1
|
Effects of Taekwondo Training on Growth Factors in Normal Korean Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10020326. [PMID: 36832454 PMCID: PMC9955889 DOI: 10.3390/children10020326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The growth of children and adolescents is both an important health indicator and a major public health issue. Many recent studies have investigated the effects of taekwondo on growth factors, but no consensus has yet been reached. This meta-analysis aimed to determine the effects of taekwondo on the growth factors in children and adolescents (aged 8 to 16 years). Randomized controlled trials from PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, the Research Information Sharing Service, the Korea Citation Index, and the Korean-studies Information Service System were analyzed. The effect sizes (standardized mean differences, SMD) were calculated, the risk of bias and publication bias were assessed, and the effect size and subgroup analyses were pooled. We found that the taekwondo group had significantly higher levels of growth hormones (SMD 1.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.98-2.58, and p < 0.001) and insulin-like growth factors (SMD 1.76, 95% CI 0.60-2.92, and p < 0.001) than the control group. For height, a medium effect size was observed (SMD 0.62, 95% CI -0.56-1.80, and p = 0.300), but the between-group difference was not significant. Thus, taekwondo had significant positive effects on the secretion of growth hormones and insulin-like growth factors in Korean children and adolescents. A longitudinal follow-up is necessary to determine the effect on height. This suggests that taekwondo can be recommended as an appropriate physical exercise for maintaining normal growth in children and adolescents.
Collapse
|
2
|
Stamenković A, Manić M, Roklicer R, Trivić T, Malović P, Drid P. Effects of Participating in Martial Arts in Children: A Systematic Review. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9081203. [PMID: 36010093 PMCID: PMC9406432 DOI: 10.3390/children9081203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: The application of various martial arts programs can greatly contribute to improving the of physical fitness of preschool and school children. The purpose of this review paper was to determine the effects and influence that martial arts program intervention has on children’s physical fitness, which includes motor skills and the aerobic and anaerobic abilities of children. Method: We searched the following electronic scientific databases for articles published in English from January 2006 to April 2021 to gather data for this review paper: Google Scholar, Pub Med, and Web of Science. Results: After the search was completed, 162 studies were identified, of which 16 studies were selected and were systematically reviewed and analyzed. Eight studies included karate programs, four studies included judo programs, two studies contained aikido programs, and two studies contained taekwondo programs. The total number of participants was 1615 (experimental group = 914, control group = 701). Based on the main findings, karate, judo, taekwondo, and aikido programs showed positive effects on the physical fitness of the experimental group of children. According to the results, the effects of these programs showed statistically significant improvements between the initial and final measurements of most of the examined experimental groups. Conclusion: We concluded that martial arts programs were helpful for improving the physical fitness of preschool and school children, especially for parameters such as cardiorespiratory fitness, speed, agility, strength, flexibility, coordination, and balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mila Manić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Roberto Roklicer
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Trivić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Pavle Malović
- Faculty for Sport and Physical Education, University of Montenegro, 81400 Nikšić, Montenegro
| | - Patrik Drid
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Subjective Perceptions of South Korean Parents Regarding the Effectiveness of Taekwondo Education for Adolescents and Its Characteristics: The Q Methodology Application. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189687. [PMID: 34574608 PMCID: PMC8464885 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to determine why Korean parents provide adolescent children with continuous physical education through Taekwondo. The Q methodology was applied. The final 25 Q-samples were selected by composing the Q-population. Twenty parents who provided their children with Taekwondo education for more than 10 years were designated as the P-sample. Q-sorting was performed on the P-sample. Centroid factor analysis and varimax rotation were performed using version 2.35 of PQ method program. The study observed four factors with a total explanatory variance of 69%. Types 1 to 4 (N = 5, 7, 5, and 3) pertained to a powerful means of enhancing mental health, the driving force behind stable school life and social development, improvement in psychological and social areas for a successful transition to adulthood, and increased awareness of the values of Taekwondo and importance of physical activity, with eigenvalues of 4.59, 6.42, 3.16, and 1.18 and explanatory variances of 0.16, 0.32, 0.12, and 0.09, respectively. Furthermore, consensus statements for each type were investigated as Q18 and Q17. These findings supported the academic foundation of proper Taekwondo education in adolescence and confirmed it as a powerful means of exerting a positive impact on adulthood.
