1
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Duwa R, Pokhrel RH, Banstola A, Pandit M, Shrestha P, Jeong JH, Chang JH, Yook S. T-cell engaging poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles as a modular platform to induce a potent cytotoxic immunogenic response against PD-L1 overexpressing cancer. Biomaterials 2022; 291:121911. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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2
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Xiao P, Wang J, Zhao Z, Liu X, Sun X, Wang D, Li Y. Engineering Nanoscale Artificial Antigen-Presenting Cells by Metabolic Dendritic Cell Labeling to Potentiate Cancer Immunotherapy. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:2094-2103. [PMID: 33622034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) are promising to activate T cells directly for cancer immunotherapy, while feasible and flexible strategy to develop nanoscale aAPCs remains highly desirable. Metabolic glycoengineering is used to decorate chemical tags on cells which enables bioorthogonal chemical conjugation of functional molecules. Herein, we develop a nanoscale aAPC by metabolic dendritic cell (DC) labeling to mobilize T-cell based antitumor immunity. We coat azido-labeled DC membrane on imiquimod-loaded polymeric nanoparticles and sequentially modify anti-CD3ε antibody via click chemistry. The nanoscale aAPCs perform improved distribution in lymph nodes and stimulate T cells and resident APCs. Significant inhibition of tumor inoculation and growth is observed after the vaccination, which can be further improved by combining antiprogrammed cell death receptor 1 (PD1) therapy. Our results demonstrate the promising application of metabolically labeled DCs for designing nanoscale aAPCs, which provide a simple and general strategy to potentiate cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zitong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaochen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangshi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dangge Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong 265700, China
| | - Yaping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong 265700, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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3
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Smith AAA, Gale EC, Roth GA, Maikawa CL, Correa S, Yu AC, Appel EA. Nanoparticles Presenting Potent TLR7/8 Agonists Enhance Anti-PD-L1 Immunotherapy in Cancer Treatment. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:3704-3712. [PMID: 32816460 PMCID: PMC7497526 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy can be augmented with toll-like receptor agonist (TLRa) adjuvants, which interact with immune cells to elicit potent immune activation. Despite their potential, use of many TLRa compounds has been limited clinically due to their extreme potency and lack of pharmacokinetic control, causing systemic toxicity from unregulated systemic cytokine release. Herein, we overcome these shortcomings by generating poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactic acid) (PEG-PLA) nanoparticles (NPs) presenting potent TLR7/8a moieties on their surface. The NP platform allows precise control of TLR7/8a valency and resulting surface presentation through self-assembly using nanoprecipitation. We hypothesize that the pharmacokinetic profile of the NPs minimizes systemic toxicity, localizing TLR7/8a presentation to the tumor bed and tumor-draining lymph nodes. In conjunction with antiprogrammed death-ligand 1 (anti-PD-L1) checkpoint blockade, peritumoral injection of TLR7/8a NPs slows tumor growth, extends survival, and decreases systemic toxicity in comparison to the free TLR7/8a in a murine colon adenocarcinoma model. These NPs constitute a modular platform for controlling pharmacokinetics of immunostimulatory molecules, resulting in increased potency and decreased toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton A A Smith
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Emily C Gale
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Gillie A Roth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Caitlin L Maikawa
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Santiago Correa
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Anthony C Yu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Eric A Appel
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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4
