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Li Z, Na Wu X, Jacquot A, Chaput V, Adamo M, Neuhäuser B, Straub T, Lejay L, Schulze WX. Phosphoregulation in the N-terminus of NRT2.1 affects nitrate uptake by controlling the interaction of NRT2.1 with NAR2.1 and kinase HPCAL1 in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2127-2142. [PMID: 38066636 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
NRT2.1, the major high affinity nitrate transporter in roots, can be phosphorylated at five different sites within the N- and the C-terminus. Here, we characterized the functional relationship of two N-terminal phosphorylation sites, S21 and S28, in Arabidopsis. Based on a site-specific correlation network, we identified a receptor kinase (HPCAL1, AT5G49770), phosphorylating NRT2.1 at S21 and resulting in active nitrate uptake. HPCAL1 itself was regulated by phosphorylation at S839 and S870 within its kinase domain. In the active state, when S839 was dephosphorylated and S870 was phosphorylated, HPCAL1 was found to interact with the N-terminus of NRT2.1, mainly when S28 was dephosphorylated. Phosphorylation of NRT2.1 at S21 resulted in a reduced interaction of NRT2.1 with its activator NAR2.1, but nitrate transport activity remained. By contrast, phosphorylated NRT2.1 at S28 enhanced the interaction with NAR2.1, but reduced the interaction with HPCAL1. Here we identified HPCAL1 as the kinase affecting this phospho-switch through phosphorylation of NRT2.1 at S21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, D-70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Xu Na Wu
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, D-70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Aurore Jacquot
- BPMP, University Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Valentin Chaput
- BPMP, University Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Mattia Adamo
- BPMP, University Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Benjamin Neuhäuser
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Hohenheim, D-70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tatsiana Straub
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, D-70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Laurence Lejay
- BPMP, University Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Waltraud X Schulze
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, D-70593, Stuttgart, Germany
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Liu X, Jin Y, Tan K, Zheng J, Gao T, Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Ma F, Li C. MdTyDc Overexpression Improves Alkalinity Tolerance in Malus domestica. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:625890. [PMID: 33664760 PMCID: PMC7921794 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.625890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine is decarboxylated to tyramine by TYDC (Tyrosine decarboxylase) and then hydroxylated to dopamine, which is involved in plant response to abiotic stress. However, little is known about the function of MdTyDc in response to alkaline stress in plants. In our study, it was found that the expression of MdTyDc was induced by alkaline stress. Therefore, the apple plants overexpressing MdTyDc was treated with alkali stress, and we found that MdTyDc played an important role in apple plants' resistance to alkali stress. Our results showed that the restriction on the growth, the decrease of membrane permeability and the accumulation of Na+ were alleviated to various degrees in MdTyDc transgenic plants under alkali stress. In addition, overexpression of MdTyDc enhanced the root activity and photosynthetic capacity, and improved the enzyme activity related to N metabolism, thus promoting N absorption. It is noteworthy that the dopamine content of these three transgenic lines is significantly higher than that of WT. In summary, these findings indicated that MdTyDc may enhance alkaline tolerance of apples by mediating dopamine content, mainly by maintaining high photosynthetic capacity, normal ion homeostasis and strong nitrogen absorption capacity.
