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Alarcón LV, Allepuz A, Mateu E. Biosecurity in pig farms: a review. Porcine Health Manag 2021; 7:5. [PMID: 33397483 PMCID: PMC7780598 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-00181-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The perception of the importance of animal health and its relationship with biosecurity has increased in recent years with the emergence and re-emergence of several diseases difficult to control. This is particularly evident in the case of pig farming as shown by the recent episodes of African swine fever or porcine epidemic diarrhoea. Moreover, a better biosecurity may help to improve productivity and may contribute to reducing the use of antibiotics. Biosecurity can be defined as the application of measures aimed to reduce the probability of the introduction (external biosecurity) and further spread of pathogens within the farm (internal biosecurity). Thus, the key idea is to avoid transmission, either between farms or within the farm. This implies knowledge of the epidemiology of the diseases to be avoided that is not always available, but since ways of transmission of pathogens are limited to a few, it is possible to implement effective actions even with some gaps in our knowledge on a given disease. For the effective design of a biosecurity program, veterinarians must know how diseases are transmitted, the risks and their importance, which mitigation measures are thought to be more effective and how to evaluate the biosecurity and its improvements. This review provides a source of information on external and internal biosecurity measures that reduce risks in swine production and the relationship between these measures and the epidemiology of the main diseases, as well as a description of some systems available for risk analysis and the assessment of biosecurity. Also, it reviews the factors affecting the successful application of a biosecurity plan in a pig farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Valeria Alarcón
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 118, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Alberto Allepuz
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Travessera dels Turons s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CreSA-IRTA-UAB), campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Mateu
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Travessera dels Turons s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CreSA-IRTA-UAB), campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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Benavides B, Casal J, Diéguez JF, Yus E, Moya SJ, Armengol R, Allepuz A. Development of a quantitative risk assessment of bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine herpesvirus-1 introduction in dairy cattle herds to improve biosecurity. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:6454-6472. [PMID: 32359990 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative risk assessment model was developed to estimate the annual probability of introducing bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) at the farm level through animal movements. Data from 2017 official animal movements, biosecurity questionnaires, scientific literature, and expert opinion from field veterinarians were taken into consideration for model input parameters. Purchasing or introducing cattle, rearing replacement heifers offsite, showing cattle at competitions, sharing transport vehicles with other herds, and transporting cattle in vehicles that have not been cleaned and disinfected were considered in the model. The annual probability of introducing BVDV or BoHV-1 through infected animals was very heterogeneous between farms. The median likelihoods of BVDV and BoHV-1introduction were 12 and 9%, respectively. Farms that purchased cattle from within their region (i.e., local movements) and shared transport with other farms had a higher probability for BVDV and BoHV-1 introduction. This model can be a useful tool to support decision-making on biosecurity measures that should be prioritized to reduce the probability of introduction of these 2 diseases in dairy herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Benavides
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain; Department of Animal Health, Universidad de Nariño, Pasto, 520002, Colombia.
| | - J Casal
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain; Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
| | - J F Diéguez
- Department of Anatomy and Animal Production, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, 15703, Spain
| | - E Yus
- Department of Animal Pathology, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, 15703, Spain
| | - S J Moya
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
| | - R Armengol
- Department of Animal Science, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, 25002, Spain
| | - A Allepuz
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain; Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain.
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Alarcón LV, Monterubbianesi M, Perelman S, Sanguinetti HR, Perfumo CJ, Mateu E, Allepuz A. Biosecurity assessment of Argentinian pig farms. Prev Vet Med 2019; 170:104637. [PMID: 31421498 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The pig industry is growing very fast in Argentina with an increasing need for replacement animals, feedstuff and transportation of animals. One of the main competitive advantages of the Argentinian pig industry is its being free of most major pig diseases. Within this context, applying measures aimed to reduce the risk of introduction and spread of pathogens is critical. The aim of the present study was to assess the biosecurity of Argentinian pig farms. Two types of farms were assessed: firstly, all official suppliers of high-genetic-value (n = 110) and secondly, a sample from commercial farms (n = 192). Data on the external and internal biosecurity practices applied on the farms was collected with a questionnaire. Data was analysed using a correspondence analysis and a hierarchical clustering analysis, which allowed identification of types of farms with regard to the biosecurity measures applied. Key variables characterizing the clusters were identified through an indicator value analysis. In addition, the external biosecurity of the farms was evaluated by using risk assessment tools with respect to the potential introduction of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus. Results made evident three clusters: the first one which, amongst other measures, applied several barriers to prevent the entry of people, trucks and other vehicles, and could be considered as a group of high biosecurity, and the two other groups which applied a lower number of external and internal biosecurity measures. The results of the risk assessment showed that the routes with the highest risk of disease introduction were: replacement animals, vehicles transporting feed or animals, and visitors. The assessment of the external biosecurity showed that most Argentinian farms were not prepared for the contingency of a pathogen such as porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus. Special efforts should be made in official suppliers of high-genetic-value farms with poor biosecurity scores since they are at the top of the pig production chain and can be key for the spread of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Alarcón
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 118, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Laboratorio de Patología Especial Veterinaria, Argentina.
| | - M Monterubbianesi
- National Service for Health and AgriFood Quality, Av. Paseo Colón n°367, ACD1063, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S Perelman
- Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martin, 4453 C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - H R Sanguinetti
- National Service for Health and AgriFood Quality, Av. Paseo Colón n°367, ACD1063, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C J Perfumo
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 118, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Laboratorio de Patología Especial Veterinaria, Argentina
| | - E Mateu
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A Allepuz
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
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