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Yun F, Liu H, Deng Y, Hou X, Liao W. The Role of Light-Regulated Auxin Signaling in Root Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065253. [PMID: 36982350 PMCID: PMC10049345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The root is an important organ for obtaining nutrients and absorbing water and carbohydrates, and it depends on various endogenous and external environmental stimulations such as light, temperature, water, plant hormones, and metabolic constituents. Auxin, as an essential plant hormone, can mediate rooting under different light treatments. Therefore, this review focuses on summarizing the functions and mechanisms of light-regulated auxin signaling in root development. Some light-response components such as phytochromes (PHYs), cryptochromes (CRYs), phototropins (PHOTs), phytochrome-interacting factors (PIFs) and constitutive photo-morphorgenic 1 (COP1) regulate root development. Moreover, light mediates the primary root, lateral root, adventitious root, root hair, rhizoid, and seminal and crown root development via the auxin signaling transduction pathway. Additionally, the effect of light through the auxin signal on root negative phototropism, gravitropism, root greening and the root branching of plants is also illustrated. The review also summarizes diverse light target genes in response to auxin signaling during rooting. We conclude that the mechanism of light-mediated root development via auxin signaling is complex, and it mainly concerns in the differences in plant species, such as barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), changes of transcript levels and endogenous IAA content. Hence, the effect of light-involved auxin signaling on root growth and development is definitely a hot issue to explore in the horticultural studies now and in the future.
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Nayak JJ, Anwar S, Krishna P, Chen ZH, Plett JM, Foo E, Cazzonelli CI. Tangerine tomato roots show increased accumulation of acyclic carotenoids, less abscisic acid, drought sensitivity, and impaired endomycorrhizal colonization. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 321:111308. [PMID: 35696908 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Heirloom Golden tangerine tomato fruit variety is highly nutritious due to accumulation of tetra-cis-lycopene, that has a higher bioavailability and recognised health benefits in treating anti-inflammatory diseases compared to all-trans-lycopene isomers found in red tomatoes. We investigated if photoisomerization of tetra-cis-lycopene occurs in roots of the MicroTom tangerine (tangmic) tomato and how this affects root to shoot biomass, mycorrhizal colonization, abscisic acid accumulation, and responses to drought. tangmic plants grown in soil under glasshouse conditions displayed a reduction in height, number of flowers, fruit yield, and root length compared to wild-type (WT). Soil inoculation with Rhizophagus irregularis revealed fewer arbuscules and other fungal structures in the endodermal cells of roots in tangmic relative to WT. The roots of tangmic hyperaccumulated acyclic cis-carotenes, while only trace levels of xanthophylls and abscisic acid were detected. In response to a water deficit, leaves from the tangmic plants displayed a rapid decline in maximum quantum yield of photosystem II compared to WT, indicating a defective root to shoot signalling response to drought. The lack of xanthophylls biosynthesis in tangmic roots reduced abscisic acid levels, thereby likely impairing endomycorrhizal colonisation and drought-induced root to shoot signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jwalit J Nayak
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Sidra Anwar
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Priti Krishna
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Plett
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Eloise Foo
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Christopher I Cazzonelli
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
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Regulation of Photomorphogenic Development by Plant Phytochromes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246165. [PMID: 31817722 PMCID: PMC6941077 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Photomorphogenesis and skotomorphogenesis are two key events that control plant development, from seed germination to flowering and senescence. A group of wavelength-specific photoreceptors, E3 ubiquitin ligases, and various transcription factors work together to regulate these two critical processes. Phytochromes are the main photoreceptors in plants for perceiving red/far-red light and transducing the light signals to downstream factors that regulate the gene expression network for photomorphogenic development. In this review, we highlight key developmental stages in the life cycle of plants and how phytochromes and other components in the phytochrome signaling pathway play roles in plant growth and development.
