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Pieniak M, Rokosz M, Nawrocka P, Reichert A, Zyzelewicz B, Mahmut MK, Oleszkiewicz A. Null cross-modal effects of olfactory training on visual, auditory or olfactory working memory in 6- to 9-year-old children. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2024:1-22. [PMID: 38762780 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2024.2343484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Systematic exposure to odours (olfactory training, OT) is a method of smell loss treatment. Due to olfactory system projections to prefrontal brain areas, OT has been hypothesized to enhance cognitive functions, but its effects have been studied predominantly in adults. This study tested OT effects on working memory (WM), i.e., the ability to store and manipulate information for a short time, in healthy children aged 6-9 years. We expected OT to improve olfactory WM and establish cross-modal transfer to visual and auditory WM. Participants performed 12 weeks of bi-daily OT with either 4 odours (lemon, eucalyptus, rose, cloves; OT group) or odourless propylene glycol (placebo group). Pre- and post-training, participants' WM was measured utilizing odours (olfactory WM) or pictures (visual WM) and a word-span task (auditory WM). 84 children (40 girls) completed the study. The analyses revealed no changes in the WM performance following OT. The olfactory WM task was the most difficult for children, highlighting the need to include olfactory-related tasks in educational programmes to improve children's odour knowledge and memory, just as they learn about sounds and pictures. Further neuroimaging research is needed to fully understand the impact of OT on cognitive functions in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pieniak
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marta Rokosz
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Aleksandra Reichert
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Mehmet K Mahmut
- Food, Flavour and Fragrance Lab, School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anna Oleszkiewicz
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Payandeh JE, Motamed M, Kirubalingam K, Chadha NK. Olfactory Dysfunction in Children: A Scoping Review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023; 169:1399-1408. [PMID: 37449420 DOI: 10.1002/ohn.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Olfactory disorders are well-studied in the adult population, however, there is a paucity of literature characterizing olfactory dysfunction in pediatric patients. The purpose of this scoping review was to identify known causes of olfactory loss in pediatric populations, clarify the extent of use and validity of smell tests, and summarize current therapies for olfactory loss. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, and Web of Science. REVIEW METHODS Databases were systematically searched in September 2020. Two independent reviewers conducted the title and abstract screen, followed by review of full-texts for inclusion based on preset inclusion and exclusion criteria. Extracted data included study type, age/age-range of participants, gender, radiological evidence of olfactory dysfunction, types and results of smell tests used, etiology of olfactory loss, and therapies employed for olfactory loss. RESULTS A total of 103 articles (n = 1654) were eligible for final data extraction. The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test was used most frequently for smell testing (21% of studies). In total, 45 causes of olfactory dysfunction have been elucidated by this study: 22 congenital and 23 acquired. Few therapies were described, and all were specific to the etiology of olfactory loss. CONCLUSION Olfactory dysfunction has a wide range of etiologies in the pediatric population, and clinicians should have a diagnostic algorithm for how to identify a cause should they encounter it in practice. If no etiology can be identified, education around safety should be provided to both the patient and their caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehras Motamed
- Faculty of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Neil K Chadha
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, B.C. Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Pieniak M, Seidel K, Oleszkiewicz A, Gellrich J, Karpinski C, Fitze G, Schriever VA. Olfactory training effects in children after mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2023; 37:1272-1284. [PMID: 37486172 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2023.2237889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) might impair the sense of smell and cognitive functioning. Repeated, systematic exposure to odors, i.e., olfactory training (OT) has been proposed for treatment of olfactory dysfunctions, including post-traumatic smell loss. Additionally, OT has been shown to mitigate cognitive deterioration in older population and enhance selected cognitive functions in adults. We aimed to investigate olfactory and cognitive effects of OT in the pediatric population after mTBI, likely to exhibit cognitive and olfactory deficits. METHODS Our study comprised 159 children after mTBI and healthy controls aged 6-16 years (M = 9.68 ± 2.78 years, 107 males), who performed 6-months-long OT with a set of 4 either high- or low-concentrated odors. Before and after OT we assessed olfactory functions, fluid intelligence, and executive functions. RESULTS OT with low-concentrated odors increased olfactory sensitivity in children after mTBI. Regardless of health status, children who underwent OT with low-concentrated odors had higher fluid intelligence scores at post-training measurement, whereas scores of children performing OT with high-concentrated odors did not change. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that OT with low-concentrated odors might accelerate rehabilitation of olfactory sensitivity in children after mTBI and support cognitive functions in the area of fluid intelligence regardless of head trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pieniak
