-Shi Tian
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Mastroiacovo F, Biagioni F, Lenzi P, Lazzeri G, Ferrucci M, Puglisi-Allegra S, Frati A, Nicoletti F, Fornai F. Within the Ischemic Penumbra, Sub-Cellular Compartmentalization of Heat Shock Protein 70 Overlaps with Autophagy Proteins and Fails to Merge with Lysosomes. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103122. [PMID: 35630599 PMCID: PMC9144499 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain area which surrounds the frankly ischemic region is named the area penumbra. In this area, most cells are spared although their oxidative metabolism is impaired. area penumbra is routinely detected by immunostaining of a molecule named Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70). Within the area penumbra, autophagy-related proteins also increase. Therefore, in the present study, the autophagy-related microtubule-associated protein I/II-Light Chain 3 (LC3) was investigated within the area penumbra along with HSP70. In C57 black mice, ischemia was induced by permanent occlusion of the distal part of the middle cerebral artery. Immunofluorescence and electron microscopy show that LC3 and HSP70 are overexpressed and co-localize within the area penumbra in the same cells and within similar subcellular compartments. In the area penumbra, marked loss of co-localization of HSP70 and LC3-positive autophagy vacuoles, with lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) or cathepsin-D-positive lysosome vacuoles occurs. This study indicates that, within the area penumbra, a failure of autophagolysosomes depends on defective compartmentalization of LC3, LAMP1 and cathepsin-D and a defect in merging between autophagosomes and lysosomes. Such a deleterious effect is likely to induce a depletion of autophagolysosomes and cell clearing systems, which needs to be rescued in the process of improving neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Mastroiacovo
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.M.); (F.B.); (S.P.-A.); (A.F.); (F.N.)
| | - Francesca Biagioni
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.M.); (F.B.); (S.P.-A.); (A.F.); (F.N.)
| | - Paola Lenzi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (P.L.); (G.L.); (M.F.)
| | - Gloria Lazzeri
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (P.L.); (G.L.); (M.F.)
| | - Michela Ferrucci
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (P.L.); (G.L.); (M.F.)
| | - Stefano Puglisi-Allegra
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.M.); (F.B.); (S.P.-A.); (A.F.); (F.N.)
| | - Alessandro Frati
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.M.); (F.B.); (S.P.-A.); (A.F.); (F.N.)
- Neurosurgery Division, Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.M.); (F.B.); (S.P.-A.); (A.F.); (F.N.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza of Rome, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Fornai
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.M.); (F.B.); (S.P.-A.); (A.F.); (F.N.)
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (P.L.); (G.L.); (M.F.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +39-050-2218601
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Hanke N, Rami A. Cerebral ischemia induced iron deposit, ferritin accumulation, nuclear receptor coactivator 4-depletion and ferroptosis. Curr Neurovasc Res 2022; 19:47-60. [PMID: 35319371 DOI: 10.2174/1567202619666220321120954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neuronal death upon cerebral ischemia shares not only characteristics of necrosis, apoptosis and autophagy, but exhibits also biochemical and morphological characteristics of ferroptosis. Ferroptosis is a regulated form of cell death which is considered to be an oxidative iron-dependent process. It is now commonly accepted that iron and free radicals are considered to cause lipid peroxidation as well as the oxidation of proteins and nucleic acids, leading to increased membrane and enzymatic dysfunction, and finally contributing to cell death. Although ferroptosis was first described in cancer cells, emerging evidence now links mechanisms of ferroptosis to many different diseases, including cerebral ischemia. METHODS The objective of this study was to identify the ferroptosis key players and the underlying biochemical pathways leading to cell death upon focal cerebral ischemia in mice by using immunofluorescence, Western blotting, histochemistry and densitometry. RESULTS In this study, we demonstrated that cerebral ischemia induced iron-deposition, down-regulated dramatically the expression of the glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), decreased the expression of the nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4) and induced inappropriate accumulation of ferritin in the ischemic brain. This supports the hypothesis that an ischemic insult may induce ferroptosis through inhibition of GPX4. CONCLUSION We conclude that iron excess following cerebral ischemia leads to cell death despite activation of compensatory mechanisms for iron homeostasis, as illustrated by the accumulation of ferritins. These data emphasize the presence of a cellular mechanism that allows neuronal cells to handle restriction in iron overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Hanke
- Institut für Experimentelle Neurobiologie (Anatomie II), Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang von Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Abdelhaq Rami