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Shen N, Wu J, Yang C, Yu H, Yang S, Li T, Chen J, Tang Z, Chen X. Combretastatin A4 Nanoparticles Combined with Hypoxia-Sensitive Imiquimod: A New Paradigm for the Modulation of Host Immunological Responses during Cancer Treatment. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:8021-8031. [PMID: 31558024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Vascular disrupting agents (VDAs) have great potential in cancer treatment. However, in addition to their direct tumoral vascular collapse effect, VDAs activate host immunological responses, which can remarkably impair their anticancer efficacy. Here, a VDA nanomedicine, poly(l-glutamic acid)-graft-methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)/combretastatin A4 (CA4-NPs), is found to induce the intratumor infiltration of immature plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), thereby curtailing anticancer immunity. To overcome this problem, hypoxia-sensitive imiquimod (hs-IMQ) is developed, which is selectively activated into imiquimod (IMQ) in treated tumors following the catalysis of CA4-NPs-induced nitroreductase (NTR). The combination of hs-IMQ and CA4-NPs causes a 6.3-fold enhancement of active IMQ concentration in tumors, as compared to hs-IMQ treatment alone. The in situ-generated IMQ alters the tumor microenvironment from a state of immunosuppression to immune activation. Hs-IMQ achieves this effect through the conversion of immature pDCs into their active form, leading to the robust infiltration and priming of natural killer cells and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in treated tumors. Thus, the CA4-NPs and hs-IMQ combination treatment synergistically inhibits tumor growth and metastasis in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice. This work offers new approaches to harness intratumor pDCs to reverse the immune suppression resulting from VDA treatment. These findings additionally provide a mechanistic rationale for the use of VDAs in combination with TLR agonists to trigger in situ immune activation and enhance anticancer efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Shen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130022 , PR China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory , Changchun 130022 , PR China
| | - Jing Wu
- Institute of Translational Medicine , The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun 130022 , PR China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory , Changchun 130022 , PR China
| | - Chenguang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130022 , PR China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory , Changchun 130022 , PR China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130022 , PR China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory , Changchun 130022 , PR China
| | - Shengcai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130022 , PR China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory , Changchun 130022 , PR China
| | - Tete Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine , The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun 130022 , PR China
| | - Jingtao Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine , The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun 130022 , PR China
| | - Zhaohui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130022 , PR China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory , Changchun 130022 , PR China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130022 , PR China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory , Changchun 130022 , PR China
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5
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Expression and gene regulation network of INHBA in Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma based on data mining. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14341. [PMID: 31586103 PMCID: PMC6778107 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50865-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibin subunit beta A(INHBA) encodes an individual from the TGF-β superfamily of proteins and the ligand could be further homo-dimerized to shape activin A or hetero-dimerized to frame inhibin with inhibin beta B. We studied INHBA expression, mutations, regulation, function networks and immune infiltrates in data from patients with Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) based on different open databases by utilizing multi-dimensional investigation techniques. This study gives staggered evidence for the significance of INHBA in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and its potential role as a novel biomarker. Our outcomes propose that INHBA overexpression in HNSCC has profound impacts in the center hub of post-transcriptional regulation, which is firmly identified with protein translation. Meanwhile, we also examine the function of the identified miRNAs that were related to INHBA and molecular function of these miRNAs were mainly enhanced in transcription factor activity, transcription regulator activity. In addition, B cells of immune infiltrates affecting the prognosis and might have a prognostic significance related to INHBA in HNSCC. Our outcomes show that data mining efficiently uncovers information about INHBA expression in HNSCC and more importance establishing a foundation for further investigation of the role of INHBA in carcinogenesis.
