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Kalanxhi E, Meltzer S, Ree AH. Immune-Modulating Effects of Conventional Therapies in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2193. [PMID: 32781554 PMCID: PMC7464272 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological heterogeneity and low inherent immunogenicity are two features that greatly impact therapeutic management and outcome in colorectal cancer. Despite high local control rates, systemic tumor dissemination remains the main cause of treatment failure and stresses the need for new developments in combined-modality approaches. While the role of adaptive immune responses in a small subgroup of colorectal tumors with inherent immunogenicity is indisputable, the challenge remains in identifying the optimal synergy between conventional treatment modalities and immune therapy for the majority of the less immunogenic cases. In this context, cytotoxic agents such as radiation and certain chemotherapeutics can be utilized to enhance the immunogenicity of an otherwise immunologically silent disease and enable responsiveness to immune therapy. In this review, we explore the immunological characteristics of colorectal cancer, the effects that standard-of-care treatments have on the immune system, and the opportunities arising from combining immune checkpoint-blocking therapy with immune-modulating conventional treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erta Kalanxhi
- Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway; (E.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Sebastian Meltzer
- Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway; (E.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Anne Hansen Ree
- Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway; (E.K.); (S.M.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
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Reda A, Hosseiny S, El-Sherbiny IM. Next-generation nanotheranostics targeting cancer stem cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:2487-2514. [PMID: 31490100 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is depicted as the most aggressive malignancy and is one the major causes of death worldwide. It originates from immortal tumor-initiating cells called 'cancer stem cells' (CSCs). This devastating subpopulation exhibit potent self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation characteristics. Dynamic DNA repair mechanisms can sustain the immortality phenotype of cancer to evade all treatment strategies. To date, current conventional chemo- and radio-therapeutic strategies adopted against cancer fail in tackling CSCs. However, new advances in nanotechnology have paved the way for creating next-generation nanotheranostics as multifunctional smart 'all-in-one' nanoparticles. These particles integrate diagnostic, therapeutic and targeting agents into one single biocompatible and biodegradable carrier, opening up new avenues for breakthroughs in early detection, diagnosis and treatment of cancer through efficient targeting of CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Reda
- Nanomedicine Division, Center for Materials Science, Zewail City of Science & Technology, 12578, Giza, Egypt.,Molecular & Cellular Biology division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Salma Hosseiny
- Nanomedicine Division, Center for Materials Science, Zewail City of Science & Technology, 12578, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M El-Sherbiny
- Nanomedicine Division, Center for Materials Science, Zewail City of Science & Technology, 12578, Giza, Egypt
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Xu G, Fang Z, Clark LH, Sun W, Yin Y, Zhang R, Sullivan SA, Tran AQ, Kong W, Wang J, Zhou C, Bae-Jump VL. Topiramate exhibits anti-tumorigenic and metastatic effects in ovarian cancer cells. Am J Transl Res 2018; 10:1663-1676. [PMID: 30018708 PMCID: PMC6038080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer related deaths among women worldwide, with an overall 5-year survival of only 30-40%. Carbonic anhydrases are up-regulated in many types of cancer and play an important role in tumor progression and metastasis. Carbonic anhydrase 9 has been implicated as a potential anti-tumorigenic target. Topiramate (TPM) is a potent inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase isozymes, including carbonic anhydrase 9, and has been shown to have anti-tumorigenic activity in several cancer types. Our goal was to evaluate the effect of TPM on cell proliferation and to identify possible mechanisms by which TPM inhibits cell growth in ovarian cancer. TPM significantly inhibited ovarian cancer cell proliferation and induced cell cycle G1 arrest, cellular stress and apoptosis through the AKT/mTOR and MAPK pathways. TPM also exerted anti-metastatic effects by decreasing the adhesion and invasion of ovarian cancer cells and affecting the expression of critical regulators of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Our findings demonstrate that TPM has anti-tumorigenic effects in ovarian cancer and is worthy of further exploration in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxu Xu
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People Hospital South CampusShanghai, P. R. China
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ziwei Fang
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, P. R. China
| | - Leslie H Clark
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Wenchuan Sun
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yajie Yin
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People Hospital South CampusShanghai, P. R. China
| | - Stephanie A Sullivan
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Arthur-Quan Tran
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Weimin Kong
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, P. R. China
| | - Jiandong Wang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, P. R. China
| | - Chunxiao Zhou
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Victoria L Bae-Jump
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, NC, USA
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Hektoen HH, Flatmark K, Andersson Y, Dueland S, Redalen KR, Ree AH. Early increase in circulating carbonic anhydrase IX during neoadjuvant treatment predicts favourable outcome in locally advanced rectal cancer. BMC Cancer 2015. [PMID: 26205955 PMCID: PMC4513373 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1557-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) comprises heterogeneous tumours with predominant hypoxic components. The hypoxia-inducible metabolic shift causes microenvironmental acidification generated by carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) and facilitates metastatic progression, the dominant cause of failure in LARC. Methods Using a commercially available immunoassay, circulating CAIX was assessed in prospectively archived serial serum samples collected during combined-modality neoadjuvant treatment of LARC patients and correlated to histologic tumour response and progression-free survival (PFS). Results Patients who from their individual baseline level displayed serum CAIX increase above a threshold of 224 pg/ml (with 96 % specificity and 39 % sensitivity) after completion of short-course neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) prior to long-course chemoradiotherapy and definitive surgery had significantly better 5-year PFS (94 %) than patients with below-threshold post-NACT versus baseline alteration (PFS rate of 56 %; p < 0.01). This particular CAIX parameter, ΔNACT, was significantly correlated with histologic ypT0–2 and ypN0 outcome (p < 0.01) and remained an independent PFS predictor in multivariate analysis wherein it was entered as continuous variable (p = 0.04). Conclusions Our results indicate that low ΔNACT, i.e., a weak increase in serum CAIX level following initial neoadjuvant treatment (in this case two cycles of the Nordic FLOX regimen), might be used as risk-adapted stratification to postoperative therapy or other modes of intensification of the combined-modality protocol in LARC. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00278694 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1557-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Helseth Hektoen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1171, Blindern, 0318, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital, P.O. Box 1000, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway. .,Department of Tumour Biology, Oslo University Hospital - Norwegian Radium Hospital, P.O.Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kjersti Flatmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1171, Blindern, 0318, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Tumour Biology, Oslo University Hospital - Norwegian Radium Hospital, P.O.Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Oslo University Hospital - Norwegian Radium Hospital, P.O.Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Yvonne Andersson
- Department of Tumour Biology, Oslo University Hospital - Norwegian Radium Hospital, P.O.Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Svein Dueland
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital - Norwegian Radium Hospital, P.O.Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kathrine Røe Redalen
- Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital, P.O. Box 1000, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway.
| | - Anne Hansen Ree
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1171, Blindern, 0318, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital, P.O. Box 1000, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway.
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