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Sheerin DJ, Hiltbrunner A. Molecular mechanisms and ecological function of far-red light signalling. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2509-2529. [PMID: 28102581 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Land plants possess the ability to sense and respond to far-red light (700-760 nm), which serves as an important environmental cue. Due to the nature of far-red light, it is not absorbed by chlorophyll and thus is enriched in canopy shade and will also penetrate deeper into soil than other visible wavelengths. Far-red light responses include regulation of seed germination, suppression of hypocotyl growth, induction of flowering and accumulation of anthocyanins, which depend on one member of the phytochrome photoreceptor family, phytochrome A (phyA). Here, we review the current understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of how plants sense far-red light through phyA and the physiological responses to this light quality. Light-activated phytochromes act on two primary pathways within the nucleus; suppression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex CUL4/DDB1COP1/SPA and inactivation of the PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR (PIF) family of bHLH transcription factors. These pathways integrate with other signal transduction pathways, including phytohormones, for tissue and developmental stage specific responses. Unlike other phytochromes that mediate red-light responses, phyA is transported from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in far-red light by the shuttle proteins FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 1 (FHY1) and FHY1-LIKE (FHL). However, additional mechanisms must exist that shift the action of phyA to far-red light; current hypotheses are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Sheerin
- Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Hiltbrunner
- Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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Smirnakou S, Ouzounis T, Radoglou KM. Continuous Spectrum LEDs Promote Seedling Quality Traits and Performance of Quercus ithaburensis var. macrolepis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:188. [PMID: 28261244 PMCID: PMC5306215 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of the growth, development, and quality of plants by the control of light quality has attracted extensive attention worldwide. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of continuous LED spectrum for indoor plant pre-cultivation and to investigate the morphological and physiological responses of a common broadleaved tree species in Mediterranean environment, Quercus ithaburensis var. macrolepis at seedling developmental stage. Thus, the seedlings were pre-cultivated for 28 days, under five different LED light qualities: (1) Fluorescent (FL) as control light (2) L20AP67 (high in green and moderate in far-red), (3) AP673L (high in green and red), (4) G2 (highest in red and far-red), AP67 (high in blue, red, and far-red), and (5) NS1 (highest in blue and green and lowest in far-red) LEDs. Further examination was held at the nursery for 1 year, on several seedling quality traits. Indeed, AP67 and AP673L triggered higher leaf formation, while L20AP67 positively affected seedling shoot development. NS1 and AP67 LED pre-cultivated seedlings showed significantly higher root fibrosity than those of FL light. Furthermore, NS1 and AP673L LEDs induced fourfold increase on seedling root dry weight than FL light. Hence, evaluating the seedling nursery performance attributes, most of those photomorphogenetic responses previously obtained were still detectable. Even more so, LED pre-cultivated seedlings showed higher survival and faster growth indicating better adaptation even under natural light conditions, a fact further reinforced by the significantly higher Dickson's quality index acquired. In conclusion, the goal of each nursery management program is the production of high quality seedlings with those desirable traits, which in turn satisfy the specific needs for a particular reforestation site. Thus, the enhanced oak seedling quality traits formed under continuous LEDs spectrum especially of NS1 and AP673L pre-cultivation may potentially fulfill this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Smirnakou
- Department of Forestry and Management of the Environment and Natural Resources, Democritus University of ThraceNea Orestiada, Greece
| | - Theoharis Ouzounis
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Kalliopi M. Radoglou
- Department of Forestry and Management of the Environment and Natural Resources, Democritus University of ThraceNea Orestiada, Greece
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Lee HJ, Ha JH, Kim SG, Choi HK, Kim ZH, Han YJ, Kim JI, Oh Y, Fragoso V, Shin K, Hyeon T, Choi HG, Oh KH, Baldwin IT, Park CM. Stem-piped light activates phytochrome B to trigger light responses in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra106. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaf6530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Montgomery BL. Spatiotemporal Phytochrome Signaling during Photomorphogenesis: From Physiology to Molecular Mechanisms and Back. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:480. [PMID: 27148307 PMCID: PMC4826876 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Light exposure results in distinct responses in specific seedling tissues during photomorphogenesis. Light promotes growth of cotyledons and leaves, as well as development and elongation of roots, whereas light inhibits elongation of hypocotyls. For distinct plant responses such as shade avoidance, far-red light or shifts in spectral light quality similarly have disparate impacts on distinct plant tissues, resulting in elongation of stems or petioles and a reduction in growth of leaf blades for many species. The physiological bases of such tissue- and organ-specific light responses were initially studied using localized irradiation of specific tissues and organs, or irradiation of dissected plant parts. These historical approaches were used to identify spatial-specific pools of photoreceptors