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6
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Liu Y, Zhao JJ, Zhou ZQ, Pan QZ, Zhu Q, Tang Y, Xia JC, Weng DS. IL-37 induces anti-tumor immunity by indirectly promoting dendritic cell recruitment and activation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:6691-6702. [PMID: 31410060 PMCID: PMC6646800 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s200627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction IL-37 is a cytokine of IL-1 family that plays an important role in innate immunity and inflammation, and has been studied as a tumor suppressor in many cancers. However, it remains unclear whether IL-37 plays a regulatory role in tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells (DCs) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Materials and methods We evaluated the relationship between IL-37 expression and tumor infiltration by DCs in 155 HCC samples through immunohistochemical analysis and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. The effects of IL-37 on the anti-tumor activity of DCs were investigated by ELISA, flow cytometry, real-time quantitative PCR, cytotoxicity assays and tumorigenicity assays. Results The expression level of IL-37 in HCC samples was positively correlated with the degree of CD1a+ DCs infiltration. The survival rates of patients with both a high expression of IL-37 and a high infiltration by CD1a+ DCs were significantly higher than those of patients with a low expression of IL-37 and a low infiltration by CD1a+ DCs. In vitro chemotaxis analysis indicated that HCC cells overexpressing IL-37 recruited more DCs by secreting higher levels of specific chemokines (eg, CCL3 and CCL20). In addition, IL-37 indirectly up-regulated the expression of major histocompatibility class II molecules, CD86 and CD40 on DCs by acting on tumor cells; IL-37 also indirectly enhanced the anti-tumor effect of T lymphocytes by stimulating DCs to secrete cytokines such as IL-2, IL-12, IL-12p70, interferon-α (IFN-α) and IFN-γ. Finally, overexpression IL-37 in HCC cells significantly delayed tumor growth and increased recruitment of CD11c+ DCs to tumor tissues was also revealed in vivo mouse model. Conclusion DCs play an important role in IL-37 mediated anti-tumor immune responses in HCC, which may contribute to the development of novel cancer immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu-Zhong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Chuan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Sheng Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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7
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Bubna AK. Imiquimod - Its role in the treatment of cutaneous malignancies. Indian J Pharmacol 2016; 47:354-9. [PMID: 26288465 PMCID: PMC4527053 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.161249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Imiquimod is a synthetic imidazoquinolone amine, which has potent immune response modifier activity, when topically used. This characteristic property of imiquimod has led to its use in a number of applications in dermatology, particularly in cutaneous malignancies, where it has been found to be effective and safe. Currently, additional mechanisms for its activity in actinic keratosis, basal cell carcinoma, and invasive squamous cell carcinoma have been elucidated. Its usage for cutaneous metastasis in breast cancer has been a further addition to its therapeutic armamentarium recently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Kumar Bubna
- Assistant Professor, Department of Dermatology, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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8
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Lamrani M, Sassi N, Paul C, Yousfi N, Boucher JL, Gauthier N, Labbé J, Seignez C, Racoeur C, Athias A, Guerreiro R, Vergely C, Rochette L, Bettaieb A, Jeannin JF. TLR4/IFNγ pathways induce tumor regression via NOS II-dependent NO and ROS production in murine breast cancer models. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1123369. [PMID: 27467924 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1123369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 agonists have emerged as a new group of molecules used for cancer therapy. They have been exploited to enhance the immunogenicity of current chemotherapeutic regimens. However, their effects on cancer cells remain elusive. Here, we showed that a TLR4 agonist, namely a synthetic lipid A analog (ALA), OM-174, exhibits antitumor effects in several mammary tumor mouse models. We also showed that immune components are involved in such effects, as attested to by the failure of ALA to induce tumor regression or an increase of animal survival in mice knocked-out for interferon γ (IFNγ) or TLR4. TLR4 and IFNγ receptor (INFR2) expressed by cancer cells are involved in the antitumor efficacy of ALA since this last did not inhibit tumor growth in mice bearing a tumor but lacking TLR4 or IFNγ receptor 2 (IFNR2). Mechanistic investigations revealed that nitric oxide (NO), superoxide and peroxynitrite produced by uncoupling of inducible NO synthase (NOS II) in cancer cells are key mediators of ALA and IFNγ-mediated tumor growth inhibition. We present here a comprehensive picture of tumor cell death induction, in vivo and in vitro, by immunotherapy and for the first time the involvement of the TLR4/IFNγ/NOS II pathway in immunotherapy was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Lamrani