- Institut für Experimentelle Neurobiologie (Anatomie II), Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang von Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Chavda V, Chaurasia B, Garg K, Deora H, Umana GE, Palmisciano P, Scalia G, Lu B. Molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress in stroke and cancer. BRAIN DISORDERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dscb.2021.100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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The Autophagy-Related Organelle Autophagoproteasome Is Suppressed within Ischemic Penumbra. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910364. [PMID: 34638703 PMCID: PMC8508911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The peri-infarct region, which surrounds the irreversible ischemic stroke area is named ischemic penumbra. This term emphasizes the borderline conditions for neurons placed within such a critical region. Area penumbra separates the ischemic core, where frank cell loss occurs, from the surrounding healthy brain tissue. Within such a brain region, nervous matter, and mostly neurons are impaired concerning metabolic conditions. The classic biochemical marker, which reliably marks area penumbra is the over-expression of the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). However, other proteins related to cell clearing pathways are modified within area penumbra. Among these, autophagy proteins like LC3 increase in a way, which recapitulates Hsp70. In contrast, components, such as P20S, markedly decrease. Despite apparent discrepancies, the present study indicates remarkable overlapping between LC3 and P20S redistribution within area penumbra. In fact, the amount of both proteins is markedly reduced within vacuoles. Specifically, a massive loss of LC3 + P20S immuno-positive vacuoles (autophagoproteasomes) is reported here. This represents the most relevant sub-cellular alteration here described in cell clearing pathways within area penumbra. The functional significance of these findings remains to be determined and it will take a novel experimental stream to decipher the fine-tuning of such a phenomenon.
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Wang X, Fang Y, Huang Q, Xu P, Lenahan C, Lu J, Zheng J, Dong X, Shao A, Zhang J. An updated review of autophagy in ischemic stroke: From mechanisms to therapies. Exp Neurol 2021; 340:113684. [PMID: 33676918 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Understanding the underlying mechanisms is important for developing effective therapies for treating stroke. Autophagy is a self-eating cellular catabolic pathway, which plays a crucial homeostatic role in the regulation of cell survival. Increasing evidence shows that autophagy, observed in various cell types, plays a critical role in brain pathology after ischemic stroke. Therefore, the regulation of autophagy can be a potential target for ischemic stroke treatment. In the present review, we summarize the recent progress that research has made regarding autophagy and ischemic stroke, including common signaling pathways, the role of autophagic subtypes (e.g. mitophagy, pexophagy, aggrephagy, endoplasmic reticulum-phagy, and lipophagy) in ischemic stroke, as well as the current methods for autophagy detection and potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanjian Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingxia Huang
- Department of Echocardiography, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Penglei Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Jianan Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingwei Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Liu W, Shang G, Yang S, Huang J, Xue X, Lin Y, Zheng Y, Wang X, Wang L, Lin R, Tao J, Chen L. Electroacupuncture protects against ischemic stroke by reducing autophagosome formation and inhibiting autophagy through the mTORC1-ULK1 complex-Beclin1 pathway. Int J Mol Med 2015; 37:309-18. [PMID: 26647915 PMCID: PMC4716798 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study by our group, we demonstrated that electroacupuncture (EA) activates the class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway. There is considerable evidence that the downstream mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) plays an important role in autophagy following ischemic stroke. The aim of the present study was to determine whether EA exerts a neuroprotective effect through mTORC1-mediated autophagy following ischemia/reperfusion injury. Our results revealed that EA at the LI11 and ST36 acupoints attenuated motor dysfunction, improved neurological deficit outcomes and decreased the infarct volumes. The number of autophagosomes, autolysosomes and lysosomes was decreased following treatment with EA. Simultaneously, the levels of the autophagosome membrane maker, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta (LC3B)II/I, Unc-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1), autophagy related gene 13 Atg13) and Beclin1 (ser14) were decreased, whereas mTORC1 expression was increased in the peri-infarct cortex. These results suggest that EA protects against ischemic stroke through the inhibition of autophagosome formation and autophagy, which is mediated through the mTORC1-ULK complex-Beclin1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Liu
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Guanhao Shang
- The Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Motor Functional Rehabilitation, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Shanli Yang
- Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Jia Huang
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Xiehua Xue
- Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Yunjiao Lin
