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Oliveira BB, Ferreira D, Fernandes AR, Baptista PV. Engineering gold nanoparticles for molecular diagnostics and biosensing. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 15:e1836. [PMID: 35932114 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Advances in nanotechnology and medical science have spurred the development of engineered nanomaterials and nanoparticles with particular focus on their applications in biomedicine. In particular, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been the focus of great interest, due to their exquisite intrinsic properties, such as ease of synthesis and surface functionalization, tunable size and shape, lack of acute toxicity and favorable optical, electronic, and physicochemical features, which possess great value for application in biodetection and diagnostics purposes, including molecular sensing, photoimaging, and application under the form of portable and simple biosensors (e.g., lateral flow immunoassays that have been extensively exploited during the current COVID-19 pandemic). We shall discuss the main properties of AuNPs, their synthesis and conjugation to biorecognition moieties, and the current trends in sensing and detection in biomedicine and diagnostics. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing Diagnostic Tools > In Vitro Nanoparticle-Based Sensing Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz B Oliveira
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal.,i4HB, Associate Laboratory-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Daniela Ferreira
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal.,i4HB, Associate Laboratory-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Alexandra R Fernandes
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal.,i4HB, Associate Laboratory-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Pedro Viana Baptista
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal.,i4HB, Associate Laboratory-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
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Naranda J, Bračič M, Vogrin M, Maver U, Trojner T. Practical Use of Quartz Crystal Microbalance Monitoring in Cartilage Tissue Engineering. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13040159. [PMID: 36278628 PMCID: PMC9590066 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13040159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is a real-time, nanogram-accurate technique for analyzing various processes on biomaterial surfaces. QCM has proven to be an excellent tool in tissue engineering as it can monitor key parameters in developing cellular scaffolds. This review focuses on the use of QCM in the tissue engineering of cartilage. It begins with a brief discussion of biomaterials and the current state of the art in scaffold development for cartilage tissue engineering, followed by a summary of the potential uses of QCM in cartilage tissue engineering. This includes monitoring interactions with extracellular matrix components, adsorption of proteins onto biomaterials, and biomaterial–cell interactions. In the last part of the review, the material selection problem in tissue engineering is highlighted, emphasizing the importance of surface nanotopography, the role of nanofilms, and utilization of QCM as a “screening” tool to improve the material selection process. A step-by-step process for scaffold design is proposed, as well as the fabrication of thin nanofilms in a layer-by-layer manner using QCM. Finally, future trends of QCM application as a “screening” method for 3D printing of cellular scaffolds are envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Naranda
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Centre Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Correspondence: (J.N.); (M.B.); Tel.: +386-2-321-1541 (J.N.); +386-2-220-7929 (M.B.)
| | - Matej Bračič
- Laboratory for Characterisation and Processing of Polymers (LCPP), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Correspondence: (J.N.); (M.B.); Tel.: +386-2-321-1541 (J.N.); +386-2-220-7929 (M.B.)