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Historical and Pedagogical Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katharina Seidel
- Abteilung Neuropädiatrie, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Oleszkiewicz
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Historical and Pedagogical Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Janine Gellrich
- Abteilung Neuropädiatrie, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Karpinski
- Klinik Und Poliklinik Für Kinderchirurgie, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Guido Fitze
- Klinik Und Poliklinik Für Kinderchirurgie, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Valentin A Schriever
- Abteilung Neuropädiatrie, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Chronically Sick Children (Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum, SPZ), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Lillqvist M, Claeson AS, Zakrzewska M, Andersson L. Comparable responses to a wide range of olfactory stimulation in women and men. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9059. [PMID: 37270617 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35936-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The evidence for differences between women and men in terms of olfactory abilities is contradictory. We analyzed women and men's performance and reactions to a wider range of odour exposure outcomes than usually studied, to assess possible differences and similarities between sexes. Measures of sensitivity and sensory decision rule were established in 37 women and 39 men. Perceptual, cognitive, symptom-related and autonomic nervous system (skin conductance level and heart-rate variability) reactions were also assessed during extended ambient odour exposure, as well as participants' self-rated chemical intolerance. Bayesian analyses consistently revealed greater support for sex-related similarities than differences, suggesting that women and men perform and react comparably not only in terms of basic olfactory measures, but also to environmental odour exposure mimicking everyday situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moa Lillqvist
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | | | - Marta Zakrzewska
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
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Koyama S, Mori E, Ueha R. Insight into the mechanisms of olfactory dysfunction by COVID-19. Auris Nasus Larynx 2022:S0385-8146(22)00230-9. [PMID: 36529610 PMCID: PMC9731926 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
One of the unique symptoms of COVID-19 is chemosensory dysfunction. Almost three years since the beginning of the pandemic of COVID-19, there have been many studies on the symptoms, progress, and possible causes, and also studies on methods that may facilitate recovery of the senses. Studies have shown that some people recover their senses even within a couple of weeks whereas there are other patients that fail to recover chemosensory functions fully for several months and some never fully recover. Here we summarize the symptoms and the progress, and then review the papers on the causation as well as the treatments that may help facilitate the recovery of the symptoms. Depending on the differences in the levels of severity and the locations where the main pathological venues are, what is most effective in facilitating recovery can vary largely across patients and thus may require individualized strategies for each patient. The goal of this paper is to provide some thoughts on these choices depending on the differences in the causes and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Koyama
- Indiana University, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, United States,Correspondence author at: Indiana University, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, 1481 W Tenth St., Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States
| | - Eri Mori
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University, School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Rumi Ueha
- Swallowing Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Japan,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Japan
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Pieniak M, Oleszkiewicz A, Avaro V, Calegari F, Hummel T. Olfactory training - Thirteen years of research reviewed. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 141:104853. [PMID: 36064146 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The sense of smell is interrelated with psychosocial functioning. Olfactory disorders often decrease quality of life but treatment options for people with olfactory loss are limited. Additionally, olfactory loss accompanies and precedes psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Regular, systematic exposure to a set of odors, i.e., olfactory training (OT) has been offered for rehabilitation of the sense of smell in clinical practice. As signals from the olfactory bulb are directly projected to the limbic system it has been also debated whether OT might benefit psychological functioning, i.e., mitigate cognitive deterioration or improve emotional processing. In this review we synthesize key findings on OT utility in the clinical practice and highlight the molecular, cellular, and neuroanatomical changes accompanying olfactory recovery in people with smell loss as well as in experimental animal models. We discuss how OT and its modifications have been used in interventions aiming to support cognitive functions and improve well-being. We delineate main methodological challenges in research on OT and suggest areas requiring further scientific attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pieniak
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Technische Universitat Dresden, Dresden, Germany; University of Wrocław, Faculty of Historical and Pedagogical Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Oleszkiewicz
