Preconceptional paternal obesity may increase the risk of congenital urogenital anomalies in offspring: A case-control study

BACKGROUND

Congenital urogenital anomalies affect 4-60 per 10,000 births. Maternal obesity, along with other risk factors, is well documented as a contributing factor. However, the impact of paternal obesity on risk is unclear. Obesity is prevalent among men of reproductive age, highlighting the need for further research into the potential association between paternal obesity and offspring congenital urogenital anomalies.

OBJECTIVES

This study aims to determine the association between paternal obesity and the risk of congenital urogenital malformations in offspring.

METHODS

Case-control study conducted on 179 newborns (91 cases, 88 controls) selected from the Notre Dame des Secours-university hospital database. Cases were identified as newborns presenting at least one congenital urogenital abnormality, defined as developmental anomalies that can result in a variety of malformations affecting the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Controls were identified as newborns without any congenital abnormalities. The exclusion criteria were maternal obesity, infections during pregnancy, chronic diseases, prematurity, growth retardation, assisted reproductive technologies for conception, substance abuse, down syndrome, and other malformations. Data were collected through phone interviews, medical records, and questionnaires. In this study, the exposure was the preconceptional paternal body mass index (BMI), which was calculated based on self-reported height and weight. According to guidelines from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), individuals are considered to be in the healthy weight range if their BMI (kg/m2) is between 18.5 and < 25. They are classified as overweight if their BMI is ≥ 25, obese class I if their BMI is between 30 and < 35, obese class II if their BMI is between 35 and < 40, and obese class III if their BMI is 40 or higher. Logistic regression analysis was employed to quantify the association between paternal obesity and urogenital conditions in offspring.

RESULTS

Significant differences in median (minimum-maximum) paternal BMI values were noted between the cases and controls at the time of conception (cases: 27.7 (43-20.1), controls: 24.8 (40.7-19.6); p < 0.0001). Logistic regression analysis confirmed that at the time of conception, compared to normal-weight fathers, overweight fathers displayed a heightened risk of offspring congenital malformations, with an odds ratio (OR) of 4.44 (95% CI = 2.1-9.1). Similarly, fathers categorized as obese Class I at conception had approximately eight times higher odds (OR = 8.62, 95% CI = 2.91-25.52) of having offspring with urogenital conditions compared to normal-weight fathers. Additionally, fathers classified as obese Class II at conception exhibited 5.75 times higher odds (OR = 5.75, 95% CI = 0.96-34.44) of having offspring with urogenital conditions in comparison to normal-weight fathers.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

We found that the risk of urogenital malformations increased with paternal BMI during the preconceptional period. The findings suggest the importance of addressing paternal obesity in efforts to reduce the risk of urogenital congenital malformations in offspring.

The Role of Obesity in the Poor Prognosis of COVID-19 Infection: A Review of 192 Patients

Methods

We performed a retrospective study on all patients having COVID-19 infection and admitted to our institution between March 2020 and June 2021. Inclusion criteria included any patient over the age of 18 admitted to our institution's COVID-19 unit, or intensive care unit, with a positive COVID-19 PCR or positive COVID-19 serology (IgM).

Results

192 patients met the inclusion criteria, with an average age of 62.68 years and a slight male predominance (64.58%). 76.04% of hospitalized patients and 80% of those admitted to the ICU were either overweight or obese. No statistically significant difference was found regarding the risk of in-hospital mortality and invasive ventilation. The same applies to the length of stay, admission to intensive care, O2 needs, and for the various complications (all p values were >0.05). Patients with obesity type II and III have an increased risk of cardiac arrests and need for intubation and mechanical ventilation.

Conclusion

Obesity tends to be a major risk factor for a pejorative evolution in the COVID-19 infection.

Apple cider vinegar for weight management in Lebanese adolescents and young adults with overweight and obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

Background and aims

Obesity and overweight have become significant health concerns worldwide, leading to an increased interest in finding natural remedies for weight reduction. One such remedy that has gained popularity is apple cider vinegar (ACV).

Objective

To investigate the effects of ACV consumption on weight, blood glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol levels in a sample of the Lebanese population.