| | - Matjaž Vogrin
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Centre Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Maver
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Teodor Trojner
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Centre Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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Sim D, Brothers MC, Slocik JM, Islam AE, Maruyama B, Grigsby CC, Naik RR, Kim SS. Biomarkers and Detection Platforms for Human Health and Performance Monitoring: A Review. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104426. [PMID: 35023321 PMCID: PMC8895156 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Human health and performance monitoring (HHPM) is imperative to provide information necessary for protecting, sustaining, evaluating, and improving personnel in various occupational sectors, such as industry, academy, sports, recreation, and military. While various commercially wearable sensors are on the market with their capability of "quantitative assessments" on human health, physical, and psychological states, their sensing is mostly based on physical traits, and thus lacks precision in HHPM. Minimally or noninvasive biomarkers detectable from the human body, such as body fluid (e.g., sweat, tear, urine, and interstitial fluid), exhaled breath, and skin surface, can provide abundant additional information to the HHPM. Detecting these biomarkers with novel or existing sensor technologies is emerging as critical human monitoring research. This review provides a broad perspective on the state of the art biosensor technologies for HHPM, including the list of biomarkers and their physiochemical/physical characteristics, fundamental sensing principles, and high-performance sensing transducers. Further, this paper expands to the additional scope on the key technical challenges in applying the current HHPM system to the real field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sim
- Air Force Research Laboratory711th Human Performance WingWright‐Patterson Air Force BaseOH 45433USA
- Research Associateship Program (RAP)the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and MedicineWashingtonDC20001USA
- Integrative Health & Performance Sciences DivisionUES Inc.DaytonOH45432USA
| | - Michael C. Brothers
- Air Force Research Laboratory711th Human Performance WingWright‐Patterson Air Force BaseOH 45433USA
- Integrative Health & Performance Sciences DivisionUES Inc.DaytonOH45432USA
| | - Joseph M. Slocik
- Air Force Research LaboratoryMaterials and Manufacturing DirectorateWright‐Patterson Air Force BaseOH 45433USA
| | - Ahmad E. Islam
- Air Force Research LaboratorySensors DirectorateWright‐Patterson Air Force BaseOH 45433USA
| | - Benji Maruyama
- Air Force Research LaboratoryMaterials and Manufacturing DirectorateWright‐Patterson Air Force BaseOH 45433USA
| | - Claude C. Grigsby
- Air Force Research Laboratory711th Human Performance WingWright‐Patterson Air Force BaseOH 45433USA
| | - Rajesh R. Naik
- Air Force Research Laboratory711th Human Performance WingWright‐Patterson Air Force BaseOH 45433USA
| | - Steve S. Kim
- Air Force Research Laboratory711th Human Performance WingWright‐Patterson Air Force BaseOH 45433USA
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Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) Based Biosensor Functionalized by HER2/neu Antibody for Breast Cancer Cell Detection. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9040080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneity and metastatic features of cancer cells lead to a great number of casualties in the world. Additionally, its diagnosis as well as its treatment is highly expensive. Therefore, development of simple but effective diagnostic systems which detect the molecular markers of cancer is of great importance. The molecular changes on cancer cell membranes serve as targets, such as HER2/neu receptor which is detected on the surface of highly metastatic breast cancer cells. We have aimed to develop a specific and simple quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)-based system to identify HER2/neu expressing breast cancer cells via a receptor-specific monoclonal antibody. First, the QCM chip was coated with polymeric nanoparticles composed of hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA). The nanoparticle coated QCM chip was then functionalized by binding of HER2/neu antibody. The breast cancer cells with/without HER2/neu receptor expression, namely, SKBR3, MDA-MB 231 and also mouse fibroblasts were passed over the chip at a rate of 10–500 cells/mL and the mass changes (Δm) on cell/cm2 unit surface of sensor were detected in real-time. The detection limit of the system was 10 cells/mL. Thus, this QCM-based HER2/neu receptor antibody functionalized system might be used effectively in the detection of HER2/neu expressing SKBR3 breast cancer cells.
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Kwak J, Lee SS. Highly sensitive piezoelectric immunosensors employing signal amplification with gold nanoparticles. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:445502. [PMID: 31362281 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab36c9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) immunosensor for highly sensitive detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in a human serum immunoassay. In particular, in this study, we employed signal amplification using and enlarging gold nanoparticles. Because QCM measures the change of resonance frequency according to the mass change occurring on the sensor surface, we could quantitatively analyze PSA based on a tremendous increase in mass by sandwich immunoassay using AuNP-conjugated anti-PSA-detecting antibody enhanced with subsequent gold staining. The limit of detection of the PSA immunoassay in human serum without gold staining enhancement was 687 pg ml-1 but was 48 pg ml-1 with the gold staining-mediated signal amplification. That is, amplifying the signal resulted in increased sensitivity and reproducibility of immunoassay in a human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Kwak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
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Kolev IN, Ivanova NА, Marinov MK, Alexieva GE, Strashilov VL. A QCM-based assay of drug content in Eudragit RS 100-based delivery systems. Talanta 2019; 202:531-539. [PMID: 31171218 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A specific version of the quartz crystal microbalance method has been proposed for quantitative evaluation of drug content in polymeric drug carrier systems. In this study, ammonio methacrylate copolymer (type B) microparticles and their standard solutions have been prepared and loaded with set amounts of the medications diltiazem (base) and lidocaine. The analytes have been segregatim deposited on the surface of the resonator and the drug content in them has been derived from the downshift of the resonance frequency produced by irreversible interaction of the drug molecules with irradiating hydrochloric gas. The obtained results have been statistically processed on a number of samples and have been found to exhibit excellent coherence to set theoretical values. As an alternative, the conventional pharmacopoeial UV-Vis spectral method has also been separately applied to studied samples, revealing worsened performance in the case of lidocaine due to polymer matrix interference. Thus the universality of the QCM method has been proved to add to its versatility and precision. The method appears to be readily applicable to the routine pharmaceutical quantity control of bulk and multiparticulate drug forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliyan N Kolev
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University "Prof. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov" - Varna, 84 "Tzar Osvoboditel" Blvd., 9000, Varna, Bulgaria.