- The Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Motor Functional Rehabilitation, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zheng
- The Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Motor Functional Rehabilitation, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Xian Wang
- The Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Motor Functional Rehabilitation, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Lulu Wang
- The Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Motor Functional Rehabilitation, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Ruhui Lin
- The Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Motor Functional Rehabilitation, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Jing Tao
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Lidian Chen
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
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Brea D, Agulla J, Staes A, Gevaert K, Campos F, Sobrino T, Blanco M, Dávalos A, Castillo J, Ramos-Cabrer P. Study of Protein Expression in Peri-Infarct Tissue after Cerebral Ischemia. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12030. [PMID: 26153530 PMCID: PMC4495553 DOI: 10.1038/srep12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we report our study of protein expression in rat peri-infarct tissue, 48 h after the induction of permanent focal cerebral ischemia. Two proteomic approaches, gel electrophoresis with mass spectrometry and combined fractional diagonal chromatography (COFRADIC), were performed using tissue samples from the periphery of the induced cerebral ischemic lesions, using tissue from the contra-lateral hemisphere as a control. Several protein spots (3408) were identified by gel electrophoresis, and 11 showed significant differences in expression between peri-infarct and contra-lateral tissues (at least 3-fold, p < 0.05). Using COFRADIC, 5412 proteins were identified, with 72 showing a difference in expression. Apart from blood-related proteins (such as serum albumin), both techniques showed that the 70 kDa family of heat shock proteins were highly expressed in the peri-infarct tissue. Further studies by 1D and 2D western blotting and immunohistochemistry revealed that only one member of this family (the inducible form, HSP72 or HSP70i) is specifically expressed by the peri-infarct tissue, while the majority of this family (the constitutive form, HSC70 or HSP70c) is expressed in the whole brain. Our data support that HSP72 is a suitable biomarker of peri-infarct tissue in the ischemic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Brea
- 1] Neurology Department, Neurovascular Area, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain [2] Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group and Grup de Recerça en Neurociencies del IGTP, Department of Neurosciences, Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias I Pujol-Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Jesús Agulla
- 1] Neurology Department, Neurovascular Area, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain [2] Research Unit, University Hospital of Salamanca and Institute of Health Sciences of Castilla and Leon, Salamanca, Spain
| | - An Staes
- 1] Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium [2] Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- 1] Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium [2] Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Francisco Campos
- Neurology Department, Neurovascular Area, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tomás Sobrino
- Neurology Department, Neurovascular Area, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel Blanco
- Neurology Department, Neurovascular Area, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antoni Dávalos
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group and Grup de Recerça en Neurociencies del IGTP, Department of Neurosciences, Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias I Pujol-Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - José Castillo
- Neurology Department, Neurovascular Area, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pedro Ramos-Cabrer
- Neurology Department, Neurovascular Area, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Yang T, Li D, Liu F, Qi L, Yan G, Wang M. Regulation on Beclin-1 expression by mTOR in CoCl2-induced HT22 cell ischemia-reperfusion injury. Brain Res 2015; 1614:60-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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11
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Shi RY, Zhu SH, Li V, Gibson SB, Xu XS, Kong JM. BNIP3 interacting with LC3 triggers excessive mitophagy in delayed neuronal death in stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 20:1045-55. [PMID: 25230377 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A basal level of mitophagy is essential in mitochondrial quality control in physiological conditions, while excessive mitophagy contributes to cell death in a number of diseases including ischemic stroke. Signals regulating this process remain unknown. BNIP3, a pro-apoptotic BH3-only protein, has been implicated as a regulator of mitophagy. AIMS Both in vivo and in vitro models of stroke, as well as BNIP3 wild-type and knock out mice were used in this study. RESULTS We show that BNIP3 and its homologue BNIP3L (NIX) are highly expressed in a "delayed" manner and contribute to delayed neuronal loss following stroke. Deficiency in BNIP3 significantly decreases both neuronal mitophagy and apoptosis but increases nonselective autophagy following ischemic/hypoxic insults. The mitochondria-localized BNIP3 interacts with the autophagosome-localized LC3, suggesting that BNIP3, similar to NIX, functions as a LC3-binding receptor on mitochondria. Although NIX expression is upregulated when BNIP3 is silenced, up-regulation of NIX cannot functionally compensate for the loss of BNIP3 in activating excessive mitophagy. CONCLUSIONS NIX primarily regulates basal level of mitophagy in physiological conditions, whereas BNIP3 exclusively activates excessive mitophagy leading to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Yang Shi