Materials and methods

120 overweight and obese individuals were recruited. Participants were randomly assigned to either an intervention group receiving 5, 10 or 15 mL of ACV or a control group receiving a placebo (group 4) over a 12-week period. Measurements of anthropometric parameters, fasting blood glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol levels were taken at weeks 0, 4, 8 and 12.

Results

Our findings showed that daily consumption of the three doses of ACV for a duration of between 4 and 12 weeks is associated with significant reductions in anthropometric variables (weight, body mass index, waist/hip circumferences and body fat ratio), blood glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol levels. No significant risk factors were observed during the 12 weeks of ACV intake.

Conclusion

Consumption of ACV in people with overweight and obesity led to an improvement in the anthropometric and metabolic parameters. ACV could be a promising antiobesity supplement that does not produce any side effects.

Quality of life after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: Pre-operative, 1-year and 5-year results

Introduction

The negative impact of obesity on the quality of life (QoL) and its association with multiple comorbidities is unquestionable. The primary objective of this study was to compare the QoL of patients before, 1 year and 5 years after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). Secondary objectives were to evaluate the resolution of obesity-related comorbidities and weight loss success.

Materials and Methods

We included patients who underwent LSG for body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2 between August 2016 and April 2017 and completed the Moorehead-Ardelt QoL Questionnaire II (MA II). Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS IBM Statistics for Windows version 21.

Results

In total, 64 patients participated with a female majority (73.44%) and a mean age of 36.09 with an average BMI at 40.47. Percentage of excess BMI loss and excess weight loss (% EWL) at one and 5 years after surgery went from 90.18% to 85.05% and 72.17% to 67.09%, respectively. The total MA II score before LSG was - 0.39 ± 0.94. Postoperatively, it increased to 1.73 ± 0.60 at 1 year and 1.95 ± 0.67 at 5 years. The positive impact of LSG on QoL was more significant in patients presenting ≥30% of weight loss and in females. At 5 years, a significant improvement in many comorbidities was noted except for arterial hypertension, coxalgia, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and lower extremities' varices.

Conclusion

LSG maintains a long-term QoL improvement, a significant EWL and a resolution of the most common obesity-associated comorbidities such as diabetes, dyslipidaemia and symptoms related to sleep apnoea.

Validation of the Arabic version of the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale in the general population in Lebanon

BACKGROUND

Although the definition of food addiction is not agreed upon, it is characterized by eating more than expected without being hungry, not being able to visit certain places associated with overeating or unsuccessfully trying to cut down on the consumption of certain foods. The modified YFAS (mYFAS 2.0) version, instrument available to evaluate food addiction, was shown to have good psychometric properties. Our objective was to assess the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the mYFAS (mYFAS-Ar-Leb) in the Lebanese population.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study enrolled 1268 persons residing in Lebanon (September-November 2020). The mean age of the participants was 26.18 years (SD = 11.17; min: 18; max: 85), with 65.1% females. The percentage of participants with food addiction was 226 (17.8%) in the total sample. A confirmatory factor analysis was run on the one-factor structure among the total sample.

RESULTS

The fit indices of the confirmatory factor analysis of the scale were excellent. The Cronbach's alpha value was good for the total scale. The mYFAS-Ar-Leb score was positively and strongly associated with stress, anxiety and depression.

CONCLUSION

Our study findings highlighted that the use of the mYFAS-Ar-Leb in Lebanese population might help estimate food addiction prevalence and stress on the need for effective treatment and preventive measures to craving for addictive foods.

Smoking, Health Risks, Coping Mechanisms and Depression in the age of COVID-19: a cross-sectional study of the Lebanese Population

Introduction

We compared depression of people who smoke and those who do not, depending on whether they have an underlying disease making them at risk for COVID-19. Moreover, we analyzed the factors associated with their depression.

Methods

We recruited 948 Lebanese residents, ages 18 and above. Our survey included the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) to assess depression. We divided participants, based on smoking and having a disease making one at risk for a COVID19 infection into four groups: non-smokers not at risk (NSNR), non-smokers at risk (NSR), smokers not at risk (SNR), and smokers at risk (SR).