- EPHE, PSL Research University, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie des Cancers, F-75014, Paris, France; Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LIIC EA7269, Dijon, France; INSERM U 866, Burgundy University, Dijon, France
| | - Nejia Sassi
- EPHE, PSL Research University, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie des Cancers, F-75014, Paris, France; Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LIIC EA7269, Dijon, France; INSERM U 866, Burgundy University, Dijon, France
| | - Catherine Paul
- EPHE, PSL Research University, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie des Cancers, F-75014, Paris, France; Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LIIC EA7269, Dijon, France; INSERM U 866, Burgundy University, Dijon, France
| | - Nadhir Yousfi
- EPHE, PSL Research University, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie des Cancers, F-75014, Paris, France; Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LIIC EA7269, Dijon, France
| | | | - Nolwenn Gauthier
- EPHE, PSL Research University, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie des Cancers, F-75014, Paris, France; INSERM U 866, Burgundy University, Dijon, France
| | - Jérôme Labbé
- EPHE, PSL Research University, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie des Cancers, F-75014, Paris, France; INSERM U 866, Burgundy University, Dijon, France
| | - Cédric Seignez
- EPHE, PSL Research University, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie des Cancers, F-75014, Paris, France; Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LIIC EA7269, Dijon, France; INSERM U 866, Burgundy University, Dijon, France
| | - Cindy Racoeur
- EPHE, PSL Research University, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie des Cancers, F-75014, Paris, France; Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LIIC EA7269, Dijon, France; INSERM U 866, Burgundy University, Dijon, France
| | - Anne Athias
- INSERM U 866, Burgundy University , Dijon, France
| | | | | | - Luc Rochette
- INSERM U 866, Burgundy University , Dijon, France
| | - Ali Bettaieb
- EPHE, PSL Research University, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie des Cancers, F-75014, Paris, France; Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LIIC EA7269, Dijon, France; INSERM U 866, Burgundy University, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-François Jeannin
- EPHE, PSL Research University, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie des Cancers, F-75014, Paris, France; Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LIIC EA7269, Dijon, France; INSERM U 866, Burgundy University, Dijon, France
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9
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Bloy N, Pol J, Aranda F, Eggermont A, Cremer I, Fridman WH, Fučíková J, Galon J, Tartour E, Spisek R, Dhodapkar MV, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial watch: Dendritic cell-based anticancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e963424. [PMID: 25941593 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.963424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of patient-derived dendritic cells (DCs) as a means to elicit therapeutically relevant immune responses in cancer patients has been extensively investigated throughout the past decade. In this context, DCs are generally expanded, exposed to autologous tumor cell lysates or loaded with specific tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), and then reintroduced into patients, often in combination with one or more immunostimulatory agents. As an alternative, TAAs are targeted to DCs in vivo by means of monoclonal antibodies, carbohydrate moieties or viral vectors specific for DC receptors. All these approaches have been shown to (re)activate tumor-specific immune responses in mice, often mediating robust therapeutic effects. In 2010, the first DC-based preparation (sipuleucel-T, also known as Provenge®) has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in humans. Reflecting the central position occupied by DCs in the regulation of immunological tolerance and adaptive immunity, the interest in harnessing them for the development of novel immunotherapeutic anticancer regimens remains high. Here, we summarize recent advances in the preclinical and clinical development of DC-based anticancer therapeutics.