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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12
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Zhang T, Wang H, Li Q, Huang J, Sun X. Modulating autophagy affects neuroamyloidogenesis in an in vitro ischemic stroke model. Neuroscience 2014; 263:130-7. [PMID: 24440753 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To explore the effects of modulating autophagy on neuroamyloidogenesis in an ischemic stroke model of cultured neuroblastoma 2a (N2a)/Amyloid precursor protein (APP)695 cells. METHODS The ischemic stroke model of N2a/APP695 cells was made by 6h oxygen-glucose deprivation/12h reperfusion (OGDR). Drug administration of 3-methyladenine (3-MA), rapamycin or dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) was started at the beginning of the OGDR and lasted until the end of reperfusion, in order to explore their effects on N2a/APP695 cells under OGDR conditions. Then the cells were incubated in the drug-free and full culture medium under normoxic conditions for 12h. Cell viability and injury were investigated. The key proteins of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and a key component of autophagy Beclin 1 were detected by Western blotting; immunofluorescence double-staining of amyloid-β (Aβ)1-42 with Beclin 1 was performed to investigate their cellular co-localization relationship; β-secretase and γ-secretase activity assay and Aβ1-42 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were performed to investigate the amyloidogenesis. RESULTS The results showed that, OGDR enhanced cell injury, autophagy activity, neuroinflammation and Aβ generation in N2a/APP695 cells; down-regulating autophagy by 3-MA and NBP increased cell viability, decreased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) production, inhibited the activation of NF-κB pathway, suppressed β- and γ-secretase activities and Aβ generation; while up-regulating autophagy by rapamycin got the opposite results; immunofluorescence double-staining results showed elevated Aβ1-42(+) signal was co-localized with Beclin 1(+) signal. CONCLUSION Our data suggested that down-regulating autophagy may inhibit ischemia-induced neuroamyloidogenesis via suppressing the activation of NF-κB pathway. This study might help us to find a new therapeutic strategy to prevent brain ischemic damage and depress the risk of post-stroke dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affillilated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - H Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affillilated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Q Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affillilated Nineth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - J Huang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affillilated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - X Sun
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affillilated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.
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13
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Agulla J, Brea D, Campos F, Sobrino T, Argibay B, Al-Soufi W, Blanco M, Castillo J, Ramos-Cabrer P. In vivo theranostics at the peri-infarct region in cerebral ischemia. Am J Cancer Res 2013; 4:90-105. [PMID: 24396517 PMCID: PMC3881229 DOI: 10.7150/thno.7088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of theranostics in neurosciences has been rare to date because of the limitations imposed on the free delivery of substances to the brain by the blood-brain barrier. Here we report the development of a theranostic system for the treatment of stroke, a leading cause of death and disability in developed countries. We first performed a series of proteomic, immunoblotting and immunohistological studies to characterize the expression of molecular biomarkers for the so-called peri-infarct tissue, a key region of the brain for stroke treatment. We confirmed that the HSP72 protein is a suitable biomarker for the peri-infarct region, as it is selectively expressed by at-risk tissue for up to 7 days following cerebral ischemia. We also describe the development of anti-HSP72 vectorized stealth immunoliposomes containing imaging probes to make them traceable by conventional imaging techniques (fluorescence and MRI) that were used to encapsulate a therapeutic agent (citicoline) for the treatment of cerebral ischemia. We tested the molecular recognition capabilities of these nano-platforms in vitro together with their diagnostic and therapeutic properties in vivo, in an animal model of cerebral ischemia. Using MRI, we found that 80% of vectorized liposomes were located on the periphery of the ischemic lesion, and animals treated with citicoline encapsulated on these liposomes presented lesion volumes up to 30% smaller than animals treated with free (non-encapsulated) drugs. Our results show the potential of nanotechnology for the development of effective tools for the treatment of neurological diseases.
