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Zhao H, Liu ZD, Zhang YB, Gao XY, Wang C, Liu Y, Wang XF. NEP1‑40 promotes myelin regeneration via upregulation of GAP‑43 and MAP‑2 expression after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:844. [PMID: 34643252 PMCID: PMC8524407 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon regeneration after lesions to the central nervous system (CNS) is largely limited by the presence of growth inhibitory molecules expressed in myelin. Nogo‑A is a principal inhibitor of neurite outgrowth, and blocking the activity of Nogo‑A can induce axonal sprouting and functional recovery. However, there are limited data on the expression of Nogo‑A after CNS lesions, and the mechanism underlying its influences on myelin growth remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to observe the time course of Nogo‑A after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats using immunohistochemistry and western blot techniques, and to test the effect of its inhibitor Nogo extracellular peptide 1‑40 (NEP1‑40) on neural plasticity proteins, growth‑associated binding protein 43 (GAP‑43) and microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP‑2), as a possible mechanism underlying myelin suppression. A classic model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was established in Sprague‑Dawley rats, which were divided into three groups: i) MCAO model group; ii) MCAO + saline group; and iii) MCAO + NEP1‑40 group. Rats of each group were divided into five subgroups by time points as follows: days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28. Animals that only received sham operation were used as controls. The Nogo‑A immunoreactivity was located primarily in the cytoplasm of oligodendrocytes. The number of Nogo‑A immunoreactive cells significantly increased from day 1 to day 3 after MCAO, nearly returning to the control level at day 7, increased again at day 14 and decreased at day 28. Myelin basic protein (MBP) immunoreactivity in the ipsilateral striatum gradually decreased from day 1 to day 28 after ischemia, indicating myelin loss appeared at early time points and continuously advanced during ischemia. Then, intracerebroventricular infusion of NEP1‑40, which is a Nogo‑66 receptor antagonist peptide, was administered at days 1, 3 and 14 after MCAO. It was observed that GAP‑43 considerably increased from day 1 to day 7 and then decreased to a baseline level at day 28 compared with the control. MAP‑2 expression across days 1‑28 significantly decreased after MCAO. Administration of NEP1‑40 attenuated the reduction of MBP, and upregulated GAP‑43 and MAP‑2 expression at the corresponding time points after MCAO compared with the MCAO + saline group. The present results indicated that NEP1‑40 ameliorated myelin damage and promoted regeneration by upregulating the expression of GAP‑43 and MAP‑2 related to neuronal and axonal plasticity, which may aid with the identification of a novel molecular mechanism of restriction in CNS regeneration mediated by Nogo‑A after ischemia in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116033, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Professor Hong Zhao, Department of Neurology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, 826 Xi Nan Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116033, P.R. China, E-mail:
| | - Zhen-Dong Liu
- Department of General Medicine, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Bo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yu Gao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Cui Wang
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116033, P.R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116033, P.R. China
| | - Xun-Fen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116033, P.R. China
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Huang W, Lan Q, Jiang L, Yan W, Tang F, Shen C, Huang H, Zhong H, Lv J, Zeng S, Li M, Mo Z, Hu B, Liang N, Chen Q, Zhang M, Xu F, Cui L. Fasudil attenuates glial cell-mediated neuroinflammation via ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways after optic nerve crush. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:8963-8973. [PMID: 33161529 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05953-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the functional role of fasudil in optic nerve crush (ONC), and further explore its possible molecular mechanism. After ONC injury, the rats were injected intraperitoneally either with fasudil or normal saline once a day until euthanized. RGCs survival was assessed by retrograde labeling with FluoroGold. Retinal glial cells activation and population changes (GFAP, iba-1) were measured by immunofluorescence. The expressions of cleaved caspase 3 and 9, p-ERK1/2 and p-AKT were detected by western blot. The levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Fasudil treatment inhibited RGCs apoptosis and reduced RGCs loss demonstrated by the decreased apoptosis-associated proteins expression and the increased fluorogold labeling of RGCs after ONC, respectively. In addition, the ONC + fasudil group compared had a significantly lower expression of GFAP and iba1 compared with the ONC group. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were significantly reduced in the ONC + fasudil group than in the ONC group. Furthermore, the phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2 and AKT (p-ERK1/2 and p-AKT) were obviously elevated by the fasudil treatment. Our study demonstrated that fasudil attenuated glial cell-mediated neuroinflammation by up-regulating the ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways in rats ONC models. We conclude that fasudil may be a novel treatment for traumatic optic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Qianqian Lan
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Wenya Yan
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Fen Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Chaolan Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Haibin Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jian Lv
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Siming Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhongxiang Mo
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Bing Hu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Ning Liang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Mingyuan Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Fan Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Ling Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
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Tan F, Wang J, Liu JX, Wang C, Li M, Gu Y. Electroacupuncture stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of endogenous neural stem cells in a rat model of ischemic stroke. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:4943-4950. [PMID: 30542450 PMCID: PMC6257304 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroacupuncture (EA) may stimulate neurogenesis in animal models of ischemic stroke; however, the associated mechanisms are not clear. The present study aimed to evaluate the neurogenesis efficacy of EA on ischemic stroke and the underlying associated mechanisms. A model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was employed as the rat model of brain ischemia and reperfusion. EA treatment at the GV20 (Baihui) and GV14 (Dazhui) acupoints was conducted for 30 min daily following MCAO. Immunofluorescence was performed to measure the number of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)/nestin- or BrdU/doublecortin (DCX)-positive cells in the sham, MCAO and MCAO + EA groups. Results indicated that EA stimulation significantly decreased the neurological score and neuronal loss in rats in the MCAO group (both P<0.05). Furthermore, immunostaining assays indicated that BrdU/nestin- and BrdU/DCX-positive cells in EA-treated rats were significantly increased (P<0.05) when compared with the rats in the MCAO group, indicating EA may induce the proliferation and differentiation of endogenous neural stem cells (eNSCs) during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. In addition, EA treatment significantly enhanced the protein expression levels of plasticity-related gene 5 (PRG5), a critical neurogenesis factor, and significantly decreased the protein expression levels of three neurogenesis inhibiting molecules, NogoA, lysophosphatidic acid and RhoA (all P<0.05). These results suggested that EA promotes the proliferation and differentiation of eNSCs, likely through modulating PRG5/RhoA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tan