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Key Words
- DC, dendritic cell
- DC-based vaccination
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- IFN, interferon
- MRC1, mannose receptor, C type 1
- MUC1, mucin 1
- TAA, tumor-associated antigen
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- Toll-like receptor agonists
- Treg, regulatory T cell
- WT1, Wilms tumor 1
- antigen cross-presentation
- autophagy
- iDC, immature DC
- immunogenic cell death
- mDC, mature DC
- pDC, plasmacytoid DC
- regulatory T cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Bloy
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM , U1138; Paris France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI ; Orsay, France
| | - Jonathan Pol
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM , U1138; Paris France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris France
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM , U1138; Paris France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris France
| | | | - Isabelle Cremer
- INSERM , U1138; Paris France ; Equipe 13; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI ; Paris France
| | - Wolf Hervé Fridman
- INSERM , U1138; Paris France ; Equipe 13; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI ; Paris France
| | - Jitka Fučíková
- Department of Immunology; 2nd Medical School Charles University and University Hospital Motol ; Prague, Czech Republic ; Sotio a.s. ; Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jérôme Galon
- INSERM , U1138; Paris France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI ; Paris France ; Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité ; Paris France
| | - Eric Tartour
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité ; Paris France ; INSERM , U970; Paris France ; Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP ; Paris France
| | - Radek Spisek
- Department of Immunology; 2nd Medical School Charles University and University Hospital Motol ; Prague, Czech Republic ; Sotio a.s. ; Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Madhav V Dhodapkar
- Department of Medicine; Immunobiology and Yale Cancer Center; Yale University ; New Haven, CT USA
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U1015, CICBT507 ; Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM , U1138; Paris France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité ; Paris France ; Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP ; Paris France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM , U1138; Paris France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité ; Paris France
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10
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Senovilla L, Vacchelli E, Garcia P, Eggermont A, Fridman WH, Galon J, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial watch: DNA vaccines for cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2014; 2:e23803. [PMID: 23734328 PMCID: PMC3654598 DOI: 10.4161/onci.23803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The foundation of modern vaccinology dates back to the 1790s, when the English physician Edward Jenner uncovered the tremendous medical potential of prophylactic vaccination. Jenner’s work ignited a wave of nationwide vaccination campaigns abating the incidence of multiple life-threatening infectious diseases and culminating with the eradication of natural smallpox virus, which was definitively certified by the WHO in 1980. The possibility of using vaccines against cancer was first proposed at the end of the 19th century by Paul Ehrlich and William Coley. However, it was not until the 1990s that such a hypothesis began to be intensively investigated, following the realization that the immune system is not completely unresponsive to tumors and that neoplastic cells express immunogenic tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). Nowadays, anticancer vaccines are rapidly moving from the bench to the bedside, and a few prophylactic and therapeutic preparations have already been approved by FDA for use in humans. In this setting, one interesting approach is constituted by DNA vaccines, i.e., TAA-encoding circularized DNA constructs, often of bacterial origin, that are delivered to patients as such or by means of specific vectors, including (but not limited to) liposomal preparations, nanoparticles, bacteria and viruses. The administration of DNA vaccines is most often performed via the intramuscular or subcutaneous route and is expected to cause (1) the endogenous synthesis of the TAA by myocytes and/or resident antigen-presenting cells; (2) the presentation of TAA-derived peptides on the cell surface, in association with MHC class I molecules; and (3) the activation of potentially therapeutic tumor-specific immune responses. In this Trial Watch, we will summarize the results of recent clinical trials that have evaluated/are evaluating DNA vaccines as therapeutic interventions against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Senovilla
- Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; INSERM; U848; Villejuif, France ; INSERM; U1015 labelisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; CICBT507; Villejuif, France
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11
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Gruber W, Frischauf AM, Aberger F. An old friend with new skills: Imiquimod as novel inhibitor of Hedgehog signaling in basal cell carcinoma. Oncoscience 2014; 1:567-73. [PMID: 25594066 PMCID: PMC4278338 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulated Hedgehog (HH)/GLI signaling plays an etiologic role in the initiation, progression and maintenance of many cancers. Small molecule targeting of HH signaling by inhibiting the essential pathway effector Smoothened (SMO) has proven exceptionally efficient for the treatment of advanced and metastatic basal cell carcinoma. That said, severe side effects, limited response rates, SMO-independent GLI signaling and rapid development of drug resistance limit the therapeutic success of SMO antagonists, urgently calling for the identification of alternative and additional strategies repressing oncogenic HH signaling. In this perspective article we highlight recent findings showing that the Toll-like receptor-7/8 (TLR7/8) agonist imiquimod (IMQ), an immune modulator approved for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma, can also act as a potent cell autonomous inhibitor of oncogenic HH signaling. Surprisingly, IMQ reduces HH signal strength independent of TLR signaling, via adenosine receptor (ADORA)/Adenylate cyclase (AC)/Protein kinase A (PKA) activation. We here highlight the molecular mechanisms of IMQ-mediated repression of HH/GLI and discuss the possible benefits as well as challenges of using ADORA agonists for the treatment of HH-associated cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Gruber