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Xingyong C, Xicui S, Huanxing S, Jingsong O, Yi H, Xu Z, Ruxun H, Zhong P. Upregulation of myeloid cell leukemia-1 potentially modulates beclin-1-dependent autophagy in ischemic stroke in rats. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:56. [PMID: 23688351 PMCID: PMC3668241 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanisms that underlie autophagy in cerebral ischemia remain poorly defined. Myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl1), an anti-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins, regulates the balance between autophagy and apoptosis. However, little is known regarding its expression profile and contribution to cell fate in the brain following ischemic stroke. Results In this study, we investigated the expression profile and cellular distribution of Mcl1 in brains from transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model rats. Brain slices from sham-operated control rats showed minimal immunoreactivity for Mcl1. Mcl1 was mainly produced in neurons. Immunoreactivity for Mcl1 increased as early as 4 hours after MCAO, peaked at 24 hours, and then declined, but still remained high, at 72 hours. Mcl1 positive cells never colocalized with either cleaved caspase-3 or terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling-positive cells. Both microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) and beclin-1 were evident in ischemic brain between 4 and 72 hours after MCAO. Most cells with strong LC3 staining were also labeled with beclin-1. Beclin-1 did colocalize with caspase-3 or Mcl1. Beclin-1/caspase-3 positive cells displayed the characteristic features of apoptosis including cell shrinkage and pyknotic nuclei, whereas beclin-1/Mcl1 positive cells had normal morphology. Pretreatment with 3-methyladenine attenuated autophagy without affecting the level of Mcl1 protein. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that the expression of Mcl1 is involved in the survival of neuronal cells. In addition, the coexpression of Mcl1 with beclin-1 may attenuate beclin-1-dependent autophagy during ischemic stroke in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xingyong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
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15
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Shi R, Weng J, Zhao L, Li XM, Gao TM, Kong J. Excessive autophagy contributes to neuron death in cerebral ischemia. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 18:250-60. [PMID: 22449108 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2012.00295.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To determine the extent to which autophagy contributes to neuronal death in cerebral hypoxia and ischemia. METHODS We performed immunocytochemistry, western blot, cell viability assay, and electron microscopy to analyze autophagy activities in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS In both primary cortical neurons and SH-SY5Y cells exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD)for 6 h and reperfusion (RP) for 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively, an increase of autophagy was observed as determined by the increased ratio of LC3-II to LC3-I and Beclin-1 (BECN1) expression. Using Fluoro-Jade C and monodansylcadaverine double-staining, and electron microscopy we found the increment in autophagy after OGD/RP was accompanied by increased autophagic cell death, and this increased cell death was inhibited by the specific autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine. The presence of large autolysosomes and numerous autophagosomes in cortical neurons were confirmed by electron microscopy. Autophagy activities were increased dramatically in the ischemic brains 3-7 days postinjury from a rat model of neonatal cerebral hypoxia/ischemia as shown by increased punctate LC3 staining and BECN1 expression. CONCLUSION Excessive activation of autophagy contributes to neuronal death in cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyang Shi
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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16