Results

SR had PHQ-9 scores higher than other groups. The diet was not changed during the pandemic, whereas weight increased in all groups but SR. Those not at risk slept longer, while sports were decreased in NSR and SNR. Hobbies were decreased in all groups except SNR. Depending on the group, factors such as age, sex, residency, diet, exercise, sleep duration, and hobbies were associated with PHQ-9 scores.

Limitations

we cannot draw causal relationships. Participation required internet access, and participants might not represent the actual population due to the snowball effect. Also, recall bias might skew results. We did not inquire about sexual activity, which could be an essential coping mechanism.

Conclusion

Factors associated with depression for one group did not necessarily do so for another. Controlling the underlying risk or smoking cessation could move a patient to a group with more options associated with depression, thereby additional methods to decrease depression.

Effects of night eating and binge eating disorders on general health in university students in Lebanon

BACKGROUND

Eating disorders (EDs) have an important impact on both physical and mental wellbeing, especially in a young population. There is a lack in research about EDs in the Middle East, and especially in Lebanon, where the co-occurring obesity is a widespread health problem.

AIM

Our study aims to assess the relation between night eating syndrome (NES) with binge eating disease (BED) and obesity (BMI) on one hand, and between NES and general health on the other hand, in university students.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

An observational cross-sectional study was conducted on 460 university students in Lebanon. Data collection was carried out using an online questionnaire. Socio-demographic and general health characteristics, BMI, Arabic validated General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), Arabic validated Binge Eating Scale (BES) and the Night Eating Diagnostic Questionnaire (NEDQ). Statistical analysis was accomplished on SPSS.

RESULTS

Participants having highest income showed highest NEDQ score. Females and participants with a history of eating disorders were more likely to have BED. A significant correlation was also found between having an ED history and negative impact on general health. BMI was correlated with both NEDQ and BES. Having NES was associated with also having BED. Furthermore, those with NES showed higher scores regarding GHQ-12.

CONCLUSION

Relatively high prevalence of NES and BED was noted in university students in Lebanon. This was correlated to a household income, general health, and BMI. The repercussion on both physical and mental morbidities highlights the importance for stepping up of the Lebanese organizational system to perform periodic screening.

Knowledge and Beliefs of Cancer Risk Factors and Early Cancer Symptoms in Lebanon: A Cross-sectional Survey Among Adults in the Community

Background

Lebanon has an increasing cancer burden. Sufficient knowledge of cancer risk factors and early cancer symptoms can help lower cancer burden by facilitating primary prevention and early diagnosis. This study (i) assessed Lebanese adults’ knowledge and beliefs of cancer risk factors and early cancer symptoms, (ii) analyzed whether knowledge was correlated with personal behavior, and (iii) assessed the presence of barriers that keep knowledge from turning into healthcare seeking behavior.

Methods

We performed a cross-sectional survey in the Lebanese adult population, consisting of a questionnaire administered during face-to-face interviews on a community-based non-probability sample (n = 726) that was frequency matched to national government estimates on age, level of education and gender.

Results

Recognition was high for carcinogens and protective factors (75%), but low for neutral factors (22%) which were often seen as carcinogenic. A quarter of participants (27.8%) could not name any early warning signs. For some risk factors, high knowledge scores were correlated with low-risk behavior, but this was not the case for cigarette smoking. The most frequent barriers for not seeking timely care were financial (57.0%) fear of finding illness (53.7%), and having other things to worry about (42.4%).

Conclusion

This study revealed important knowledge gaps which are likely to hamper primary prevention and early diagnosis. However, we also showed that high knowledge of risk was not always correlated with low-risk behavior. This, together with the barriers we found that kept people from seeking timely health care, emphasizes that efforts to lower cancer burden should not only focus on increasing knowledge.

Knowledge and attitude towards Alzheimer's disease and related dementias in a low- to middle-income country: a cross-sectional survey among Lebanese middle-aged and older adults

BACKGROUND

Despite the growing burden of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) in low- to middle-income countries (LMICs) and prior findings of important gaps in research on ADRD knowledge, very few studies have assessed ADRD knowledge in these populations. This study evaluates the knowledge and attitudes towards ADRD among Lebanese middle-aged and older adults.

METHOD

Participants aged ≥ 40 (n = 215) attending primary care clinics at a large medical centre in Lebanon completed the Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Scale (ADKS), an attitude scale, and the Duke University Religion Index.