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Molecular Tumor Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Anna-Maria Frischauf
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Molecular Tumor Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Fritz Aberger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Molecular Tumor Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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12
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Aranda F, Vacchelli E, Obrist F, Eggermont A, Galon J, Sautès-Fridman C, Cremer I, Henrik ter Meulen J, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch: Toll-like receptor agonists in oncological indications. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e29179. [PMID: 25083332 PMCID: PMC4091055 DOI: 10.4161/onci.29179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are an evolutionarily conserved group of enzymatically inactive, single membrane-spanning proteins that recognize a wide panel of exogenous and endogenous danger signals. Besides constituting a crucial component of the innate immune response to bacterial and viral pathogens, TLRs appear to play a major role in anticancer immunosurveillance. In line with this notion, several natural and synthetic TLR ligands have been intensively investigated for their ability to boost tumor-targeting immune responses elicited by a variety of immunotherapeutic and chemotherapeutic interventions. Three of these agents are currently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or equivalent regulatory agencies for use in cancer patients: the so-called bacillus Calmette-Guérin, monophosphoryl lipid A, and imiquimod. However, the number of clinical trials testing the therapeutic potential of both FDA-approved and experimental TLR agonists in cancer patients is stably decreasing, suggesting that drug developers and oncologists are refocusing their interest on alternative immunostimulatory agents. Here, we summarize recent findings on the use of TLR agonists in cancer patients and discuss how the clinical evaluation of FDA-approved and experimental TLR ligands has evolved since the publication of our first Trial Watch dealing with this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Aranda
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
- INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Paris, France
| | - Erika Vacchelli
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
- INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Paris, France
| | - Florine Obrist
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
- INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Paris, France
| | | | - Jérôme Galon
- INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
| | - Catherine Sautès-Fridman
- INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI; Paris, France
- Equipe 13, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Cremer
- INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI; Paris, France
- Equipe 13, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
| | | | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
- INSERM, U1015; CICBT507; Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP; Villejuif, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
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13
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Zhao S, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Wang F, Zhang D. Toll-like receptors and prostate cancer. Front Immunol 2014; 5:352. [PMID: 25101092 PMCID: PMC4107957 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in men after lung cancer. Immune responses clearly play a critical role in the tumorigenesis and in the efficacy of radiation therapy and chemotherapy in prostate cancer; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a well-known family of pattern recognition receptors that play a key role in host immune system. Recent studies demonstrate that there are links between TLRs and cancer; however, the function and biological importance of TLRs in prostate cancer seems complex. To elucidate the role of TLRs and innate immunity in prostate cancer might provide us with a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of this disease. Moreover, utilizing the agonists or antagonists of TLRs might represent a promising new strategy against prostate cancer. In this review, we summarize recent advances on the studies of association between TLR signaling and prostate cancer, TLR polymorphisms and prostate cancer risk, and provide some insights about TLRs as potential targets for prostate cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhao
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center , Houston, TX , USA ; Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Qingyuan Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China
| | - Fen Wang
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Dekai Zhang
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center , Houston, TX , USA
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14