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Pamenter ME, Perkins GA, McGinness AK, Gu XQ, Ellisman MH, Haddad GG. Autophagy and apoptosis are differentially induced in neurons and astrocytes treated with an in vitro mimic of the ischemic penumbra. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51469. [PMID: 23251543 PMCID: PMC3520810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of clinical stroke therapies remains elusive. The neuroprotective efficacies of thousands of molecules and compounds have not yet been determined; however, screening large volumes of potential targets in vivo is severely rate limiting. High throughput screens (HTS) may be used to discover promising candidates, but this approach has been hindered by the lack of a simple in vitro model of the ischemic penumbra, a clinically relevant region of stroke-afflicted brain. Recently, our laboratory developed such a mimic (ischemic solution: IS) suitable for HTS, but the etiology of stress pathways activated by this model are poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to determine if the cell death phenotype induced by IS accurately mimics the in vivo penumbra and thus whether our model system is suitable for use in HTS. We treated cultured neuron and astrocyte cell lines with IS for up to 48 hrs and examined cellular energy state ([ATP]), cell and organelle morphology, and gene and molecular profiles related to stress pathways. We found that IS-treated cells exhibited a phenotype of mixed apoptosis/autophagy characteristic of the in vivo penumbra, including: (1) short-term elevation of [ATP] followed by progressive ATP depletion and Poly ADP Ribose Polymerase cleavage, (2) increased vacuole number in the cytoplasm, (3) mitochondrial rupture, decreased mitochondrial and cristae density, release of cytochrome C and apoptosis inducing factor, (4) chromatin condensation, nuclear lamin A and DNA cleavage, fragmentation of the nuclear envelope, and (5) altered expression of mRNA and proteins consistent with autophagy and apoptosis. We conclude that our in vitro model of the ischemic penumbra induces autophagy and apoptosis in cultured neuron and astrocyte cell lines and that this mimic solution is suitable for use in HTS to elucidate neuroprotective candidates against ischemic penumbral cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Pamenter
- Department of Pediatrics (Division of Respiratory Medicine), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
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17
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Numb/Notch Signaling Plays an Important Role in Cerebral Ischemia-induced Apoptosis. Neurochem Res 2012; 38:254-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0914-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Neuronal autophagy in cerebral ischemia. Neurosci Bull 2012; 28:658-66. [PMID: 22968594 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-012-1268-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy has evolved as a conserved process for the bulk degradation and recycling of cytosolic components, such as long-lived proteins and organelles. In neurons, autophagy is important for homeostasis and protein quality control and is maintained at relatively low levels under normal conditions, while it is upregulated in response to pathophysiological conditions, such as cerebral ischemic injury. However, the role of autophagy is more complex. It depends on age or brain maturity, region, severity of insult, and the stage of ischemia. Whether autophagy plays a beneficial or a detrimental role in cerebral ischemia depends on various pathological conditions. In this review, we elucidate the role of neuronal autophagy in cerebral ischemia.
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Abstract
Global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) often result in high mortality. Free radicals have been reported to play an important role in global cerebral I/R, and therefore, reduction of these might improve the outcome. Here, we investigated the effect of hydrogen gas (H2) (a strong free radical scavenger) on the survival rate of mice following global cerebral I/R. We further examined the histopathological outcome and also the brain water content (as a possible determinant of mortality). Male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to global cerebral I/R by means of 45-min bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO). A total of 160 mice were divided into three groups: sham surgery (sham group), BCCAO without H2 (BCCAO group), and BCCAO treated with 1.3% H2 (BCCAO + H2 group). We observed that H2 treatment significantly (P = 0.0232) improved the 7-day survival rate of mice, from 8.3% (BCCAO group, n = 12) to 50% (BCCAO + H2 group, n = 10). Histopathological analysis revealed that H2 treatment significantly attenuated neuronal injury and autophagy in the hippocampal cornu ammonis 1 sector and also brain edema, after 24 h of reperfusion. The beneficial effects of H2 treatment on brain injury were associated with significantly lower levels of oxidative stress markers (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and malondialdehyde) in the brain tissue. Thus, we believe that H2 may be an effective treatment for global cerebral I/R.