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Rubio L, Díaz-García J, Amorim-Silva V, Macho AP, Botella MA, Fernández JA. Molecular Characterization of ZosmaNRT2, the Putative Sodium Dependent High-Affinity Nitrate Transporter of Zostera marina L. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153650. [PMID: 31357380 PMCID: PMC6695921 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most important adaptations of seagrasses during sea colonization was the capacity to grow at the low micromolar nitrate concentrations present in the sea. In contrast to terrestrial plants that use H+ symporters for high-affinity NO3− uptake, seagrasses such as Zostera marina L. use a Na+-dependent high-affinity nitrate transporter. Interestingly, in the Z. marina genome, only one gene (Zosma70g00300.1; NRT2.1) is annotated to this function. Analysis of this sequence predicts the presence of 12 transmembrane domains, including the MFS domains of the NNP transporter family and the “nitrate signature” that appears in all members of the NNP family. Phylogenetic analysis shows that this sequence is more related to NRT2.5 than to NRT2.1, sharing a common ancestor with both monocot and dicot plants. Heterologous expression of ZosmaNRT2-GFP together with the high-affinity nitrate transporter accessory protein ZosmaNAR2 (Zosma63g00220.1) in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves displayed four-fold higher fluorescence intensity than single expression of ZosmaNRT2-GFP suggesting the stabilization of NRT2 by NAR2. ZosmaNRT2-GFP signal was present on the Hechtian-strands in the plasmolyzed cells, pointing that ZosmaNRT2 is localized on the plasma membrane and that would be stabilized by ZosmaNAR2. Taken together, these results suggest that Zosma70g00300.1 would encode a high-affinity nitrate transporter located at the plasma membrane, equivalent to NRT2.5 transporters. These molecular data, together with our previous electrophysiological results support that ZosmaNRT2 would have evolved to use Na+ as a driving ion, which might be an essential adaptation of seagrasses to colonize marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Rubio
- Department of Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Campus de Teatinos, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Jordi Díaz-García
- Department of Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Campus de Teatinos, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Vítor Amorim-Silva
- Department Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ''La Mayora'' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), University of Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Alberto P Macho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Miguel A Botella
- Department Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ''La Mayora'' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), University of Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - José A Fernández
- Department of Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Campus de Teatinos, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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Plett DC, Holtham LR, Okamoto M, Garnett TP. Nitrate uptake and its regulation in relation to improving nitrogen use efficiency in cereals. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 74:97-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Le Deunff E, Lecourt J, Malagoli P. Fine-tuning of root elongation by ethylene: a tool to study dynamic structure-function relationships between root architecture and nitrate absorption. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 118:607-620. [PMID: 27411681 PMCID: PMC5055632 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Recently developed genetic and pharmacological approaches have been used to explore NO3-/ethylene signalling interactions and how the modifications in root architecture by pharmacological modulation of ethylene biosynthesis affect nitrate uptake. Key Results Structure-function studies combined with recent approaches to chemical genomics highlight the non-specificity of commonly used inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis such as AVG (l-aminoethoxyvinylglycine). Indeed, AVG inhibits aminotransferases such as ACC synthase (ACS) and tryptophan aminotransferase (TAA) involved in ethylene and auxin biosynthesis but also some aminotransferases implied in nitrogen (N) metabolism. In this framework, it can be assumed that the products of nitrate assimilation and hormones may interact through a hub in carbon (C) and N metabolism to drive the root morphogenetic programme (RMP). Although ethylene/auxin interactions play a major role in cell division and elongation in root meristems, shaping of the root system depends also on energetic considerations. Based on this finding, the analysis is extended to nutrient ion-hormone interactions assuming a fractal or constructal model for root development. Conclusion Therefore, the tight control of root structure-function in the RMP may explain why over-expressing nitrate transporter genes to decouple structure-function relationships and improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) has been unsuccessful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Le Deunff
- Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, UMR Écophysiologie Végétale & Agronomie, Nutritions NCS, F-14032 Caen, France
- INRA, UMR 950, Écophysiologie Végétale & Agronomie, Nutritions NCS, F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Julien Lecourt
- East Malling Research, New Road, East Malling ME19 6BJ, Kent, UK
| | - Philippe Malagoli
- Université Blaise Pascal-INRA, 24, avenue des Landais, BP 80 006, F-63177 Aubière, France
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, Bâtiment Biologie Végétale Recherche, BP 80 006, F-63177 Aubière, France