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Vacchelli E, Aranda F, Obrist F, Eggermont A, Galon J, Cremer I, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial watch: Immunostimulatory cytokines in cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e29030. [PMID: 25083328 PMCID: PMC4091551 DOI: 10.4161/onci.29030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-targeting immune responses provide a significant contribution to (when they do not entirely account for) the clinical activity of diverse antineoplastic regimens, encompassing not only a large panel of immunotherapeutic strategies but also conventional cytotoxic molecules, targeted anticancer agents and irradiation. In line with this notion, several approaches have been devised to elicit novel or boost existing anticancer immune responses, including the administration of immunomodulatory cytokines. Such a relatively unspecific intervention suffices to mediate clinical effects in (at least a subset of) patients bearing particularly immunogenic tumors, like melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. More often, however, immunostimulatory cytokines are administered to boost the immunogenic potential of other agents, including (but not limited to) immune checkpoint-blocking antibodies, anticancer vaccines, oncolytic viruses and immunogenic chemotherapeutics. Here, we summarize the latest advances in the clinical development of recombinant cytokines as an immunomodulatory intervention for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Vacchelli
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Florine Obrist
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Jérôme Galon
- INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI; Paris, France ; Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Cremer
- INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI; Paris, France ; Equipe 13, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U1015, CICBT507; Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France ; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
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15
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Vacchelli E, Vitale I, Eggermont A, Fridman WH, Fučíková J, Cremer I, Galon J, Tartour E, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial watch: Dendritic cell-based interventions for cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e25771. [PMID: 24286020 PMCID: PMC3841205 DOI: 10.4161/onci.25771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) occupy a privileged position at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity, orchestrating a large panel of responses to both physiological and pathological cues. In particular, whereas the presentation of antigens by immature DCs generally results in the development of immunological tolerance, mature DCs are capable of priming robust, and hence therapeutically relevant, adaptive immune responses. In line with this notion, functional defects in the DC compartment have been shown to etiologically contribute to pathological conditions including (but perhaps not limited to) infectious diseases, allergic and autoimmune disorders, graft rejection and cancer. Thus, the possibility of harnessing the elevated immunological potential of DCs for anticancer therapy has attracted considerable interest from both researchers and clinicians over the last decade. Alongside, several methods have been developed not only to isolate DCs from cancer patients, expand them, load them with tumor-associated antigens and hence generate highly immunogenic clinical grade infusion products, but also to directly target DCs in vivo. This intense experimental effort has culminated in 2010 with the approval by the US FDA of a DC-based preparation (sipuleucel-T, Provenge®) for the treatment of asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic metastatic castration-refractory prostate cancer. As an update to the latest Trial Watch dealing with this exciting field of research (October 2012), here we summarize recent advances in DC-based anticancer regimens, covering both high-impact studies that have been published during the last 13 mo and clinical trials that have been launched in the same period to assess the antineoplastic potential of this variant of cellular immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Vacchelli
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France
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16
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Vacchelli E, Vitale I, Tartour E, Eggermont A, Sautès-Fridman C, Galon J, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch: Anticancer radioimmunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e25595. [PMID: 24319634 PMCID: PMC3850274 DOI: 10.4161/onci.25595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy has extensively been employed as a curative or palliative intervention against cancer throughout the last century, with a varying degree of success. For a long time, the antineoplastic activity of X- and γ-rays was entirely ascribed to their capacity of damaging macromolecules, in particular DNA, and hence triggering the (apoptotic) demise of malignant cells. However, accumulating evidence indicates that (at least part of) the clinical potential of radiotherapy stems from cancer cell-extrinsic mechanisms, including the normalization of tumor vasculature as well as short- and long-range bystander effects. Local bystander effects involve either the direct transmission of lethal signals between cells connected by gap junctions or the production of diffusible cytotoxic mediators, including reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide and cytokines. Conversely, long-range bystander effects, also known as out-of-field or abscopal effects, presumably reflect the elicitation of tumor-specific adaptive immune responses. Ionizing rays have indeed been shown to promote the immunogenic demise of malignant cells, a process that relies on the spatiotemporally defined emanation of specific damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Thus, irradiation reportedly improves the clinical efficacy of other treatment modalities such as surgery (both in neo-adjuvant and adjuvant settings) or chemotherapy. Moreover, at least under some circumstances, radiotherapy may potentiate anticancer immune responses as elicited by various immunotherapeutic agents, including (but presumably not limited to) immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies, cancer-specific vaccines, dendritic cell-based interventions and Toll-like receptor agonists. Here, we review the rationale of using radiotherapy, alone or combined with immunomodulatory agents, as a means to elicit or boost anticancer immune responses, and present recent clinical trials investigating the therapeutic potential of this approach in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Vacchelli