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Viscomi MT, D’Amelio M. The “Janus-Faced Role” of Autophagy in Neuronal Sickness: Focus on Neurodegeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 46:513-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8296-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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Ruan YW, Han XJ, Shi ZS, Lei ZG, Xu ZC. Remodeling of synapses in the CA1 area of the hippocampus after transient global ischemia. Neuroscience 2012; 218:268-77. [PMID: 22634576 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Synapses are essential to neuronal functions. Synaptic changes occur under physiological and pathological conditions. Here we report the remodeling of synapses in the CA1 area of the hippocampus after transient global ischemia using electron microscopy. Much electron-dense material appeared in the cytoplasm of dendrites at 24h after ischemia. Many dark axons or terminals were found in the CA1 neuropil; some of which were phagocytized by dendrites. Interestingly autophagosomes appeared in many axons or dendrites at 48 h after ischemia. In addition, postsynaptic density (PSD) - like structures or synaptic - like structures were found inside spines and dendrites. Statistical analysis demonstrated that the thickness of PSDs in the CA1 neuropil increased from 12 to 48 h after ischemia. The frequency of autophagosomes appeared to escalate from 12 to 48 h after ischemia. The frequency of asymmetric synapses was significantly increased at 12h and 24h after ischemia in stratum oriens, proximal and distal stratum radiatum. Among asymmetric synapses, the number of perforated synapses consistently increased and reached a peak (approximately 10-fold increase) at 48 h after ischemia. On the other hand, the number of multiple synaptic boutons decreased after ischemia reaching a two to fourfold decrease at 48 h after ischemia. These results have shown that ischemia induces an increase of asymmetric synapses as well as synaptic autophagy, which may contribute to the neuronal death in the CA1 area after transient global ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-W Ruan
- Joint Laboratory for Brain Health and Function of Jinan University, The University of Hong Kong, Jinan University School of Medicine, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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22
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Pamenter ME, Ali SS, Tang Q, Finley JC, Gu XQ, Dugan LL, Haddad GG. An in vitro ischemic penumbral mimic perfusate increases NADPH oxidase-mediated superoxide production in cultured hippocampal neurons. Brain Res 2012; 1452:165-72. [PMID: 22459046 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The currently accepted scheme for reactive oxygen species production during ischemia/reperfusion injury is characterized by a deleterious mitochondria-derived burst of radical generation during reperfusion; however, recent examination of the penumbra suggests a central role for NADPH-oxidase (Nox)-mediated radical generation during the ischemic period. Therefore, we utilized a novel in vitro model of the penumbra to examine the free radical profile of ischemic murine hippocampal neurons using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and also the role of Nox in this generation and in cell fate. We report that free radical production increased ~75% at 2 h of ischemia, and this increase was abolished by: (1) scavenging of extracellular free radicals with superoxide dismutase (SOD), (2) a general anion channel antagonist, or (3) the Nox inhibitor apocynin. Similarly, at 24 h of ischemia, [ATP] decreased >95% and vital dye uptake increased 6-fold relative to controls; whereas apocynin, the Cl(-) channel antagonist 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoate (NPPB), or the free radical scavenger N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) each provided moderate neuroprotection, ameliorating 13-32% of [ATP]-depletion and 19-56% of vital dye uptake at 24 h. Our results support a cytotoxic role for Nox-mediated free radical production from penumbral neurons during the ischemic period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Pamenter
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Rezzani R, Stacchiotti A, Rodella LF. Morphological and biochemical studies on aging and autophagy. Ageing Res Rev 2012; 11:10-31. [PMID: 21939784 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To maintain health in the elderly is a crucial objective for modern medicine that involves both basic and clinical researches. Autophagy is a fundamental auto-cannibalizing process that preserves cellular homeostasis and, if altered, either by excess or defect, greatly changes cell fate and can result in incapacitating human diseases. Efficient autophagy may prolong lifespan, but unfortunately this process becomes less efficient with age. The present review is focused on the close relationship between autophagy and age-related disorders in different tissues/organs and in transgenic animal models. In particular, it comments on the up to date literature on mechanisms responsible for age-related impairment of autophagy. Moreover, before discussing about these mechanisms, it is necessary to describe the metabolic autophagic regulation of autophagy and the proteins involved in this process. At the end, these data would summarize the autophagic link with aging process, as important tools in the future biogerontology scenario.