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Huang S, Chen S, Liang Z, Zhang C, Yan M, Chen J, Xu G, Fan X, Zhang Y. Knockdown of the partner protein OsNAR2.1 for high-affinity nitrate transport represses lateral root formation in a nitrate-dependent manner. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18192. [PMID: 26644084 PMCID: PMC4672285 DOI: 10.1038/srep18192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The morphological plasticity of root systems is critical for plant survival, and understanding the mechanisms underlying root adaptation to nitrogen (N) fluctuation is critical for sustainable agriculture; however, the molecular mechanism of N-dependent root growth in rice remains unclear. This study aimed to identify the role of the complementary high-affinity NO3− transport protein OsNAR2.1 in NO3−-regulated rice root growth. Comparisons with wild-type (WT) plants showed that knockdown of OsNAR2.1 inhibited lateral root (LR) formation under low NO3− concentrations, but not under low NH4+ concentrations. 15N-labelling NO3− supplies (provided at concentrations of 0–10 mM) demonstrated that (i) defects in LR formation in mutants subjected to low external NO3− concentrations resulted from impaired NO3− uptake, and (ii) the mutants had significantly fewer LRs than the WT plants when root N contents were similar between genotypes. LR formation in osnar2.1 mutants was less sensitive to localised NO3− supply than LR formation in WT plants, suggesting that OsNAR2.1 may be involved in a NO3−-signalling pathway that controls LR formation. Knockdown of OsNAR2.1 inhibited LR formation by decreasing auxin transport from shoots to roots. Thus, OsNAR2.1 probably functions in both NO3− uptake and NO3−-signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangjie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Si Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Zhihao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Chenming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Ming Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Jingguang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xiaorong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Yali Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
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Melino VJ, Fiene G, Enju A, Cai J, Buchner P, Heuer S. Genetic diversity for root plasticity and nitrogen uptake in wheat seedlings. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2015; 42:942-956. [PMID: 32480735 DOI: 10.1071/fp15041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of wheat is a major focus for wheat breeding programs. NUE may be improved by identifying genotypes that are competitive for nitrogen (N) uptake in early vegetative stages of growth and are able to invest that N in grain. Breeders tend to select high yielding genotypes under conditions of medium to high N supply, but it is not known whether this influences the selection of root plasticity traits or whether, over time, breeders have selected genotypes with higher N uptake efficiency. To address this, genotypes were selected from CIMMYT (1966-1985) and Australian (1999-2007) breeding programs. Genotypes from both programs responded to low N supply by expanding their root surface area through increased total root number and/or length of lateral roots. Australian genotypes were N responsive (accumulated more N under high N than under low N) whereas CIMMYT genotypes were not very N responsive. This could not be explained by differences in N uptake capacity as shown by 15N flux analysis of two representative genotypes with contrasting N accumulation. Expression analysis of nitrate transporter genes revealed that the high-affinity transport system accounted for the majority of root nitrate uptake in wheat seedlings under both low and high N conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa J Melino
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, PMB1 Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Gabriele Fiene
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, PMB1 Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Akiko Enju
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, PMB1 Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Jinhai Cai
- Phenomics and Bioinformatics Research Centre, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Peter Buchner
- Rothamsted Research, Plant Biology and Crop Science Department, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Sigrid Heuer
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, PMB1 Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
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Bhardwaj D, Medici A, Gojon A, Lacombe B, Tuteja N. A new insight into root responses to external cues: Paradigm shift in nutrient sensing. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e1049791. [PMID: 26146897 PMCID: PMC4854350 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1049791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Higher plants are sessile and their growth relies on nutrients present in the soil. The acquisition of nutrients is challenging for plants. Phosphate and nitrate sensing and signaling cascades play significant role during adverse conditions of nutrient unavailability. Therefore, it is important to dissect the mechanism by which plant roots acquire nutrients from the soil. Root system architecture (RSA) exhibits extensive developmental flexibility and changes during nutrient stress conditions. Growth of root system in response to external concentration of nutrients is a joint operation of sensor or receptor proteins along with several other cytoplasmic accessory proteins. After nutrient sensing, sensor proteins start the cellular relay involving transcription factors, kinases, ubiquitin ligases and miRNA. The complexity of nutrient sensing is still nebulous and many new players need to be better studied. This review presents a survey of recent paradigm shift in the advancements in nutrient sensing in relation to plant roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Bhardwaj
- International Center for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology; Aruna Asaf Ali Marg; New Delhi, India
| | - Anna Medici
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes; UMR CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM; Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes “Claude Grignon”; Montpellier cedex, France
| | - Alain Gojon
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes; UMR CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM; Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes “Claude Grignon”; Montpellier cedex, France
| | - Benoît Lacombe
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes; UMR CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM; Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes “Claude Grignon”; Montpellier cedex, France
