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Yarikipati P, Jonusaite S, Pleinis JM, Dominicci Cotto C, Sanchez-Hernandez D, Morrison DE, Goyal S, Schellinger J, Pénalva C, Curtiss J, Rodan AR, Jenny A. Unanticipated domain requirements for Drosophila Wnk kinase in vivo. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010975. [PMID: 37819975 PMCID: PMC10593226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
WNK (With no Lysine [K]) kinases have critical roles in the maintenance of ion homeostasis and the regulation of cell volume. Their overactivation leads to pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (Gordon syndrome) characterized by hyperkalemia and high blood pressure. More recently, WNK family members have been shown to be required for the development of the nervous system in mice, zebrafish, and flies, and the cardiovascular system of mice and fish. Furthermore, human WNK2 and Drosophila Wnk modulate canonical Wnt signaling. In addition to a well-conserved kinase domain, animal WNKs have a large, poorly conserved C-terminal domain whose function has been largely mysterious. In most but not all cases, WNKs bind and activate downstream kinases OSR1/SPAK, which in turn regulate the activity of various ion transporters and channels. Here, we show that Drosophila Wnk regulates Wnt signaling and cell size during the development of the wing in a manner dependent on Fray, the fly homolog of OSR1/SPAK. We show that the only canonical RF(X)V/I motif of Wnk, thought to be essential for WNK interactions with OSR1/SPAK, is required to interact with Fray in vitro. However, this motif is unexpectedly dispensable for Fray-dependent Wnk functions in vivo during fly development and fluid secretion in the Malpighian (renal) tubules. In contrast, a structure function analysis of Wnk revealed that the less-conserved C-terminus of Wnk, that recently has been shown to promote phase transitions in cell culture, is required for viability in vivo. Our data thus provide novel insights into unexpected in vivo roles of specific WNK domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathibha Yarikipati
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - Sima Jonusaite
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - John M. Pleinis
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Carihann Dominicci Cotto
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - David Sanchez-Hernandez
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - Daryl E. Morrison
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Suhani Goyal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Schellinger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Clothilde Pénalva
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Curtiss
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Aylin R. Rodan
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Andreas Jenny
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
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2
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Sharif GM, Campbell MJ, Nasir A, Sengupta S, Graham GT, Kushner MH, Kietzman WB, Schmidt MO, Pearson GW, Loudig O, Fineberg S, Wellstein A, Riegel AT. An AIB1 Isoform Alters Enhancer Access and Enables Progression of Early-Stage Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2021; 81:4230-4241. [PMID: 34135000 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-3625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIB1Δ4 is an N-terminally truncated isoform of the oncogene amplified in breast cancer 1 (AIB1) with increased expression in high-grade human ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). However, the role of AIB1Δ4 in DCIS malignant progression has not been defined. Here we CRISPR-engineered RNA splice junctions to produce normal and early-stage DCIS breast epithelial cells that expressed only AIB1Δ4. These cells showed enhanced motility and invasion in 3D cell culture. In zebrafish, AIB1Δ4-expressing cells enabled invasion of parental cells when present in a mixed population. In mouse xenografts, a subpopulation of AIB1Δ4 cells mixed with parental cells enhanced tumor growth, recurrence, and lung metastasis. AIB1Δ4 chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing revealed enhanced binding to regions including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) genomic recognition sites. H3K27ac and H3K4me1 genomic engagement patterns revealed selective activation of breast cancer-specific enhancer sites by AIB1Δ4. AIB1Δ4 cells displayed upregulated inflammatory response genes and downregulated PPAR signaling gene expression patterns. In the presence of AIB1Δ4 enabler cells, parental cells increased NF-κB and WNT signaling. Cellular cross-talk was inhibited by the PPARγ agonist efatutazone but was enhanced by treatment with the GR agonist dexamethasone. In conclusion, expression of the AIB1Δ4-selective cistrome in a small subpopulation of cells triggers an "enabler" phenotype hallmarked by an invasive transcriptional program and collective malignant progression in a heterogeneous tumor population. SIGNIFICANCE: A minor subset of early-stage breast cancer cells expressing AIB1Δ4 enables bulk tumor cells to become invasive, suggesting that selective eradication of this population could impair breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada M Sharif
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Moray J Campbell
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Apsra Nasir
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Surojeet Sengupta
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Medical Research Center, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Garrett T Graham
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Max H Kushner
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - William B Kietzman
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Marcel O Schmidt
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Gray W Pearson
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Olivier Loudig
- Hackensack Meridian Health Center for Discovery and Innovation, Nutley, New Jersey
| | - Susan Fineberg
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York
| | - Anton Wellstein
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Anna T Riegel
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia.