RESULTS

ADRD knowledge accuracy was 61.5% (mean score = 18.6 out of 30 (SD = 3.05)). Items with the least correct answers were related to caregiving and risk factors (≤9% and ≤28%). Overall, participants had tolerant views concerning ADRD; the least positive views were regarding living with people with ADRD. Older age, lower educational attainment, and higher religiosity scores were associated with poorer knowledge and attitudes.

CONCLUSION

Results highlight the need for awareness and preventive efforts that address misconceptions about modifiable risk factors and living with ADRD, especially given that the burden of caregiving for older adults often falls on family members in Lebanon and other LMIC countries.

Validation of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC) FFQ for use among adults in Lebanon

OBJECTIVE

To validate the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC) FFQ in Lebanon.

DESIGN

Validation of the EPIC FFQ was done against three 24-h recalls (24-HR). Unadjusted and energy-adjusted correlations, Bland-Altman plots and weighed kappa statistics were used to assess the agreement between the two methods.

SETTING

Lebanon.

PARTICIPANTS

119 adults (staff and students) at a Lebanese University.

RESULTS

Good unadjusted and energy-adjusted correlation coefficients were found between data from the two methods which ranged from -0·002 (vitamin A) to 0·337 (carbohydrates) and were all statistically significant except for vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin A, Se and niacin. Slight/fair agreement was reported through weighed kappa estimates for unadjusted data ranging from -0·05 (vitamin C) to 0·248 (Mg) and for energy-adjusted data ranging from -0·034 (vitamin A) to 0·203 (P). Individuals were categorised into exact and adjacent quartiles with an average of 78 % for unadjusted data and 70 % for energy-adjusted data, indicating a very good agreement between the EPIC FFQ and the average of the 24-HR data. The visual inspection of the Bland-Altman plots revealed an overestimation of energy, carbohydrates, protein and fat intakes by the FFQ method.

CONCLUSION

Overall, when all tests were taken into consideration, the current study demonstrated an acceptable agreement of the EPIC FFQ with the 24-h dietary recall method and significantly good correlations between dietary intakes. Therefore, the EPIC FFQ can be considered a valid tool for assessing diet in epidemiological studies among Lebanese adults.

Role of community pharmacists in weight management: results of a national study in Lebanon

BACKGROUND

Ideally situated within the community, pharmacists can be involved in a broad range of health promotion campaigns including prevention of obesity. Limited evidence is available regarding their involvement in weight management in Lebanon, a country with escalating prevalence rate of obesity.

OBJECTIVE

To examine the role of community pharmacists in weight management in Lebanon, specifically studying their beliefs, current practices, services, and knowledge.

METHODS

Using a stratified random sampling approach, a cross sectional national survey of community pharmacists was conducted (n = 341, response rate 89%). At the pharmacy, and through a face-to-face interview, pharmacists completed a multi-component questionnaire that addressed, in addition to socio-demographic and work characteristics, their beliefs, practices, knowledge in relation to weight management. Frequencies and proportions were used to describe the data. Simple and multiple linear regression analyses were used to examine the determinants of knowledge in the study population.

RESULTS

Over 80% of study participants agreed that they have an important role to play in weight management. However, 50% of pharmacists did not agree that weight loss products are well regulated and 81.1% thought that companies marketing weight loss products are making false promises. The majority of pharmacists always/often sold weight loss products (84.7%) and counseled their patients for diet (86.3%) and physical activity (91.7%). Despite taking weight and height measurements, 50% of pharmacists rarely/never calculated BMI. Among the pharmacists who reported side effects of weight loss products (46.5%), the majority (91.3%) did so to the pharmaceutical company. The knowledge of pharmacists was better for the use of weight loss products as opposed to their side effects and interactions. Significant predictors of knowledge were holding a Masters/ PhD degree in Pharmacy, graduating from a university inside Lebanon, obtaining weight management training within the academic degree, and receiving inquiries about weight management in the pharmacy more than once daily.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the study provided important insights on the beliefs, practices and knowledge of community pharmacists in weight management in Lebanon. These findings could be used to inform the development of future evidence-based community pharmacists led weight management service provision nationally and internationally.

