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Bourouh M, Dhaliwal R, Rai R, Qureshi H, Swan A. Analysis of nondegradable cyclins reveals distinct roles of the mitotic cyclins in Drosophila meiosis. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2024; 14:jkae066. [PMID: 38551147 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkae066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Meiosis is a complex variant of the mitotic cell cycle, and as such relies on many of the same proteins involved in mitosis, but utilizes these in novel ways. As in mitosis, Cdk1 and its cyclin partners, Cyclin A, B, and B3 are required at multiple steps in meiosis. Here, we study the effect of stabilized forms of the three mitotic cyclins to study the consequences of failure to degrade the cyclins in meiosis. We find that stabilized Cyclin B3 promotes ectopic microtubule polymerization throughout the egg, dependent on APC/C activity and apparently due to the consequent destruction of Cyclin A and Cyclin B. We present data that suggests CycB, and possibly CycA, can also promote APC/C activity at specific stages of meiosis. We also present evidence that in meiosis APC/CCort and APC/CFzy are able to target Cyclin B via a novel degron. Overall, our findings highlight the distinct functions of the three mitotic Cdk-cyclin complexes in meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Bourouh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Rajdeep Dhaliwal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Rajni Rai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Hafsah Qureshi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Andrew Swan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
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2
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Vasavan B, Das N, Kahnamouei P, Trombley C, Swan A. Skp2-Cyclin A Interaction Is Necessary for Mitotic Entry and Maintenance of Diploidy. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168505. [PMID: 38423454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Skp2, the substrate recognition component of the SCFSkp2 ubiquitin ligase, has been implicated in the targeted destruction of a number of key cell cycle regulators and the promotion of S-phase. One of its critical targets is the Cyclin dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p27, and indeed the overexpression of Skp2 in a number of cancers is directly correlated with the premature degradation of p27. Skp2 was first identified as a protein that interacts with Cyclin A in transformed cells, but its role in this complex has remained unclear. In this paper, we demonstrate that Skp2 interacts with Cyclin A in Drosophila and is required to maintain Cyclin A levels and permit mitotic entry. Failure of mitotic entry in Skp2 mutant cells results in polyploidy. If these cells enter mitosis again they are unable to properly segregate their chromosomes, leading to checkpoint dependent cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. Thus, Skp2 is required for mitosis and for maintaining diploidy and genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biju Vasavan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 2P1, Canada
| | - Nilanjana Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 2P1, Canada
| | - Paria Kahnamouei
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 2P1, Canada
| | - Chantelle Trombley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 2P1, Canada
| | - Andrew Swan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 2P1, Canada.
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3
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Darnat P, Burg A, Sallé J, Lacoste J, Louvet-Vallée S, Gho M, Audibert A. Cortical Cyclin A controls spindle orientation during asymmetric cell divisions in Drosophila. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2723. [PMID: 35581185 PMCID: PMC9114397 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30182-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The coordination between cell proliferation and cell polarity is crucial to orient the asymmetric cell divisions to generate cell diversity in epithelia. In many instances, the Frizzled/Dishevelled planar cell polarity pathway is involved in mitotic spindle orientation, but how this is spatially and temporally coordinated with cell cycle progression has remained elusive. Using Drosophila sensory organ precursor cells as a model system, we show that Cyclin A, the main Cyclin driving the transition to M-phase of the cell cycle, is recruited to the apical-posterior cortex in prophase by the Frizzled/Dishevelled complex. This cortically localized Cyclin A then regulates the orientation of the division by recruiting Mud, a homologue of NuMA, the well-known spindle-associated protein. The observed non-canonical subcellular localization of Cyclin A reveals this mitotic factor as a direct link between cell proliferation, cell polarity and spindle orientation. The Frizzled/Dishevelled planar cell polarity pathway is involved in mitotic spindle orientation, but how this is coordinated with the cell cycle is unclear. Here, the authors show with Drosophila sensory organ precursor cells that Cyclin A is recruited in prophase by Frizzled/Dishevelled, regulating division orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pénélope Darnat
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (LBD-IBPS), Cell cycle and cell determination Team, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Angélique Burg
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (LBD-IBPS), Cell cycle and cell determination Team, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Sallé
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris Diderot/CNRS, Cellular Spatial Organization Team, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Lacoste
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (LBD-IBPS), Cell cycle and cell determination Team, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Louvet-Vallée
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (LBD-IBPS), Cell cycle and cell determination Team, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Michel Gho
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (LBD-IBPS), Cell cycle and cell determination Team, F-75005, Paris, France.
| | - Agnès Audibert
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (LBD-IBPS), Cell cycle and cell determination Team, F-75005, Paris, France.