| | - Nadezhda А Ivanova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University "Prof. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov" - Varna, 84 "Tzar Osvoboditel" Blvd., 9000, Varna, Bulgaria.
| | - Michael K Marinov
- Freelance Electronics and System Design Engineer, 54 Chajka, 9000, Varna, Bulgaria.
| | - Gergana E Alexieva
- Department of Solid State Physics and Microelectronics, Faculty of Physics, Sofia University "St. Kl. Ohridski", 5 J. Bourchier Blvd, 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Vesselin L Strashilov
- Department of Solid State Physics and Microelectronics, Faculty of Physics, Sofia University "St. Kl. Ohridski", 5 J. Bourchier Blvd, 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Park HJ, Lee SS. Strategic Approaches for Highly Selective and Sensitive Detection of Hg 2+ Ion Using Mass Sensitive Sensors. ANAL SCI 2019; 35:883-888. [PMID: 31006718 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19p070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Here we present a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor for the highly selective and sensitive detection of Hg2+ ion, a toxic chemical species and a hazardous environmental contaminant. Hg2+ ion can be quantitatively measured based on changes in the resonance frequency of QCM following mass changes on the QCM sensor surface. The high selectivity for Hg2+ ion in this study can be obtained using a thymine-Hg2+-thymine pair, which is more stable than the adenine-thymine base pair in DNA. On the other hand, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and their size-enhancement techniques were used to amplify the QCM signals to increase the sensitivity for Hg2+ ion. With this strategic approach, the proposed QCM sensor can be used to quantitatively analyze Hg2+ ion with high selectivity and sensitivity. The detection limit was as low as 98.7 pM. The sensor failed to work with other metal ions at concentrations 1000-times higher than that of the Hg2+ ion. Finally, the recovery does not exceed 10% of the original value for the detection of Hg2+ ion in tap and bottled water. The results indicate acceptable accuracy and precision for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeoun Ji Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Soonchunhyang University
| | - Soo Suk Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Soonchunhyang University
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Hussain M, Rupp F, Wendel HP, Gehring FK. Bioapplications of acoustic crystals, a review. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bunroddith K, Viseshakul N, Chansiri K, Lieberzeit P. QCM-based rapid detection of PCR amplification products of Ehrlichia canis. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1001:106-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wang L. Screening and Biosensor-Based Approaches for Lung Cancer Detection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 17:E2420. [PMID: 29065541 PMCID: PMC5677261 DOI: 10.3390/s17102420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of lung cancer helps to reduce the cancer death rate significantly. Over the years, investigators worldwide have extensively investigated many screening modalities for lung cancer detection, including computerized tomography, chest X-ray, positron emission tomography, sputum cytology, magnetic resonance imaging and biopsy. However, these techniques are not suitable for patients with other pathologies. Developing a rapid and sensitive technique for early diagnosis of lung cancer is urgently needed. Biosensor-based techniques have been recently recommended as a rapid and cost-effective tool for early diagnosis of lung tumor markers. This paper reviews the recent development in screening and biosensor-based techniques for early lung cancer detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Wang
- School of Instrument Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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Laurentius LB, Owens NA, Park J, Crawford AC, Porter MD. Advantages and limitations of nanoparticle labeling for early diagnosis of infection. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2016; 16:883-95. [DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2016.1205489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas A. Owens
- The Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jooneon Park
- The Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Alexis C. Crawford
- The Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Marc D. Porter
