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Wendi W, Dongzhe W, Hao W, Yongjin S, Xiaolin G. Effect of dry dynamic apnea on aerobic power in elite rugby athletes: a warm-up method. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1269656. [PMID: 38292448 PMCID: PMC10824898 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1269656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: While long-term dynamic breath-holding training has been extensively studied to enhance cardiopulmonary function in athletes, limited research has explored the impact of a single breath-holding session on subsequent athletic capacity. In addition, Dry Dynamic Apnea (DA) has a more immediate physiological response than wet and static breath-holding. This study aims to assess the immediate effects of a single session of DA on the aerobic power and hematological parameters of elite athletes. Methods: Seventeen elite male rugby athletes (average age 23.5 ± 1.8) participated in this study. Two warm-up protocols were employed prior to incremental exercise: a standard warm-up (10 min of no-load pedaling) and a DA warm-up (10 min of no-load pedaling accompanied by six maximum capacity breath holds, with 30 s between each breath hold). Fingertip blood indicators were measured before and after warm-up. The incremental exercise test assessed aerobic parameters with self-regulation applied throughout the study. Results: Compared to the baseline warm-up, the DA warm-up resulted in a significant increase in VO2peak from 3.14 to 3.38 L/min (7.64% change, p < 0.05). HRmax increased from 170 to 183 bpm (7.34% change, p < 0.05), and HRpeak increased from 169 to 182 bpm (7.52% change, p < 0.05). Hematocrit and hemoglobin showed differential changes between the two warm-up methods (PHematocrit = 0.674; Phemoglobin = 0.707). Conclusion: This study investigates how DA influences physiological factors such as spleen contraction, oxygen uptake, and sympathetic nerve activation compared to traditional warm-up methods. Immediate improvements in aerobic power suggest reduced vagus nerve stimulation, heightened sympathetic activity, and alterations in respiratory metabolism induced by the voluntarily hypoxia-triggered warm-up. Further research is warranted to comprehensively understand these physiological responses and optimize warm-up strategies for elite athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Wendi
- Sports Rehabilitation Research Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
| | - Wu Dongzhe
- Sports Rehabilitation Research Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
| | - Wang Hao
- Sports Rehabilitation Research Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
| | - Shi Yongjin
- Department of Sports and Arts, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Gao Xiaolin
- Sports Rehabilitation Research Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
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Bhakta NR, McGowan A, Ramsey KA, Borg B, Kivastik J, Knight SL, Sylvester K, Burgos F, Swenson ER, McCarthy K, Cooper BG, García-Río F, Skloot G, McCormack M, Mottram C, Irvin CG, Steenbruggen I, Coates AL, Kaminsky DA. European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society technical statement: standardisation of the measurement of lung volumes, 2023 update. Eur Respir J 2023; 62:2201519. [PMID: 37500112 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01519-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
This document updates the 2005 European Respiratory Society (ERS) and American Thoracic Society (ATS) technical standard for the measurement of lung volumes. The 2005 document integrated the recommendations of an ATS/ERS task force with those from an earlier National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute workshop that led to the publication of background papers between 1995 and 1999 and a consensus workshop report with more in-depth descriptions and discussion. Advancements in hardware and software, new research and emerging approaches have necessitated an update to the 2005 technical standard to guide laboratory directors, physiologists, operators, pulmonologists and manufacturers. Key updates include standardisation of linked spirometry, new equipment quality control and validation recommendations, generalisation of the multiple breath washout concept beyond nitrogen, a new acceptability and grading system with addition of example tracings, and a brief review of imaging and other new techniques to measure lung volumes. Future directions and key research questions are also noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirav R Bhakta
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aisling McGowan
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Diagnostics, Connolly Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kathryn A Ramsey
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Brigitte Borg
- Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jana Kivastik
- Department of Physiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Shandra Lee Knight
- Strauss Health Sciences Library, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Karl Sylvester
- Cambridge Respiratory Physiology, Cambridge University Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Respiratory Physiology, Royal Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Felip Burgos
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, CIBERES, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Erik R Swenson
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kevin McCarthy
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Gwen Skloot
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, La Paz University Hospital IdiPAZ, Autonomous University of Madrid, CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carl Mottram
- Pulmonary Function Laboratory, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Irene Steenbruggen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Allan L Coates
- Pulmonary Function Department, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - David A Kaminsky
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Dept of Pediatrics, Translational Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Graham BL, Steenbruggen I, Miller MR, Barjaktarevic IZ, Cooper BG, Hall GL, Hallstrand TS, Kaminsky DA, McCarthy K, McCormack MC, Oropez CE, Rosenfeld M, Stanojevic S, Swanney MP, Thompson BR. Standardization of Spirometry 2019 Update. An Official American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society Technical Statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 200:e70-e88. [PMID: 31613151 PMCID: PMC6794117 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201908-1590st] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1621] [Impact Index Per Article: 405.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Spirometry is the most common pulmonary function test. It is widely used in the assessment of lung function to provide objective information used in the diagnosis of lung diseases and monitoring lung health. In 2005, the American Thoracic Society and the European Respiratory Society jointly adopted technical standards for conducting spirometry. Improvements in instrumentation and computational capabilities, together with new research studies and enhanced quality assurance approaches, have led to the need to update the 2005 technical standards for spirometry to take full advantage of current technical capabilities.Methods: This spirometry technical standards document was developed by an international joint task force, appointed by the American Thoracic Society and the European Respiratory Society, with expertise in conducting and analyzing pulmonary function tests, laboratory quality assurance, and developing international standards. A comprehensive review of published evidence was performed. A patient survey was developed to capture patients' experiences.Results: Revisions to the 2005 technical standards for spirometry were made, including the addition of factors that were not previously considered. Evidence to support the revisions was cited when applicable. The experience and expertise of task force members were used to develop recommended best practices.Conclusions: Standards and consensus recommendations are presented for manufacturers, clinicians, operators, and researchers with the aims of increasing the accuracy, precision, and quality of spirometric measurements and improving the patient experience. A comprehensive guide to aid in the implementation of these standards was developed as an online supplement.
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Oh K, Shin CS, Kim J, Yoo SK. Level-Set Segmentation-Based Respiratory Volume Estimation Using a Depth Camera. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2018; 23:1674-1682. [PMID: 30235149 PMCID: PMC7309325 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2018.2870859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a method is proposed to measure human respiratory volume using a depth camera. The level-set segmentation method, combined with spatial and temporal information, was used to measure respiratory volume accurately. The shape of the human chest wall was used as spatial information. As temporal information, the segmentation result from the previous frame in the time-aligned depth image was used. The results of the proposed method were verified using a ventilator. The proposed method was also compared with other level-set methods. The result showed that the mean tidal volume error of the proposed method was 8.41% compared to the actual tidal volume. This was calculated to have less error than with two other methods: the level-set method with spatial information (14.34%) and the level-set method with temporal information (10.93%). The difference between these methods of tidal volume error was statistically significant \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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}{}${\text{(p}} < {\text{0.0001}})$\end{document}. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) of the respiratory volume waveform measured by a ventilator and by the proposed method was 0.893 on an average, while the ICC between the ventilator and the other methods were 0.837 and 0.879 on an average.
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