- Department of Neurology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurology, Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medical, Kunming, Yunnan 650000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Xian Liu
- Department of Neurology, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Miaodan Li
- Department of Neurology, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yong Gu
- Department of Neurology, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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Sun Y, Liu JQ, Tian F. Exercise intervention alleviates nerve injury by the suppression of inflammatory mediator expression via the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:2922-2930. [PMID: 30233666 PMCID: PMC6143867 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) may cause changes that have damaging effects on sensation and functionality. However, methods for the significant amelioration of SCI-reduced nerve injury are lacking. Previous studies have indicated that reasonable and effective exercise may promote the recovery of injured nerves. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the ability of exercise to improve recovery following SCI and the underlying mechanism. A rat model was used to evaluate the effects of two different periods of exercise intervention on recovery following SCI. The exercise intervention comprised 15 or 30 min/day passive walking for 30 days. ELISA measurements were used to analysis the plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses were performed to examine the levels of proteins and mRNAs associated with nuclear factor (NF)-κB-related signaling. In addition, histological examination and immunostaining were used to evaluate the neural injury and associated indicators. The results indicated that severe SCI induced a peripheral inflammatory response and increased the expression of inflammatory cytokines. In addition, the SCI-induced nerve injury was associated with increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression and the upregulation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/NF-κB signaling, which may further aggravate the inflammatory responses induced by SCI. However, the exercise intervention decreased SCI-induced GFAP expression and reduced the activation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway compared with that of SCI model rats that did not exercise. Furthermore, the exercise intervention inhibited the release of inflammatory cytokines into the serum. These results indicate that exercise treatment reduces inflammation and glial activation, and may be beneficial to recovery following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- Emergency Department, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Jie Qiong Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong Province People's Hospital, Zoucheng, Shandong 610041, P.R. China
| | - Feng Tian
- Emergency Department, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
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Cui Q, Zhang Y, Chen H, Li J. Rho kinase: A new target for treatment of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:1180-9. [PMID: 25206412 PMCID: PMC4107606 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.13.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho kinase inhibitor fasudil hydrochloride has been shown to reduce cerebral vasospasm, to inhibit inflammation and apoptosis and to promote the recovery of neurological function. However, the effect of fasudil hydrochloride on claudin-5 protein expression has not been reported after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Therefore, this study sought to explore the effects of fasudil hydrochloride on blood-brain barrier permeability, growth-associated protein-43 and claudin-5 protein expression, and to further understand the neuroprotective effect of fasudil hydrochloride. A focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion model was established using the intraluminal suture technique. Fasudil hydrochloride (15 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected once a day. Neurological deficit was evaluated using Longa's method. Changes in permeability of blood-brain barrier were measured using Evans blue. Changes in RhoA, growth-associated protein-43 and claudin-5 protein expression were detected using immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Results revealed that fasudil hydrochloride noticeably contributed to the recovery of neurological function, improved the function of blood-brain barrier, inhibited RhoA protein expression, and upregulated growth-associated protein-43 and claudin-5 protein expression following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Results indicated that Rho kinase exhibits a certain effect on neurovascular damage following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Intervention targeted Rho kinase might be a new therapeutic target in the treatment of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghong Cui
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yongbo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jimei Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
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Tan F, Chen J, Liang Y, Gu M, Li Y, Wang X, Meng DI. Electroacupuncture attenuates cervical spinal cord injury following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in stroke-prone renovascular hypertensive rats. Exp Ther Med 2014; 7:1529-1534. [PMID: 24926338 PMCID: PMC4043606 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia induces injury, not only in the ischemic core and surrounding penumbra tissues, but also in remote areas such as the cervical spinal cord. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on cervical spinal cord injury following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in stroke-prone renovascular hypertensive (RHRSP) rats. The results demonstrated that neuronal loss, which was assayed by Nissl staining in the cervical spinal cords of RHRSP rats subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), was markedly decreased by EA stimulation at the GV20 (Baihui) and GV14 (Dazhui) acupoints compared with that in rats undergoing sham stimulation. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis demonstrated that EA stimulation blocked the MCAO-induced elevated protein expression levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein and amyloid precursor protein in the cervical spinal cord at days 24 and 48. To further investigate the mechanism underlying the neuroprotective role of EA stimulation, the protein expression levels of Nogo-A and Nogo-66 receptor-1 (NgR1), two key regulatory molecules for neurite growth, were recorded in each group. The results revealed that EA stimulation reduced the MCAO-induced elevation of Nogo-A and NgR1 protein levels at day 14 and 28 in RHRSP rats. Therefore, the results demonstrated that EA reduced cervical spinal cord injury following cerebral ischemia in RHRSP rats, indicating that EA has the potential to be developed as a therapeutic treatment agent for cervical spinal cord injury following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tan
- Department of Neurology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Neurology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Yangui Liang
- Department of Neurology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Minhua Gu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Dongsheng Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Yanping Li
- Department of Neurology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - DI Meng
- Department of Neurology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
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