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Technische Universitat Dresden, Dresden, Germany; University of Wrocław, Faculty of Historical and Pedagogical Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Vittoria Avaro
- CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Federico Calegari
- CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Technische Universitat Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Chao Y, Woosch D, Pieniak M, Hummel T. Gender difference in ratings of odor intensity during olfactory training. J SENS STUD 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/joss.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun‐Ting Chao
- Smell and Taste Clinic Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden Dresden Germany
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei
- Institute of Brain Science National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Taipei
| | - Dorothea Woosch
- Smell and Taste Clinic Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Michal Pieniak
- Smell and Taste Clinic Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden Dresden Germany
- University of Wrocław, Faculty of Historical and Pedagogical Sciences Institute of Psychology Wrocław Poland
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden Dresden Germany
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Hu B, Zhang J, Gong M, Deng Y, Cao Y, Xiang Y, Ye D. Research Progress of Olfactory Nerve Regeneration Mechanism and Olfactory Training. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2022; 18:185-195. [PMID: 35281777 PMCID: PMC8906848 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s354695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory nerve (ON) is the only cranial nerve exposed to the external environment. Hence, it is susceptible to damage from head trauma, viral infection, inflammatory stimulation, and chemical toxins, which can lead to olfactory dysfunction. However, compared with all other cranial nerves, the ON is unique due to its inherent ability to regenerate. This characteristic provides a theoretical basis for treatment of olfactory dysfunction. Olfactory training (OT) is one of the main treatments for olfactory dysfunction. It is easy to apply and has few side-effects, and has been shown to be efficacious for patients with olfactory dysfunction of various causes. To further understand the application value of ON regeneration and OT on olfactory dysfunction, we review the research progress on the mechanism of ON regeneration and OT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bian Hu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ninghai First Hospital, Ningbo, 315699, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengdan Gong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongqin Deng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yujie Cao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yizhen Xiang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong Ye
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Dong Ye, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13819861213, Fax +86 574-87392232, Email
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Filiz G, Poupon D, Banks S, Fernandez P, Frasnelli J. Olfactory bulb volume and cortical thickness evolve during sommelier training. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:2621-2633. [PMID: 35218277 PMCID: PMC9057095 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain plasticity is essential for experts to acquire the abilities they need. Sommeliers are olfaction experts who display differences in olfactory regions in the brain that correlate with greater olfactory abilities. While most studies on this topic are cross‐sectional, we used a longitudinal design and invited 17 sommelier students at the start and end of their training then to compare them to 17 control students to study the effects of training‐related brain plasticity. After a year and a half, 5 sommelier students and 4 control students dropped out, leading to 12 sommelier students versus 13 controls. We used magnetic resonance imaging to measure cortical thickness and olfactory bulb volume, as this structure plays a crucial role in olfactory processing. We used the Sniffin' Sticks test to evaluate olfactory performance. During training, olfactory bulb volume increased in sommelier students while there was no significant change in the control group. We also observed that thickness of right entorhinal cortex increased, and cortical thickness decreased in other cerebral regions. Our olfactory tests did not reveal any significant changes in sommelier students. In conclusion, this is the first longitudinal study to report an increase in olfactory bulb volume in olfaction experts in line with the notion of effects of ecological training‐related brain plasticity. The mixed results about cortical thickness might be explained by a “overproduction‐pruning” model of brain plasticity, according to which the effects of training‐related plasticity are non‐linear and simultaneously involve different processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gözde Filiz
- Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daphnée Poupon
- Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sarah Banks
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Pauline Fernandez
- Institut du Tourisme et d'Hôtellerie du Québec, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Johannes Frasnelli
- Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, Canada.,Research Centre, Sacré Coeur Hospital, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Qiu YQ, Ma QW, Huang YY, Lin JW, Zhao JB, Zou LQ. Validation of the chemosensory pleasure scale for kids (CPS-K) and its mediating role in the relationship between autistic traits and eating behaviors. Food Qual Prefer 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Qiu YQ, Huang GJ, Zhao JB, Ma QW, Zou LQ. The chemosensory pleasure scale for children (CPS-C): Factor structure, reliability, and validity. Food Qual Prefer 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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