responsible for regulating local, i.e., tissue- or organ-specific, or distal, i.e., interorgan, plant responses. The red/far-red responsive phytochromes have been the most widely studied among photoreceptors in this regard. Whereas, the spatial localization of photoreceptors regulating many tissue- or organ-specific light responses were identified, the underlying signaling networks responsible for mediating the observed responses have not been well defined. Recent approaches used to investigate the molecular bases of spatiotemporal light responses include selective irradiation of plants harboring mutations in specific photoreceptors, tissue-specific expression of photoreceptors, primarily in photoreceptor mutant backgrounds, or tissue-specific biochemical ablation of photoreceptor accumulation. Progressive integration of such approaches for regulating the availability of localized pools of phytochromes with the use of transcriptomic or proteomic analyses for assessing the genes or proteins which these spatially discrete pools of phytochrome regulate is yielding emergent insight into the molecular bases of spatiotemporal phytochrome signaling pathways responsible for regulating spatiotemporal light responses of which we have been aware of at the physiological level for decades. Here, I discuss historical and emerging approaches to elucidating spatiotemporal signaling mediated by phytochromes during photomorphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beronda L. Montgomery
- Department of Energy — Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
- *Correspondence: Beronda L. Montgomery,
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Silva-Navas J, Moreno-Risueno MA, Manzano C, Pallero-Baena M, Navarro-Neila S, Téllez-Robledo B, Garcia-Mina JM, Baigorri R, Gallego FJ, del Pozo JC. D-Root: a system for cultivating plants with the roots in darkness or under different light conditions. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 84:244-55. [PMID: 26312572 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In nature roots grow in the dark and away from light (negative phototropism). However, most current research in root biology has been carried out with the root system grown in the presence of light. Here, we have engineered a device, called Dark-Root (D-Root), to grow plants in vitro with the aerial part exposed to the normal light/dark photoperiod while the roots are in the dark or exposed to specific wavelengths or light intensities. D-Root provides an efficient system for cultivating a large number of seedlings and easily characterizing root architecture in the dark. At the morphological level, root illumination shortens root length and promotes early emergence of lateral roots, therefore inducing expansion of the root system. Surprisingly, root illumination also affects shoot development, including flowering time. Our analyses also show that root illumination alters the proper response to hormones or abiotic stress (e.g. salt or osmotic stress) and nutrient starvation, enhancing inhibition of root growth. In conclusion, D-Root provides a growing system closer to the natural one for assaying Arabidopsis plants, and therefore its use will contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in root development, hormonal signaling and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Silva-Navas
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP) INIA-UPM, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, 28223, Spain
- Dpto. de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Miguel A Moreno-Risueno
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP) INIA-UPM, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, 28223, Spain
| | - Concepción Manzano
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP) INIA-UPM, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, 28223, Spain
| | - Mercedes Pallero-Baena
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP) INIA-UPM, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, 28223, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, 06006, Spain
| | - Sara Navarro-Neila
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP) INIA-UPM, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, 28223, Spain
| | - Bárbara Téllez-Robledo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP) INIA-UPM, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, 28223, Spain
| | - Jose M Garcia-Mina
- CIPAV (Centro de Investigación en Producción Animal y Vegetal), Timac Agro Int-Roullier Group, Polígono Arazuri-Orcoyen, C/C n 32, Orcoyen, 31160, Spain
| | - Roberto Baigorri
- CIPAV (Centro de Investigación en Producción Animal y Vegetal), Timac Agro Int-Roullier Group, Polígono Arazuri-Orcoyen, C/C n 32, Orcoyen, 31160, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Gallego
- Dpto. de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Juan C del Pozo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP) INIA-UPM, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, 28223, Spain
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Yokawa K, Kagenishi T, Baluška F. UV-B Induced Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species Promotes Formation of BFA-Induced Compartments in Cells of Arabidopsis Root Apices. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1162. [PMID: 26793199 PMCID: PMC4710705 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
UV-B radiation is an important part of the electromagnetic spectrum emitted by the sun. For much of the period of biological evolution organisms have been exposed to UV radiation, and have developed diverse mechanisms to cope with this potential stress factor. Roots are usually shielded from exposure to UV by the surrounding soil, but may nevertheless be exposed to high energy radiation on the soil surface. Due to their high sensitivity to UV-B radiation, plant roots need to respond rapidly in order to minimize exposure on the surface. In addition to root gravitropism, effective light perception by roots has recently been discovered to be essential for triggering negative root phototropism in Arabidopsis. However, it is not fully understood how UV-B affects root growth and phototropism. Here, we report that UV-B induces rapid generation of reactive oxygen species which in turn promotes the formation of BFA-induced compartments in the Arabidopsis root apex. During unilateral UV-B irradiation of roots changes in auxin concentration on the illuminated side have been recorded. In conclusion, UV-B-induced and ROS-mediated stimulation of vesicle recycling promotes root growth and induces negative phototropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Yokawa