Collapse
|
4
|
Cho IR, Park HJ, Lee TK. The influence of taekwondo training on school-life adaptation and exercise value in the United States. J Exerc Rehabil 2018; 14:213-218. [PMID: 29740554 PMCID: PMC5931156 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1836006.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous experience has shown that school-based taekwondo training in the United States (US) results in many beneficial effect sregarding school education and the physical health of the adolescent participants; of especial significance, the training plays an important role in terms of exercise value and school-life adaptation. To explore this overall effect, a self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 401 adolescents over the age of 10 years. The survey comprisesa total of 29 questions that consist of 17 exercise-value-related questions (general, moral, and status) and 12 questions that are related to school-life adaptation (adaptation to teachers, adaptation to academic activities, adaptation to rule compliance, and adaptation to school activities). The survey results show that taekwondo training affects school-life adaptation by helping to improve student morality and by bolstering the students compliance with school rules during their schooling. The exercise value of taekwondo training is considered a necessity for US adolescents due to the corresponding educational aspects; in particular, the training plays a very important role in the maintenance of amenable student-teacher and student-peer relationships. From the previously mentioned findings, and if taekwondo teachers train their students carefully with educational missions in mind, it is expected that taekwondo training will play a very important role in the cultivation of anappropriate education value among US adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ik Rae Cho
- College of Education, Hankuk University of Foregin Studies, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Joo Park
- College of Education, Hankuk University of Foregin Studies, Seoul, Korea
| | - Taek Kyun Lee
- College of Education, Hankuk University of Foregin Studies, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Taekwondo Training Improves Mood and Sociability in Children from Multicultural Families in South Korea: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15040757. [PMID: 29659478 PMCID: PMC5923799 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15040757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Children from multicultural families face physical, social, mental, and intellectual hurdles; however, relative interventions are lacking in South Korea (hereafter Korea) in this regard. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of regular Taekwondo (TKD) training on physical fitness, mood, sociability, and cognitive functions in these children. Methods: This study included 30 children from multicultural families in Korea who were randomly assigned to a TKD group (n = 15) and control group (n = 15). The children in TKD group underwent 16 weeks of TKD training once a week for 60 min. Each participant underwent a basic fitness test and sociability questionnaire before and after the intervention. Furthermore, we examined the changes in the mood and cognitive function by determining the profile of mood states (POMS), and Stroop color and word test, respectively. Results: Results of the Stork test of balance were significantly higher in the TKD group after intervention (p < 0.05). In terms of sub-variables, POMS, tension, and depression scores were significantly lower (p < 0.05) after the intervention, while the vigor score was significantly higher in the intervention group than those in the control group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, sociability and ‘being left out’ score, a sub-variable of sociability, was significantly lower (p < 0.05) after the intervention, while sociability score was significantly higher (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that participation in regular TKD training can be effective for balanced improvements in variables of basic fitness and that it exerts a positive effect on the mood and development of sociability.
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang JS, Ko JM, Roh HT. Effects of regular Taekwondo exercise on mood changes in children from multicultural families in South Korea: a pilot study. J Phys Ther Sci 2018; 30:496-499. [PMID: 29706693 PMCID: PMC5908989 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.30.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of regular Taekwondo
training on mood state in children from multicultural families. [Subjects and Methods]
Twenty-four children participated in the study. Eight children from non-multicultural
families were assigned to the non-multicultural family children group. The remaining 16
children from multicultural families were randomly assigned to the multicultural family
children (control, n=8) or multicultural family children trained in Taekwondo (Taekwondo
training, n=8) group. Mood state was measured using the Profile of Mood States
(Tension-Anxiety, Depression-Dejection, Anger-Hostility, Vigor-Activity, Fatigue-Inertia,
and Confusion-Bewilderment). [Results] Vigor-Activity scores increased significantly,
whereas Tension-Anxiety and Anger-Hostility scores decreased significantly after
intervention when compared with the pre-intervention scores in the multicultural family
children trained in Taekwondo group. [Conclusion] It is suggested that regular Taekwondo
training may be effective in improving the mood states of children from multicultural
families living in Korea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Su Yang
- Department of Physical Education, Hallym University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Myun Ko
- Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Tae Roh
- Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University: 37 Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Hadan-dong, Saha-gu, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cho SY, So WY, Roh HT. The Effects of Taekwondo Training on Peripheral Neuroplasticity-Related Growth Factors, Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity, and Cognitive Functions in Healthy Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14050454. [PMID: 28441325 PMCID: PMC5451905 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14050454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although regular Taekwondo (TKD) training has been reported to be effective for improving cognitive function in children, the mechanism underlying this improvement remains unclear. The purpose of the present study was to observe changes in neuroplasticity-related growth factors in the blood, assess cerebral blood flow velocity, and verify the resulting changes in children’s cognitive function after TKD training. Thirty healthy elementary school students were randomly assigned to control (n = 15) and TKD (n = 15) groups. The TKD training was conducted for 60 min at a rating of perceived exertion (RPE) of 11–15, 5 times per week, for 16 weeks. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels were measured by blood sampling before and after the training, and the cerebral blood flow velocities (peak systolic [MCAs], end diastolic [MCAd], mean cerebral blood flow velocities [MCAm], and pulsatility index [PI]) of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) were measured using Doppler ultrasonography. For cognitive function assessment, Stroop Color and Word Tests (Word, Color, and Color-Word) were administered along with other measurements. The serum BDNF, VEGF, and IGF-1 levels and the Color-Word test scores among the sub-factors of the Stroop Color and Word Test scores were significantly higher in the TKD group after the intervention (p < 0.05). On the other hand, no statistically significant differences were found in any factors related to cerebral blood flow velocities, or in the Word test and Color test scores (p > 0.05). Thus, 16-week TKD training did not significantly affect cerebral blood flow velocities, but the training may have been effective in increasing children’s cognitive function by inducing an increase in the levels of neuroplasticity-related growth factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su-Youn Cho
- Department of Taekwondo, Youngsan University, Yangsan-si 50510, Korea.