| | - Narendra Tuteja
- International Center for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology; Aruna Asaf Ali Marg; New Delhi, India
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Le Deunff E, Malagoli P. Breaking conceptual locks in modelling root absorption of nutrients: reopening the thermodynamic viewpoint of ion transport across the root. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:1555-70. [PMID: 25425406 PMCID: PMC4416131 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The top-down analysis of nitrate influx isotherms through the Enzyme-Substrate interpretation has not withstood recent molecular and histochemical analyses of nitrate transporters. Indeed, at least four families of nitrate transporters operating at both high and/or low external nitrate concentrations, and which are located in series and/or parallel in the different cellular layers of the mature root, are involved in nitrate uptake. Accordingly, the top-down analysis of the root catalytic structure for ion transport from the Enzyme-Substrate interpretation of nitrate influx isotherms is inadequate. Moreover, the use of the Enzyme-Substrate velocity equation as a single reference in agronomic models is not suitable in its formalism to account for variations in N uptake under fluctuating environmental conditions. Therefore, a conceptual paradigm shift is required to improve the mechanistic modelling of N uptake in agronomic models. SCOPE An alternative formalism, the Flow-Force theory, was proposed in the 1970s to describe ion isotherms based upon biophysical 'flows and forces' relationships of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. This interpretation describes, with macroscopic parameters, the patterns of N uptake provided by a biological system such as roots. In contrast to the Enzyme-Substrate interpretation, this approach does not claim to represent molecular characteristics. Here it is shown that it is possible to combine the Flow-Force formalism with polynomial responses of nitrate influx rate induced by climatic and in planta factors in relation to nitrate availability. CONCLUSIONS Application of the Flow-Force formalism allows nitrate uptake to be modelled in a more realistic manner, and allows scaling-up in time and space of the regulation of nitrate uptake across the plant growth cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Le Deunff
- Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, UMR EVA, F-14032 Caen cedex, France INRA, UMR 950, Écophysiologie Végétale & Agronomie Nutritions NCS, F-14032 Caen cedex, France
| | - Philippe Malagoli
- Université Blaise Pascal-INRA, 24, avenue des Landais, BP 80 006, F-63177 Aubière, France INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, Bâtiment Biologie Végétale Recherche, BP 80 006, F-63177 Aubière, France
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Perchlik M, Foster J, Tegeder M. Different and overlapping functions of Arabidopsis LHT6 and AAP1 transporters in root amino acid uptake. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5193-204. [PMID: 25005136 PMCID: PMC4157705 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants acquire nitrogen in the form of amino acids from the soil, and transport proteins located in the plasma membrane of root cells are required for this process. It was found that the Arabidopsis lysine-histidine-like transporter LHT6 is expressed in root cells important for amino acid uptake, including the epidermis, root hairs, and cortex. Transport studies with lht6 mutants using high levels of amino acids demonstrated that LHT6 is in fact involved in amino acid uptake. To determine if LHT6 plays a role in nitrogen acquisition at soil amino acid concentrations, growth and uptake studies were performed with low levels of toxic amino acid analogues and radiolabelled amino acids, respectively. In addition, mutants of AAP1, another root amino acid transporter, and lht6/aap1 double mutants were examined. The results showed that LHT6 is involved in uptake of acidic amino acids, glutamine and alanine, and probably phenylalanine. LHT6 seems not to transport basic or other neutral amino acids, or, alternatively, other transporters might compensate for eliminated LHT6 function. Previous studies suggested that AAP1 only takes up amino acids at high concentrations; however, here it is demonstrated that the transporter functions in acquisition of glutamate and neutral amino acids when present at soil concentrations. When comparing the characterized root uptake systems, it appears that transporters both with overlapping substrate specificity and with preference for specific substrates are required to access the soil amino acid pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Perchlik
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Justin Foster
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Mechthild Tegeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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11
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Le Deunff E, Malagoli P. An updated model for nitrate uptake modelling in plants. I. Functional component: cross-combination of flow-force interpretation of nitrate uptake isotherms, and environmental and in planta regulation of nitrate influx. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 113:991-1005. [PMID: 24638820 PMCID: PMC3997639 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In spite of major breakthroughs in the last three decades in the identification of root nitrate uptake transporters in plants and the associated regulation of nitrate transport activities, a simplified and operational modelling approach for nitrate uptake is still lacking. This is due mainly to the difficulty in linking the various regulations of nitrate transport that act at different levels of time and on different spatial scales. METHODS A cross-combination of a Flow-Force approach applied to nitrate influx isotherms and experimentally determined environmental and in planta regulation is used to model nitrate in oilseed rape, Brassica napus. In contrast to 'Enzyme-Substrate' interpretations, a Flow-Force modelling approach considers the root as a single catalytic structure and does not infer hypothetical cellular processes among nitrate transporter activities across cellular layers in the mature roots. In addition, this approach accounts for the driving force on ion transport based on the gradient of electrochemical potential, which is more appropriate from a thermodynamic viewpoint. KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Use of a Flow-Force formalism on nitrate influx isotherms leads to the development of a new conceptual mechanistic basis to model more accurately N uptake by a winter oilseed rape crop under field conditions during the whole growth cycle. This forms the functional component of a proposed new structure-function mechanistic model of N uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Le Deunff
- Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, UMR EVA, F-14032 Caen cedex, France
- INRA, UMR 950, Écophysiologie Végétale & Agronomie Nutritions NCS, F-14032 Caen cedex, France
| | - Philippe Malagoli
- Clermont Universités, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 547 PIAF, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont Ferrand, France
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, F-63100 Clermont Ferrand, France
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12
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Lemaire L, Deleu C, Le Deunff E. Modulation of ethylene biosynthesis by ACC and AIB reveals a structural and functional relationship between the K15NO3 uptake rate and root absorbing surfaces. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:2725-37. [PMID: 23811694 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The modification of root traits in relation to nitrate uptake represents a source for improvement of nitrogen uptake efficiency. Because ethylene signalling modulates growth of exploratory and root hair systems more rapidly (minutes to hours) than nitrate signalling (days to weeks), a pharmacological approach was used to decipher the relationships between root elongation and N uptake. Rape seedlings were grown on agar plates supplied with 1mM K(15)NO3 and treated with different concentrations of either the ethylene precursor, ACC (0.1, 1, and 10 μM) or an inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis, AIB (0.5 and 1 μM). The results showed that rapid modulation of root elongation (up to 8-fold) is more dependent on the ethylene than the nitrate signal. Indeed, ACC treatment induced a partial compensatory increase in (15)N uptake associated with overexpression of the BnNRT2.1 and BnNRT1.1 genes. Likewise, daily root elongation between treatments was not associated with daily nitrate uptake but was correlated with N status. This suggested that a part of the daily root response was modulated by cross talks between ethylene signalling and N and C metabolisms. This was confirmed by the reduction in C allocation to the roots induced by ACC treatment and the correlations of changes in the root length and shoot surface area with the aspartate content. The observed effects of ethylene signalling in the root elongation and NRT gene expression are discussed in the context of the putative role of NRT2.1 and NRT1.1 transporters as nitrate sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Lemaire
- Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, UMR EVA, F-14032 Caen cedex, France
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Leblanc A, Segura R, Deleu C, Le Deunff E. In low transpiring conditions, uncoupling the BnNrt2.1 and BnNrt1.1 NO 3(-) transporters by glutamate treatment reveals the essential role of BnNRT2.1 for nitrate uptake and the nitrate-signaling cascade during growth. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e22904. [PMID: 23299418 PMCID: PMC3656991 DOI: 10.4161/psb.22904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the nitrate transporters, NRT1.1 and NRT2.1, are mainly responsible for nitrate uptake. Intriguingly, both nitrate transporters are located in a complementary manner in different cells layers of the mature root suggesting that their coordination should occur during nitrate uptake and plant growth. This hypothesis was examined on 5-d-old rape seedlings grown on agar medium supplemented with 1 or 5mM nitrate. Seedlings were treated with increasing potassium glutamate concentrations in order to uncouple the two nitrate transporters by inhibiting BnNRT2.1 expression and activity specifically. In both nitrate treatments, increasing the glutamate concentrations from 0.5 to 10mM induced a reduction in (15)NO 3(-) uptake and an inhibition of N assimilation. The decrease in (15)NO 3(-) uptake was caused by downregulation of BnNRT2.1 expression but surprisingly it was not compensated by the upregulation of BnNRT1.1. This created an unprecedented physiological situation where the effects of the nitrate signal on shoot growth were solely modulated by nitrate absorption. In these conditions, the osmotic water flow for volumetric shoot growth was mainly dependent on active nitrate transport and nitrate signaling. This behavior was confirmed by the allometric relationships found between changes in the root length with (15)N and water accumulation in the shoot. These findings demonstrate that the BnNRT2.1 transporter is essential for nitrate uptake and growth, and renew the question of the respective roles of the NRT2.1 and NRT1.1 transporters in nitrate uptake and sensing at the whole plant level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carole Deleu
- Université Rennes 1; UMR INRA 1349 IGEPP; Rennes, France
| | - Erwan Le Deunff
- Université Caen; IBFA; UMR INRA 950 EVA; Caen France
- Correspondence to: Erwan Le Deunff,
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Wang YY, Hsu PK, Tsay YF. Uptake, allocation and signaling of nitrate. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 17:458-67. [PMID: 22658680 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants need to acquire nitrogen (N) efficiently from the soil for growth. Nitrate is one of the major N sources for higher plants. Therefore, nitrate uptake and allocation are key factors in efficient N utilization. Membrane-bound transporters are required for nitrate uptake from the soil and for the inter- and intracellular movement of nitrate inside the plants. Four gene families, nitrate transporter 1/peptide transporter (NRT1/PTR), NRT2, chloride channel (CLC), and slow anion channel-associated 1 homolog 3 (SLAC1/SLAH), are involved in nitrate uptake, allocation, and storage in higher plants. Recent studies of these transporters or channels have provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms of nitrate uptake and allocation. Interestingly, several of these transporters also play versatile roles in nitrate sensing, plant development, pathogen defense, and/or stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Yun Wang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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15