Quality of Life before and after Sleeve Gastrectomy in Lebanese Population

Introduction

Obesity is increasing worldwide and in Lebanon with a negative impact on the quality of life. The primary objective of this study is to measure the quality of life in obese subjects before and after bariatric surgery, depending on age, sex, and degree of weight loss. A secondary objective is to determine the impact of bariatric surgery on comorbidities associated with obesity.

Materials and methods

Patients undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 between August 2016 and April 2017 were included. Participants completed the Moorehead-Ardelt Quality of Life Questionnaire II (MA II) prior to operation and one year after. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS statistics version 20.0.

Results

75 patients participated in the study. The majority were women (75%), and the mean age was 36.3 years. The mean weight loss was 36.57 kg (16-76). Initially, the total MA II score was -0.33 ± 0.93. Postoperatively, it increased to 1.68 ± 0.62 (p ≤ 0.001). All MA II parameters improved after surgery (p ≤ 0.001), but this improvement was independent of age and sex. Improvement in self-esteem, physical activity, work performance, and sexual pleasure was influenced by the degree of weight loss (p ≤ 0.001). All comorbidities associated with obesity regressed significantly after sleeve gastrectomy (p < 0.05) with the exception of gastroesophageal reflux and varicose veins of the lower limbs.

Conclusion

Sleeve gastrectomy improves quality of life and allows reduction of comorbidities.

Obesity/overweight and asthma control in LEBANESE adults: a cross-sectional study

Background

Studies exploring the association between weight and asthma are not conclusive. Both obesity and asthma have been increasing in Lebanon, their association is not yet documented. The aim of this study is to explore the effect of weight on asthma control in adults.

Methods

This is a cross-sectional study, involving all consecutive asthma patients presenting to the outpatient allergy clinic at the Hotel-Dieu de France (HDF) University Hospital between January 1, 2014 and December 30, 2016. Patients included were those who consented to fill the Asthma Control Test (ACT) after 3 months of therapy. BMI was reported at the same time of the questionnaire.

Results

A total of 183 records of diagnosed asthma cases in adults were included. Sixty-three (34.4%) were males and 120 (65.6%) females, with a mean age of 38.5 (SD = 14.3). Ninety patients (49.2%) were of normal weight, 65 (35.5%) overweight and 28 (15.3%) obese. Seventy-one percent had an ACT score ≤ 19, which corresponds to poor asthma control. Patients who were overweight or obese were more likely to have poor asthma control compared to patients who had a normal weight at the time of evaluation.

Conclusion

In conclusion, our study showed a significant association between asthma control as assessed by the ACT and high BMI defining overweight or obesity. This is the first national study exploring the association between asthma and overweight/obesity in Lebanon. A larger study with sampling from different specialists’ sites is needed to draw more conclusions about this association.

Adenoma Detection before and after the age of 50: a retrospective analysis of Lebanese outpatients

Background and aim

Colorectal cancer (CRC) has an increased impact on the Lebanese population’s morbidity and mortality. This study evaluated the situation of adenoma detection in an outpatient clinic in Lebanon.

Patients and methods

918 patients underwent colonoscopy over a period of 24 months by a qualified physician. Biopsy results were divided into normal versus abnormal colonic tissue, which was further subdivided into number of polyps and cancer.

Results

Out of 918 individuals included, 82 cases of Crohn’s colitis (8.93%) and 22 cases of ulcerative colitis (2.39%) were identified. A total of 42 cases of CRC (4.58%) and 188 cases of adenomatous polyps (20.48%) were identified. The data show that age >50 years and male gender significantly correlate with increased incidence of precancerous and cancerous polyps. Further exploring the results by age groups and gender, detection of adenomatous polyps in women aged 40–49 (8.33%) was significantly different from their female counterparts aged ≥50 years old (25.26%) (p<0.01). However, no statistical difference between detection of adenomas was found between men aged 40–49 (33.33%) and their male counterparts aged ≥50 years old (37.5%) (p=0.6).