- The Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Tan SY, Acquah C, Sidhu A, Ongkudon CM, Yon LS, Danquah MK. SELEX Modifications and Bioanalytical Techniques for Aptamer-Target Binding Characterization. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2016; 46:521-37. [PMID: 26980177 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2016.1157014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The quest to improve the detection of biomolecules and cells in health and life sciences has led to the discovery and characterization of various affinity bioprobes. Libraries of synthetic oligonucleotides (ssDNA/ssRNA) with randomized sequences are employed during Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX) to select highly specific affinity probes called aptamers. With much focus on the generation of aptamers for a variety of target molecules, conventional SELEX protocols have been modified to develop new and improved SELEX protocols yielding highly specific and stable aptamers. Various techniques have been used to analyze the binding interactions between aptamers and their cognate molecules with associated merits and limitations. This article comprehensively reviews research advancements in the generation of aptamers, analyses physicochemical conditions affecting their binding characteristics to cellular and biomolecular targets, and discusses various field applications of aptameric binding. Biophysical techniques employed in the characterization of the molecular and binding features of aptamers to their cognate targets are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Y Tan
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , Curtin University , Sarawak , Malaysia.,b Curtin Sarawak Research Institute , Curtin University , Sarawak , Malaysia
| | - Caleb Acquah
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , Curtin University , Sarawak , Malaysia.,b Curtin Sarawak Research Institute , Curtin University , Sarawak , Malaysia
| | - Amandeep Sidhu
- b Curtin Sarawak Research Institute , Curtin University , Sarawak , Malaysia.,c Faculty of Health Sciences , Curtin University , Perth , Australia
| | - Clarence M Ongkudon
- d Biotechnology Research Institute , University Malaysia Sabah , Kota Kinabalu , Sabah , Malaysia
| | - L S Yon
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , Curtin University , Sarawak , Malaysia
| | - Michael K Danquah
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , Curtin University , Sarawak , Malaysia.,b Curtin Sarawak Research Institute , Curtin University , Sarawak , Malaysia
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Granger JH, Schlotter NE, Crawford AC, Porter MD. Prospects for point-of-care pathogen diagnostics using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:3865-82. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00828j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights recent advances in the application of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) in pathogen detection and discusses many of the challenges in moving this technology to the point-of-care (POC) arena.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marc D. Porter
- Nano Institute of Utah
- University of Utah
- Salt Lake City
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
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Duša F, Ruokonen SK, Petrovaj J, Viitala T, Wiedmer SK. Ionic liquids affect the adsorption of liposomes onto cationic polyelectrolyte coated silica evidenced by quartz crystal microbalance. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 136:496-505. [PMID: 26454056 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide use of ionic liquids (ILs) is steadily increasing, and even though they are often referred to as "green solvents" they have been reported to be toxic, especially toward aquatic organisms. In this work, we thoroughly study two phosphonium ILs; octyltributylphosphonium chloride ([P8444]Cl) and tributyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride ([P14444]Cl). Firstly, the critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) of the ILs were determined with fluorescence spectroscopy and the optical pendant drop method in order to gain an understanding of the aggregation behavior of the ILs. Secondly, a biomimicking system of negatively charged unilamellar liposomes was used in order to study the effect of the ILs on biomembranes. Changes in the mechanical properties of adsorbed liposomes were determined by quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurements with silica coated quartz crystal sensors featuring a polycation layer. The results confirmed that both ILs were able to incorporate and alter the biomembrane structure. The membrane disrupting effect was emphasized with an increasing concentration and alkyl chain length of the ILs. In the extreme case, the phospholipid membrane integrity was completely compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Duša
- Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Ján Petrovaj
- Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tapani Viitala
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Susanne K Wiedmer
- Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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