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Han YK, Ha TK, Kim YG, Lee GM. Bcl-xL overexpression delays the onset of autophagy and apoptosis in hyperosmotic recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures. J Biotechnol 2011; 156:52-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Rami A. Review: Autophagy in neurodegeneration: firefighter and/or incendiarist? Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2009; 35:449-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2009.01034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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26
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Serum deprivation induced autophagy and predominantly an AIF-dependent apoptosis in hippocampal HT22 neurons. Apoptosis 2009; 14:1274-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-009-0396-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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27
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Chen JL, Lin HH, Kim KJ, Lin A, Forman HJ, Ann DK. Novel roles for protein kinase Cdelta-dependent signaling pathways in acute hypoxic stress-induced autophagy. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:34432-44. [PMID: 18836180 PMCID: PMC2590682 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804239200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy, a tightly orchestrated intracellular process for bulk degradation of cytoplasmic proteins or organelles, is believed to be essential for cell survival or death in response to stress conditions. Recent observations indicate that autophagy is an adaptive response in cells subjected to prolonged hypoxia. However, the signaling mechanisms that activate autophagy under acute hypoxic stress are not clearly understood. In this study, we show that acute hypoxic stress by treatment with 1% O(2) or desferroxamine, a hypoxia-mimetic agent, of cells renders a rapid induction of LC3-II level changes and green fluorescent protein-LC3 puncta accumulation, hallmarks of autophagic processing, and that this process involves protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta), and occurs prior to the induction of BNIP3 (Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa interacting protein 3). Interestingly, hypoxic stress leads to a rapid and transient activation of JNK in Pa-4 or mouse embryo fibroblast cells. Acute hypoxic stress-induced changes in LC3-II level and JNK activation are attenuated in Pa-4 cells by dominant negative PKCdeltaKD or in mouse embryo fibroblast/PKCdelta-null cells. Intriguingly, the requirement of PKCdelta is not apparent for starvation-induced autophagy. The importance of PKCdelta in hypoxic stress-induced adaptive responses is further supported by our findings that inhibition of PKCdelta-facilitated autophagy by 3-methyladenine or Atg5 knock-out renders a greater prevalence of cell death following prolonged desferroxamine treatment, whereas PKCdelta- or JNK1-deficient cells exhibit resistance to extended hypoxic exposure. These results uncover dual roles of PKCdelta-dependent signaling in the cell fate determination upon hypoxic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Lin Chen
- Department of Clinical and
Molecular Pharmacology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte,
California 91010, the Departments of
Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical
Sciences and Medicine and the
Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary
Research Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
90033, the Ben May Institute for Cancer
Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, and the
School of Natural Sciences,
University of California, Merced, California 95344
| | - Her H. Lin
- Department of Clinical and
Molecular Pharmacology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte,
California 91010, the Departments of
Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical
Sciences and Medicine and the
Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary
Research Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
90033, the Ben May Institute for Cancer
Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, and the
School of Natural Sciences,
University of California, Merced, California 95344
| | - Kwang-Jin Kim
- Department of Clinical and
Molecular Pharmacology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte,
California 91010, the Departments of
Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical
Sciences and Medicine and the
Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary
Research Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
90033, the Ben May Institute for Cancer
Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, and the
School of Natural Sciences,
University of California, Merced, California 95344
| | - Anning Lin
- Department of Clinical and
Molecular Pharmacology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte,
California 91010, the Departments of
Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical
Sciences and Medicine and the
Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary
Research Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
90033, the Ben May Institute for Cancer
Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, and the
School of Natural Sciences,
University of California, Merced, California 95344
| | - Henry J. Forman
- Department of Clinical and
Molecular Pharmacology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte,
California 91010, the Departments of
Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical
Sciences and Medicine and the
Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary
Research Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
90033, the Ben May Institute for Cancer
Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, and the
School of Natural Sciences,
University of California, Merced, California 95344
| | - David K. Ann
- Department of Clinical and
Molecular Pharmacology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte,
California 91010, the Departments of
Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical
Sciences and Medicine and the
Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary
Research Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
90033, the Ben May Institute for Cancer
Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, and the
School of Natural Sciences,
University of California, Merced, California 95344
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Abstract
Neuronal cell death plays a role in many chronic neurodegenerative diseases with the loss of particular subsets of neurons. The loss of the neurons occurs during a period of many years, which can make the mode(s) of cell death and the initiating factors difficult to determine. In vitro and in vivo models have proved invaluable in this regard, yielding insight into cell death pathways. This review describes the main mechanisms of neuronal cell death, particularly apoptosis, necrosis, excitotoxicity and autophagic cell death, and their role in neurodegenerative diseases such as ischaemia, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. Crosstalk between these death mechanisms is also discussed. The link between cell death and protein mishandling, including misfolded proteins, impairment of protein degradation, protein aggregation is described and finally, some pro-survival strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne M Gorman
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway Ireland.
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