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, BonnGermany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan UniversityTokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kagenishi
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, BonnGermany
| | - František Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, BonnGermany
- *Correspondence: František Baluška,
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Yokawa K, Fasano R, Kagenishi T, Baluška F. Light as stress factor to plant roots - case of root halotropism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:718. [PMID: 25566292 PMCID: PMC4264407 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite growing underground, largely in darkness, roots emerge to be very sensitive to light. Recently, several important papers have been published which reveal that plant roots not only express all known light receptors but also that their growth, physiology and adaptive stress responses are light-sensitive. In Arabidopsis, illumination of roots speeds-up root growth via reactive oxygen species-mediated and F-actin dependent process. On the other hand, keeping Arabidopsis roots in darkness alters F-actin distribution, polar localization of PIN proteins as well as polar transport of auxin. Several signaling components activated by phytohormones are overlapping with light-related signaling cascade. We demonstrated that the sensitivity of roots to salinity is altered in the light-grown Arabidopsis roots. Particularly, light-exposed roots are less effective in their salt-avoidance behavior known as root halotropism. Here we discuss these new aspects of light-mediated root behavior from cellular, physiological and evolutionary perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Yokawa
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of BonnBonn, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan UniversityTokyo, Japan
| | - Rossella Fasano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of SalernoFisciano, Italy
| | - Tomoko Kagenishi
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of BonnBonn, Germany
| | - František Baluška
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of BonnBonn, Germany
- *Correspondence: František Baluška, Department of Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany e-mail:
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Wei H, Yordanov YS, Georgieva T, Li X, Busov V. Nitrogen deprivation promotes Populus root growth through global transcriptome reprogramming and activation of hierarchical genetic networks. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:483-497. [PMID: 23795675 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We show a distinct and previously poorly characterized response of poplar (Populus tremula × Populus alba) roots to low nitrogen (LN), which involves activation of root growth and significant transcriptome reprogramming. Analysis of the temporal patterns of enriched ontologies among the differentially expressed genes revealed an ordered assembly of functionally cohesive biological events that aligned well with growth and morphological responses. A core set of 28 biological processes was significantly enriched across the whole studied period and 21 of these were also enriched in the roots of Arabidopsis thaliana during the LN response. More than half (15) of the 28 processes belong to gene ontology (GO) terms associated with signaling and signal transduction pathways, suggesting the presence of conserved signaling mechanisms triggered by LN. A reconstruction of genetic regulatory network analysis revealed a sub-network centered on a PtaNAC1 (P. tremula × alba NAM, ATAF, CUC 1) transcription factor. PtaNAC1 root-specific up-regulation increased root biomass and significantly changed the expression of the connected hub genes specifically under LN. Our results provide evidence that the root response to LN involves hierarchically structured genetic networks centered on key regulatory factors. Targeting these factors via genetic engineering or breeding approaches can allow dynamic adjustment of root architecture in response to variable nitrogen availabilities in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Wei
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931-1295, USA
- Biotechnology Research Center, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
- Computer Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Yordan S Yordanov
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931-1295, USA
| | - Tatyana Georgieva
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931-1295, USA
| | - Xiang Li
- Computer Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Victor Busov
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931-1295, USA
- Biotechnology Research Center, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
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Yokawa K, Kagenishi T, Baluška F. Root photomorphogenesis in laboratory-maintained Arabidopsis seedlings. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 18:117-9. [PMID: 23395309 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In nature, root systems of most terrestrial plants are underground in darkness. Nevertheless, several photoreceptors have been found in roots and light-responsive mechanisms allowing roots to escape from strong light conditions have been discovered. In transparent Petri dishes, regular light exposure affects root morphology and behavior. We advocate the use of darkened Petri dishes to allow roots to be kept in darkness, thus mimicking more closely the conditions in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Yokawa
- IZMB, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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