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4
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Bansal S, Tiwari S. Mechanisms for the temporal regulation of substrate ubiquitination by the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome. Cell Div 2019; 14:14. [PMID: 31889987 PMCID: PMC6927175 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-019-0057-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is a multi-subunit, multifunctional ubiquitin ligase that controls the temporal degradation of numerous cell cycle regulatory proteins to direct the unidirectional cell cycle phases. Several different mechanisms contribute to ensure the correct order of substrate modification by the APC/C complex. Recent advances in biochemical, biophysical and structural studies of APC/C have provided a deep mechanistic insight into the working of this complex ubiquitin ligase. This complex displays remarkable conformational flexibility in response to various binding partners and post-translational modifications, which together regulate substrate selection and catalysis of APC/C. Apart from this, various features and modifications of the substrates also influence their recognition and affinity to APC/C complex. Ultimately, temporal degradation of substrates depends on the kind of ubiquitin modification received, the processivity of APC/C, and other extrinsic mechanisms. This review discusses our current understanding of various intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms responsible for ‘substrate ordering’ by the APC/C complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangee Bansal
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Swati Tiwari
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
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Alfieri C, Zhang S, Barford D. Visualizing the complex functions and mechanisms of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). Open Biol 2017; 7:170204. [PMID: 29167309 PMCID: PMC5717348 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The anaphase promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) is a large multi-subunit E3 ubiquitin ligase that orchestrates cell cycle progression by mediating the degradation of important cell cycle regulators. During the two decades since its discovery, much has been learnt concerning its role in recognizing and ubiquitinating specific proteins in a cell-cycle-dependent manner, the mechanisms governing substrate specificity, the catalytic process of assembling polyubiquitin chains on its target proteins, and its regulation by phosphorylation and the spindle assembly checkpoint. The past few years have witnessed significant progress in understanding the quantitative mechanisms underlying these varied APC/C functions. This review integrates the overall functions and properties of the APC/C with mechanistic insights gained from recent cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) studies of reconstituted human APC/C complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Alfieri
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Suyang Zhang
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - David Barford
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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Davey NE, Morgan DO. Building a Regulatory Network with Short Linear Sequence Motifs: Lessons from the Degrons of the Anaphase-Promoting Complex. Mol Cell 2017; 64:12-23. [PMID: 27716480 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) is a ubiquitin ligase that polyubiquitinates specific substrates at precise times in the cell cycle, thereby triggering the events of late mitosis in a strict order. The robust substrate specificity of the APC/C prevents the potentially deleterious degradation of non-APC/C substrates and also averts the cell-cycle errors and genomic instability that could result from mistimed degradation of APC/C targets. The APC/C recognizes short linear sequence motifs, or degrons, on its substrates. The specific and timely modification and degradation of APC/C substrates is likely to be modulated by variations in degron sequence and context. We discuss the extensive affinity, specificity, and selectivity determinants encoded in APC/C degrons, and we describe some of the extrinsic mechanisms that control APC/C-substrate recognition. As an archetype for protein motif-driven regulation of cell function, the APC/C-substrate interaction provides insights into the general properties of post-translational regulatory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman E Davey
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - David O Morgan
- Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Kikuchi R, Ohata H, Ohoka N, Kawabata A, Naito M. APOLLON protein promotes early mitotic CYCLIN A degradation independent of the spindle assembly checkpoint. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:3457-67. [PMID: 24302728 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.514430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian cell cycle, both CYCLIN A and CYCLIN B are required for entry into mitosis, and their elimination is also essential to complete the process. During mitosis, CYCLIN A and CYCLIN B are ubiquitylated by the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) and then subjected to proteasomal degradation. However, CYCLIN A, but not CYCLIN B, begins to be degraded in the prometaphase when APC/C is inactivated by the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). Here, we show that APOLLON (also known as BRUCE or BIRC6) plays a role in SAC-independent degradation of CYCLIN A in early mitosis. APPOLON interacts with CYCLIN A that is not associated with cyclin-dependent kinases. APPOLON also interacts with APC/C, and it facilitates CYCLIN A ubiquitylation. In APPOLON-deficient cells, mitotic degradation of CYCLIN A is delayed, and the total, but not the cyclin-dependent kinase-bound, CYCLIN A level was increased. We propose APPOLON to be a novel regulator of mitotic CYCLIN A degradation independent of SAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kikuchi
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences
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Wijnker E, Schnittger A. Control of the meiotic cell division program in plants. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2013; 26:143-58. [PMID: 23852379 PMCID: PMC3747318 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-013-0223-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