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France
| | - Ilio Vitale
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute; Rome, Italy
- National Institute of Health; Rome, Italy
| | - Eric Tartour
- INSERM, U970; Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Paris, France
| | | | - Catherine Sautès-Fridman
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Paris, France
- Equipe 13, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Galon
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
- Equipe 15, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- INSERM, U872; Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI; Paris, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- INSERM, U1015; Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labelisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms; Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labelisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
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17
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Vacchelli E, Eggermont A, Sautès-Fridman C, Galon J, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch: Toll-like receptor agonists for cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e25238. [PMID: 24083080 PMCID: PMC3782517 DOI: 10.4161/onci.25238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have long been known for their ability to initiate innate immune responses upon exposure to conserved microbial components such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and double-stranded RNA. More recently, this family of pattern recognition receptors has been attributed a critical role in the elicitation of anticancer immune responses, raising interest in the development of immunochemotherapeutic regimens based on natural or synthetic TLR agonists. In spite of such an intense wave of preclinical and clinical investigation, only three TLR agonists are currently licensed by FDA for use in cancer patients: bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG), an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis that operates as a mixed TLR2/TLR4 agonist; monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), a derivative of Salmonella minnesota that functions as a potent agonist of TLR4; and imiquimod, a synthetic imidazoquinoline that activates TLR7. One year ago, in the August and September issues of OncoImmunology, we described the main biological features of TLRs and discussed the progress of clinical studies evaluating the safety and therapeutic potential of TLR agonists in cancer patients. Here, we summarize the latest developments in this exciting area of research, focusing on preclinical studies that have been published during the last 13 mo and clinical trials launched in the same period to investigate the antineoplastic activity of TLR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Vacchelli
- Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre; Paris, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France
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18
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Vacchelli E, Eggermont A, Sautès-Fridman C, Galon J, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial watch: Oncolytic viruses for cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e24612. [PMID: 23894720 PMCID: PMC3716755 DOI: 10.4161/onci.24612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is emerging as a promising approach for the treatment of several neoplasms. The term "oncolytic viruses" is generally employed to indicate naturally occurring or genetically engineered attenuated viral particles that cause the demise of malignant cells while sparing their non-transformed counterparts. From a conceptual standpoint, oncolytic viruses differ from so-called "oncotropic viruses" in that only the former are able to kill cancer cells, even though both display a preferential tropism for malignant tissues. Of note, such a specificity can originate at several different steps of the viral cycle, including the entry of virions (transductional specificity) as well as their intracellular survival and replication (post-transcriptional and transcriptional specificity). During the past two decades, a large array of replication-competent and replication-incompetent oncolytic viruses has been developed and engineered to express gene products that would specifically promote the death of infected (cancer) cells. However, contrarily to long-standing beliefs, the antineoplastic activity of oncolytic viruses is not a mere consequence of the cytopathic effect, i.e., the lethal outcome of an intense, productive viral infection, but rather involves the elicitation of an antitumor immune response. In line with this notion, oncolytic viruses genetically modified to drive the local production of immunostimulatory cytokines exert more robust therapeutic effects than their non-engineered counterparts. Moreover, the efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy is significantly improved by some extent of initial immunosuppression (facilitating viral replication and spread) followed by the administration of immunostimulatory molecules (boosting antitumor immune responses). In this Trial Watch, we will discuss the results of recent clinical trials that have evaluated/are evaluating the safety and antineoplastic potential of oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Vacchelli
- Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France
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