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Engelsberger WR, Schulze WX. Nitrate and ammonium lead to distinct global dynamic phosphorylation patterns when resupplied to nitrogen-starved Arabidopsis seedlings. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 69:978-95. [PMID: 22060019 PMCID: PMC3380553 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04848.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development. Inorganic nitrogen and its assimilation products control various metabolic, physiological and developmental processes. Although the transcriptional responses induced by nitrogen have been extensively studied in the past, our work here focused on the discovery of candidate proteins for regulatory events that are complementary to transcriptional changes. Most signaling pathways involve modulation of protein abundance and/or activity by protein phosphorylation. Therefore, we analyzed the dynamic changes in protein phosphorylation in membrane and soluble proteins from plants exposed to rapid changes in nutrient availability over a time course of 30 min. Plants were starved of nitrogen and subsequently resupplied with nitrogen in the form of nitrate or ammonium. Proteins with maximum change in their phosphorylation level at up to 5 min after nitrogen resupply (fast responses) included GPI-anchored proteins, receptor kinases and transcription factors, while proteins with maximum change in their phosphorylation level after 10 min of nitrogen resupply (late responses) included proteins involved in protein synthesis and degradation, as well as proteins with functions in central metabolism and hormone metabolism. Resupply of nitrogen in the form of nitrate or ammonium resulted in distinct phosphorylation patterns, mainly of proteins with signaling functions, transcription factors and transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Waltraud X Schulze
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare PflanzenphysiologieAm Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Golm, Germany
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Feng H, Fan X, Yan M, Liu X, Miller AJ, Xu G. Multiple roles of nitrate transport accessory protein NAR2 in plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:1286-9. [PMID: 21852757 PMCID: PMC3258053 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.9.16377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Two component high affinity nitrate transport system, NAR2/NRT2, has been defined in several plant species. In Arabidopsis, AtNAR2.1 has a role in the targeting of AtNRT2.1 to the plasma membrane. The gene knock out mutant atnar2.1 lacks inducible high-affinity transport system (IHATS) activity, it also shows the same inhibition of lateral root (LR) initiation on the newly developed primary roots as the atnrt2.1 mutant in response to low nitrate supply. In rice, OsNAR2.1 interacts with OsNRT2.1, OsNRT2.2 and OsNRT2.3a to provide nitrate uptake over high and low concentration ranges. In rice roots OsNAR2.1 and its partner NRT2s show some expression differences in both tissue specificity and abundance. It can be predicted that NAR2 plays multiple roles in addition to being an IHATS component in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement; College of Resources and Environmental Sciences; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaorong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement; College of Resources and Environmental Sciences; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement; College of Resources and Environmental Sciences; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement; College of Resources and Environmental Sciences; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing, China
| | - Anthony J Miller
- Disease and Stress Biology Department; John Innes Center; Norwich Research Park; Norwich, UK
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement; College of Resources and Environmental Sciences; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing, China
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Abstract
In addition to light, water and CO(2), plants require a number of mineral nutrients, in particular the macronutrients nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium and potassium. After uptake from the soil by the root system they are either immediately assimilated into organic compounds or distributed within the plant for usage in different tissues. A good understanding of how the transport of macronutrients into and between plant cells is adjusted to different environmental conditions is essential to achieve an increase of nutrient usage efficiency and nutritional value in crops. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding the regulation of macronutrient transport, taking both a physiological and a mechanistic approach. We first describe how nutrient transport is linked to environmental and internal cues such as nutrient, carbon and water availability via hormonal, metabolic and physical signals. We then present information on the molecular mechanisms for regulation of transport proteins, including voltage gating, auto-inhibition, interaction with other proteins, oligomerization and trafficking. Combining of evidence for different nutrients, signals and regulatory levels creates an opportunity for making new connections within a large body of data, and thus contributes to an integrative understanding of nutrient transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Amtmann
- Plant Sciences Group, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G128QQ, UK
| | - Michael R Blatt
- Plant Sciences Group, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G128QQ, UK
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