While the question of why organisms reproduce sexually is still a matter of controversy, it is clear that the foundation of sexual reproduction is the formation of gametes with half the genomic DNA content of a somatic cell. This reduction in genomic content is accomplished through meiosis that, in contrast to mitosis, comprises two subsequent chromosome segregation steps without an intervening S phase. In addition, meiosis generates new allele combinations through the compilation of new sets of homologous chromosomes and the reciprocal exchange of chromatid segments between homologues. Progression through meiosis relies on many of the same, or at least homologous, cell cycle regulators that act in mitosis, e.g., cyclin-dependent kinases and the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome. However, these mitotic control factors are often differentially regulated in meiosis. In addition, several meiosis-specific cell cycle genes have been identified. We here review the increasing knowledge on meiotic cell cycle control in plants. Interestingly, plants appear to have relaxed cell cycle checkpoints in meiosis in comparison with animals and yeast and many cell cycle mutants are viable. This makes plants powerful models to study meiotic progression and allows unique modifications to their meiotic program to develop new plant-breeding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Wijnker
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Phenotypic Plasticity, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
- Trinationales Institut für Pflanzenforschung, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Arp Schnittger
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Phenotypic Plasticity, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
- Trinationales Institut für Pflanzenforschung, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
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9
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Cyclin A and Nek2A: APC/C-Cdc20 substrates invisible to the mitotic spindle checkpoint. Biochem Soc Trans 2010; 38:72-7. [PMID: 20074038 DOI: 10.1042/bst0380072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Active cyclin B1-Cdk1 (cyclin-dependent kinase 1) keeps cells in mitosis, allowing time for spindle microtubules to capture the chromosomes and for incorrect chromosome-spindle attachments to be repaired. Meanwhile, securin, an inhibitor of separase, secures cohesion between sister chromatids, preventing anaphase onset. The spindle checkpoint is a signalling pathway emerging from improperly attached chromosomes that inhibits Cdc20, the mitotic activator of the APC/C (anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome) ubiquitin ligase. Blocking Cdc20 stabilizes cyclin B1 and securin to delay mitotic exit and anaphase until all chromosomes reach bipolar spindle attachments. Cells entering mitosis in the absence of a functional spindle checkpoint degrade cyclin B1 and securin right after nuclear-envelope breakdown, in prometaphase. Interestingly, two APC/C substrates, cyclin A and Nek2A, are normally degraded at nuclear-envelope breakdown, even when the spindle checkpoint is active. This indicates that the APC/C is activated early in mitosis, whereas cyclin B1 and securin are protected as long as the spindle checkpoint inhibits Cdc20. Remarkably, destruction of cyclin A and Nek2A also depends on Cdc20. The paradox of Cdc20 being both active and inhibited in prometaphase could be explained if cyclin A and Nek2A are either exceptionally efficient Cdc20 substrates, or if they are equipped with 'stealth' mechanisms to effectively escape detection by the spindle checkpoint. In the present paper, we discuss recently emerging models for spindle-checkpoint-independent APC/C-Cdc20 activity, which might even have implications for cancer therapy.
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Mateo F, Vidal-Laliena M, Canela N, Busino L, Martinez-Balbas MA, Pagano M, Agell N, Bachs O. Degradation of cyclin A is regulated by acetylation. Oncogene 2009; 28:2654-66. [PMID: 19483727 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin A accumulates at the onset of S phase, remains high during G(2) and early mitosis and is degraded at prometaphase. Here, we report that the acetyltransferase P/CAF directly interacts with cyclin A that as a consequence becomes acetylated at lysines 54, 68, 95 and 112. Maximal acetylation occurs simultaneously to ubiquitylation at mitosis, indicating importance of acetylation on cyclin A stability. This was further confirmed by the observation that the pseudoacetylated cyclin A mutant can be ubiquitylated whereas the nonacetylatable mutant cannot. The nonacetylatable mutant is more stable than cyclin A WT (cycA WT) and arrests cell cycle at mitosis. Moreover, in cells treated with histone deacetylase inhibitors cyclin A acetylation increases and its stability decreases, thus supporting the function of acetylation on cyclin A degradation. Although the nonacetylatable mutant cannot be ubiquitylated, it interacts with the proteins needed for its degradation (cdks, Cks, Cdc20, Cdh1 and APC/C). In fact, its association with cdks is increased and its complexes with these kinases display higher activity than control cycA WT-cdk complexes. All these results indicate that cyclin A acetylation at specific lysines is crucial for cyclin A stability and also has a function in the regulation of cycA-cdk activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mateo
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
In contrast to the extensive analysis of the regulation of Cyclin B protein levels during developmental progression through meiosis in oogenesis, little is known about Cyclin A. Repression of cyclin A translation early in prophase I in Drosophila is important to maintain the oocyte in meiosis, and this has been shown to be mediated by deadenylation of the mRNA and inhibition by the Bruno repressor. We find that at oocyte maturation as meiosis resumes, Cyclin A protein reappears, coincident with polyadenylation of the mRNA and loss of Bruno repressor. Cyclin A is multiphosphorylated in a pattern consistent with autophosphorylation, and this form accumulates aberrantly in metaphase I if the Cortex form of the Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome is inactive. The PAN GU (PNG) kinase positively promotes translation of Cyclin A, beginning in oogenesis, an earlier onset than previously recognized. After egg activation and the completion of meiosis, PNG promotes further polyadenylation of cyclin A mRNA and appears to antagonize repression of translation by the PUMILIO inhibitor. Epistasis studies with png; apc mutants indicate that PNG acts solely to promote translation, rather than having a parallel function to inhibit degradation. These studies reveal multiple levels of posttranscriptional regulation of Cyclin A protein by translational and proteolytic control during oocyte maturation and the onset of embryogenesis.
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Wolthuis R, Clay-Farrace L, van Zon W, Yekezare M, Koop L, Ogink J, Medema R, Pines J. Cdc20 and Cks Direct the Spindle Checkpoint-Independent Destruction of Cyclin A. Mol Cell 2008; 30:290-302. [PMID: 18471975 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2008.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rob Wolthuis
- Division of Molecular Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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