Conclusion

Within the limitations of this study, the incidence of CRC and adenomatous polyps falls in the high range compared with international studies. Furthermore, symptomatic male patients aged 40–49 appear to exhibit detection rates of adenomas similar to their counterparts aged ≥50 years old. Subjects younger than 50 years underwent diagnostic rather than screening colonoscopy, which introduces some selection bias. Nevertheless, these findings can serve as a basis for further studies.

The relationship between hypovitaminosis D and metabolic syndrome: a cross sectional study among employees of a private university in Lebanon

BACKGROUND

The prevalence of low vitamin D status and metabolic syndrome is increasing globally and in Lebanon. The objectives of this study are to assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components (elevated triglycerides, low HDL, abdominal obesity defined by high waist circumference, hypertension, impaired fasting blood glucose) and investigate the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations and MetS and its components among a sample of Lebanese adults.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was carried out on Notre Dame University employees. A background questionnaire, a short-form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and a food frequency questionnaire were administered. Participants were invited to the nutrition laboratory to gather data on anthropometric (height, waist circumference, weight, body composition and body mass index) and biochemical measurements (serum vitamin D, triglycerides, HDL and fasting blood glucose). Vitamin D status was assessed according to the Institute of Medicine cut-offs (inadequate or adequate: 25(OH)D < or ≥ 50 nmol/L).The definition of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program was used to identify individuals who had MetS. The data were analyzed using the SPSS version 22. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

A total of 344 participants (age range of 20 to 74 years) were included in the study. The prevalence of MetS was 23.5%. Among MetS components, central obesity was the most prevalent condition (50.6%), while the least prevalent was impaired fasting blood glucose (20.3%). The odds of having MetS were found to be 2.5 (95% CI 1.3-4.7) higher among those with inadequate vitamin D status, than among those with adequate vitamin D status while controlling for important confounders (age, marital status, education level, income, medical morbidity, smoking and percent body fat and gender). Among the components of MetS, only hypertriglyceridemia (OR: 2.4, 95%CI: 1.3-4.2) and low HDL (OR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.0-3.0) were associated with inadequate vitamin D status while controlling for important confounders.

CONCLUSIONS

Early identification and control of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in the primary care level is needed, particularly among adults who have low vitamin D status, are obese, and have low income level.

Adiponectin and Inflammation in Health and Disease: An Update

Adiponectin, a protein secreted by adipocytes, gained a special medical attention in the past two decades mostly due to its relation to obesity, a major health problem worldwide. Moreover, adiponectin has shown to have a preventive effect on insulin resistance, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Lately, obesity has been classified as a chronic inflammatory state, whereby dysregulated adipocytes and high infiltration of macrophages shift toward the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6 among others. This status contributes to a decrease in adiponectin levels, thus leading to the emergence of obesity related complications. This review will focus on the hormone adiponectin and its mechanisms of action in relation to insulin resistance, diabetes, cardiovascular effect and atherosclerosis. It will also cover the various therapeutic approaches aiming to increase the levels of this important cytokine, and to highlight the promising role of AdipoRon, an adiponectin receptor agonist, and of diet.

Reality of obesity paradox: Results of percutaneous coronary intervention in Middle Eastern patients

Objective

The aim of this study was to assess the baseline clinical characteristics, coronary angiographic features, and adverse cardiovascular events during hospitalization and at 1 year of follow-up in obese patients compared with overweight and normal/underweight patients.

Methods

A prospective, multicenter study of consecutive patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention was performed.

Results

Of 2425 enrolled patients, 699 (28.8%) were obese, 1178 (48.6%) were overweight, and 548 (22.6%) were normal/underweight. Obese patients were more likely to be female and to have a higher prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, or previous percutaneous coronary intervention. Acute coronary syndrome was the indication for percutaneous coronary intervention in 77.0% of obese, 76.4% of overweight, and 77.4% of normal/underweight patients. No significant differences in the prevalence of multi-vessel coronary artery disease or multi-vessel percutaneous coronary intervention were found among the three groups. Additionally, no significant differences were found in stent thrombosis, readmission bleeding rates, or cardiac mortality among the three groups during hospitalization, at 1 month, and at 1 year.

Conclusion

The major adverse cardiovascular event rate was the same among the three groups throughout the study period. Accordingly, body mass index is considered a weak risk factor for cardiovascular comorbidities in Arab Jordanian patients.