| | - Wi-Young So
- Sports and Health Care Major, College of Humanities and Arts, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju-si 27469, Korea.
| | - Hee-Tae Roh
- Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cho SY, Kim YI, Roh HT. Effects of taekwondo intervention on cognitive function and academic self-efficacy in children. J Phys Ther Sci 2017; 29:713-715. [PMID: 28533615 PMCID: PMC5430278 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.29.713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of taekwondo training on cognitive function and academic self-efficacy in children. [Subjects and Methods] Thirty-five children participated in the study. Seventeen children were randomly selected to undergo taekwondo training for 16 weeks (5 times per week). As controls, 18 children received no training. Cognitive function and academic self-efficacy were measured using the Stroop Color and Word Test (Word, Color, and Color-Word) and academic self-efficacy scale (Self-confidence, Self-regulatory Efficacy, and Task Difficulty Preference), respectively. [Results] In the taekwondo group, the Color-Word and Self-confidence scores increased significantly after intervention as compared to those before intervention. [Conclusion] It is suggested that regular taekwondo training may be effective for enhancing cognitive function and academic self-efficacy in growing children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su Youn Cho
- Department of Taekwondo, Young-san University, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Il Kim
- Department of Taekwondo, Young-san University, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Tae Roh
- Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University: 37 Nakdong-daero, 550 beon-gil, Hadan-dong, Saha-gu, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nikolaidis PT, Buśko K, Clemente FM, Tasiopoulos I, Knechtle B. Age- and sex-related differences in the anthropometry and neuromuscular fitness of competitive taekwondo athletes. Open Access J Sports Med 2016; 7:177-186. [PMID: 27994489 PMCID: PMC5153264 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s120344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropometry and neuromuscular fitness have been shown to relate with taekwondo (TKD) performance; however, little information is available on the variation of these fitness components by sex and age in athletes practicing this sport. The aim of the present study was to examine the anthropometry and neuromuscular fitness of TKD athletes by sex and age. A total of 393 athletes (7-48 years old), separated into six age groups (7-9, 10-11, 12-13, 14-17, 18-32, and 33+), were examined for anthropometry and performed a series of neuromuscular fitness tests (flexibility, agility, muscle power, and isometric strength). An age × sex interaction on body mass, body height, and body fat percentage (BF, p≤0.003, η2≥0.045), but not on body mass index (p=0.172, η2=0.020), was shown, where a larger increase in body mass and body height from 12-13 to 14-17 groups was observed in males than in females, and the sex difference in BF increased from 12-13 to 14-17 age group. An age × sex interaction on sit-and-reach (SAR) test, mean power output in the Bosco test, and Abalakov jump (p≤0.038, η2≥0.031) was observed with larger differences between 12-13 and 18-32 groups in males than in females. In SAR, it was remarkable that the male athletes achieved similar scores as female athletes in the 18-32 group. An age × sex group interaction on measures of isometric muscle strength (right and left handgrip, trunk, and legs) was also shown (p≤0.002, η2≥0.068), where larger differences in male than female athletes were observed between the 12-13 and 14-17 groups. From a practical perspective, coaches can use these findings as reference for the evaluation of their athletes. Because the anthropometric characteristics and neuromuscular fitness varied by sex (i.e., highest scores in males, except flexibility) and age (i.e., highest scores in the 18-32 age group) with unique sport-specific patterns in TKD athletes, these findings would be important for the development of specific training programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Krzysztof Buśko
- Department of Biomechanics, Institute of Sport-National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- School of Sport and Leisure, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Melgaço, Portugal
| | | | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|