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3
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Jonchere V, Marisa L, Greene M, Virouleau A, Buhard O, Bertrand R, Svrcek M, Cervera P, Goloudina A, Guillerm E, Coulet F, Landman S, Ratovomanana T, Job S, Ayadi M, Elarouci N, Armenoult L, Merabtene F, Dumont S, Parc Y, Lefèvre JH, André T, Fléjou JF, Guilloux A, Collura A, de Reyniès A, Duval A. Identification of Positively and Negatively Selected Driver Gene Mutations Associated With Colorectal Cancer With Microsatellite Instability. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 6:277-300. [PMID: 30116770 PMCID: PMC6089198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Recent studies have shown that cancers arise as a result of the positive selection of driver somatic events in tumor DNA, with negative selection playing only a minor role, if any. However, these investigations were concerned with alterations at nonrepetitive sequences and did not take into account mutations in repetitive sequences that have very high pathophysiological relevance in the tumors showing microsatellite instability (MSI) resulting from mismatch repair deficiency investigated in the present study. METHODS We performed whole-exome sequencing of 47 MSI colorectal cancers (CRCs) and confirmed results in an independent cohort of 53 MSI CRCs. We used a probabilistic model of mutational events within microsatellites, while adapting pre-existing models to analyze nonrepetitive DNA sequences. Negatively selected coding alterations in MSI CRCs were investigated for their functional and clinical impact in CRC cell lines and in a third cohort of 164 MSI CRC patients. RESULTS Both positive and negative selection of somatic mutations in DNA repeats was observed, leading us to identify the expected true driver genes associated with the MSI-driven tumorigenic process. Several coding negatively selected MSI-related mutational events (n = 5) were shown to have deleterious effects on tumor cells. In the tumors in which deleterious MSI mutations were observed despite the negative selection, they were associated with worse survival in MSI CRC patients (hazard ratio, 3; 95% CI, 1.1-7.9; P = .03), suggesting their anticancer impact should be offset by other as yet unknown oncogenic processes that contribute to a poor prognosis. CONCLUSIONS The present results identify the positive and negative driver somatic mutations acting in MSI-driven tumorigenesis, suggesting that genomic instability in MSI CRC plays a dual role in achieving tumor cell transformation. Exome sequencing data have been deposited in the European genome-phenome archive (accession: EGAS00001002477).
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Key Words
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- Colorectal Cancer
- Driver Gene Mutations
- HR, hazard ratio
- MLH1, MutL Homolog 1
- MMR, mismatch repair
- MSH, MutS Homolog
- MSI, microsatellite instability
- Microsatellite Instability
- NR, nonrepetitive
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- Positive and Negative Selection
- R, repetitive
- RFS, relapse-free survival
- RTCA, Real-Time Cell Analyzer
- Tumorigenic Process
- UTR, untranslated region
- WES, whole-exome sequencing
- WGA, whole-genome amplification
- bp, base pair
- indel, insertion/deletion
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- shRNA, short hairpin RNA
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Jonchere
- Sorbonne Université, University Pierre and Marie CURIE Paris 06, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche938, Equipe Instabilité des Microsatellites et Cancer, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Paris, France,Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Marisa
- Sorbonne Université, University Pierre and Marie CURIE Paris 06, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche938, Equipe Instabilité des Microsatellites et Cancer, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Paris, France,Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Malorie Greene
- Sorbonne Université, University Pierre and Marie CURIE Paris 06, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche938, Equipe Instabilité des Microsatellites et Cancer, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Alain Virouleau
- Sorbonne Université, University Pierre and Marie CURIE Paris 06, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche938, Equipe Instabilité des Microsatellites et Cancer, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Paris, France,Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Modélisation d’Évry, University Évry, Évry, France,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Olivier Buhard
- Sorbonne Université, University Pierre and Marie CURIE Paris 06, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche938, Equipe Instabilité des Microsatellites et Cancer, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Romane Bertrand
- Sorbonne Université, University Pierre and Marie CURIE Paris 06, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche938, Equipe Instabilité des Microsatellites et Cancer, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Magali Svrcek
- Sorbonne Université, University Pierre and Marie CURIE Paris 06, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche938, Equipe Instabilité des Microsatellites et Cancer, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Paris, France,Service d’Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Pascale Cervera
- Sorbonne Université, University Pierre and Marie CURIE Paris 06, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche938, Equipe Instabilité des Microsatellites et Cancer, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Paris, France,Service d’Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Anastasia Goloudina
- Sorbonne Université, University Pierre and Marie CURIE Paris 06, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche938, Equipe Instabilité des Microsatellites et Cancer, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Paris, France,Inovarion, Collaborative research Department Paris, France
| | - Erell Guillerm
- Sorbonne Université, University Pierre and Marie CURIE Paris 06, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche938, Equipe Instabilité des Microsatellites et Cancer, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Paris, France,Genetics Department, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié Salpêtrière Hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Florence Coulet
- Sorbonne Université, University Pierre and Marie CURIE Paris 06, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche938, Equipe Instabilité des Microsatellites et Cancer, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Paris, France,Genetics Department, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié Salpêtrière Hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Samuel Landman
- Sorbonne Université, University Pierre and Marie CURIE Paris 06, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche938, Equipe Instabilité des Microsatellites et Cancer, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Toky Ratovomanana
- Sorbonne Université, University Pierre and Marie CURIE Paris 06, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche938, Equipe Instabilité des Microsatellites et Cancer, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Job
- Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Mira Ayadi
- Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Nabila Elarouci
- Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Lucile Armenoult
- Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Fatiha Merabtene
- Sorbonne Université, University Pierre and Marie CURIE Paris 06, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche938, Equipe Instabilité des Microsatellites et Cancer, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Paris, France,University Pierre and Marie CURIE Paris 06, Unité Mixte de Service 30 L'Unité Mixte de service Imagerie Cytométrie, Plateforme d’Histomorphologie, Sorbonne Université Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Dumont
- Sorbonne Université, University Pierre and Marie CURIE Paris 06, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche938, Equipe Instabilité des Microsatellites et Cancer, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Paris, France,University Pierre and Marie CURIE Paris 06, Unité Mixte de Service 30 L'Unité Mixte de service Imagerie Cytométrie, Plateforme d’Histomorphologie, Sorbonne Université Paris, France
| | - Yann Parc
- Sorbonne Université, University Pierre and Marie CURIE Paris 06, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche938, Equipe Instabilité des Microsatellites et Cancer, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Paris, France,Service de Chirurgie Générale et Digestive, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Jérémie H. Lefèvre
- Sorbonne Université, University Pierre and Marie CURIE Paris 06, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche938, Equipe Instabilité des Microsatellites et Cancer, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Paris, France,Service de Chirurgie Générale et Digestive, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Thierry André
- Sorbonne Université, University Pierre and Marie CURIE Paris 06, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche938, Equipe Instabilité des Microsatellites et Cancer, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Paris, France,Department of Oncology, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Fléjou
- Sorbonne Université, University Pierre and Marie CURIE Paris 06, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche938, Equipe Instabilité des Microsatellites et Cancer, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Paris, France,Service d’Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Agathe Guilloux
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Modélisation d’Évry, University Évry, Évry, France,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Ada Collura
- Sorbonne Université, University Pierre and Marie CURIE Paris 06, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche938, Equipe Instabilité des Microsatellites et Cancer, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Aurélien de Reyniès
- Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Alex Duval
- Sorbonne Université, University Pierre and Marie CURIE Paris 06, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche938, Equipe Instabilité des Microsatellites et Cancer, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Paris, France,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Alex Duval, MD, PhD, Sorbonne Universite, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, UMR938, Equipe Instabilite Des Microsatellites et Cancer, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Paris, France. fax: (33) 149284603.
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5
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Kadir R, Harel T, Markus B, Perez Y, Bakhrat A, Cohen I, Volodarsky M, Feintsein-Linial M, Chervinski E, Zlotogora J, Sivan S, Birnbaum RY, Abdu U, Shalev S, Birk OS. ALFY-Controlled DVL3 Autophagy Regulates Wnt Signaling, Determining Human Brain Size. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005919. [PMID: 27008544 PMCID: PMC4805177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary microcephaly is a congenital neurodevelopmental disorder of reduced head circumference and brain volume, with fewer neurons in the cortex of the developing brain due to premature transition between symmetrical and asymmetrical cellular division of the neuronal stem cell layer during neurogenesis. We now show through linkage analysis and whole exome sequencing, that a dominant mutation in ALFY, encoding an autophagy scaffold protein, causes human primary microcephaly. We demonstrate the dominant effect of the mutation in drosophila: transgenic flies harboring the human mutant allele display small brain volume, recapitulating the disease phenotype. Moreover, eye-specific expression of human mutant ALFY causes rough eye phenotype. In molecular terms, we demonstrate that normally ALFY attenuates the canonical Wnt signaling pathway via autophagy-dependent removal specifically of aggregates of DVL3 and not of Dvl1 or Dvl2. Thus, autophagic attenuation of Wnt signaling through removal of Dvl3 aggregates by ALFY acts in determining human brain size. One of the major events in human evolution is the significant increase in brain volume in the transition from primates to humans. The molecular pathways determining the larger size of the human brain are not fully understood. Hereditary primary microcephaly, a neurodevelopmental disorder in which infants are born with small head circumference and reduced brain volume with intellectual disability, offers insights to the embryonic molecular pathways determining human brain size. Previous studies have shown that human microcephaly can be caused by mutations in genes affecting cell division processes, such as cell cycle regulation, DNA replication, primary cilia formation and centriole and centrosome duplication. We now show a novel molecular pathway determining human brain size: human primary microcephaly can be caused by a mutation in ALFY, a gene that encodes an autophagy scaffold protein. In fact, transgenic flies over expressing the mutant form of human ALFY recapitulate the human disease phenotype of microcephaly. We show the molecular pathway through which ALFY regulates cell division and differentiation: we demonstrate that ALFY normally controls removal of aggregate of DVL3, and through this regulates Wnt signaling, a major molecular pathway in embryogenesis. Thus, Wnt signaling, controlled by ALFY-mediated aggregate removal of DVL3, determines human brain size and human microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Kadir
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Tamar Harel
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Barak Markus
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Yonatan Perez
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Anna Bakhrat
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Idan Cohen
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Michael Volodarsky
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Miora Feintsein-Linial
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Joel Zlotogora
- Department of Community Genetics, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sara Sivan
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Ramon Y Birnbaum
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Uri Abdu
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Stavit Shalev
- Genetics Institute, HaEmek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Ohad S Birk
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel.,Genetics Institute, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
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