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Liu H, Liu X, Chang X, Chen F, Lin Z, Zhang L. Large-scale analyses of angiosperm Flowering Locus T genes reveal duplication and functional divergence in monocots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1039500. [PMID: 36684773 PMCID: PMC9847362 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1039500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) are well-known key genes for initiating flowering in plants. Delineating the evolutionary history and functional diversity of FT genes is important for understanding the diversification of flowering time and how plants adapt to the changing surroundings. We performed a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of FT genes in 47 sequenced flowering plants and the 1,000 Plant Transcriptomes (1KP) database with a focus on monocots, especially cereals. We revealed the evolutionary history of FT genes. The FT genes in monocots can be divided into three clades (I, II, and III), whereas only one monophyletic group was detected in early angiosperms, magnoliids, and eudicots. Multiple rounds of whole-genome duplications (WGD) events followed by gene retention contributed to the expansion and variation of FT genes in monocots. Amino acid sites in the clade II and III genes were preferentially under high positive selection, and some sites located in vital domain regions are known to change functions when mutated. Clade II and clade III genes exhibited high variability in important regions and functional divergence compared with clade I genes; thus, clade I is more conserved than clade II and III. Genes in clade I displayed higher expression levels in studied organs and tissues than the clade II and III genes. The co-expression modules showed that some of the FT genes might have experienced neofunctionalization and subfunctionalization, such as the acquisition of environmental resistance. Overall, FT genes in monocots might form three clades by the ancient gene duplication, and each clade was subsequently subjected to different selection pressures and amino acid substitutions, which eventually led to different expression patterns and functional diversification. Our study provides a global picture of FT genes' evolution in monocots, paving a road for investigating FT genes' function in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Liu
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xing Liu
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Chang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhenguo Lin
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Liangsheng Zhang
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Surkova SY, Samsonova MG. Mechanisms of Vernalization-Induced Flowering in Legumes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179889. [PMID: 36077286 PMCID: PMC9456104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vernalization is the requirement for exposure to low temperatures to trigger flowering. The best knowledge about the mechanisms of vernalization response has been accumulated for Arabidopsis and cereals. In Arabidopsis thaliana, vernalization involves an epigenetic silencing of the MADS-box gene FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), which is a flowering repressor. FLC silencing releases the expression of the main flowering inductor FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), resulting in a floral transition. Remarkably, no FLC homologues have been identified in the vernalization-responsive legumes, and the mechanisms of cold-mediated transition to flowering in these species remain elusive. Nevertheless, legume FT genes have been shown to retain the function of the main vernalization signal integrators. Unlike Arabidopsis, legumes have three subclades of FT genes, which demonstrate distinct patterns of regulation with respect to environmental cues and tissue specificity. This implies complex mechanisms of vernalization signal propagation in the flowering network, that remain largely elusive. Here, for the first time, we summarize the available information on the genetic basis of cold-induced flowering in legumes with a special focus on the role of FT genes.
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The Genetic and Hormonal Inducers of Continuous Flowering in Orchids: An Emerging View. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040657. [PMID: 35203310 PMCID: PMC8870070 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Orchids are the flowers of magnetic beauty. Vivid and attractive flowers with magnificent shapes make them the king of the floriculture industry. However, the long-awaited flowering is a drawback to their market success, and therefore, flowering time regulation is the key to studies about orchid flower development. Although there are some rare orchids with a continuous flowering pattern, the molecular regulatory mechanisms are yet to be elucidated to find applicable solutions to other orchid species. Multiple regulatory pathways, such as photoperiod, vernalization, circadian clock, temperature and hormonal pathways are thought to signalize flower timing using a group of floral integrators. This mini review, thus, organizes the current knowledge of floral time regulators to suggest future perspectives on the continuous flowering mechanism that may help to plan functional studies to induce flowering revolution in precious orchid species.
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Chen L, Cai Y, Qu M, Wang L, Sun H, Jiang B, Wu T, Liu L, Sun S, Wu C, Yao W, Yuan S, Han T, Hou W. Soybean adaption to high-latitude regions is associated with natural variations of GmFT2b, an ortholog of FLOWERING LOCUS T. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:934-944. [PMID: 31981430 PMCID: PMC7154755 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Day length has an important influence on flowering and growth habit in many plant species. In crops such as soybean, photoperiod sensitivity determines the geographical range over which a given cultivar can grow and flower. The soybean genome contains ~10 genes homologous to FT, a central regulator of flowering from Arabidopsis thaliana. However, the precise roles of these soybean FTs are not clearly. Here we show that one such gene, GmFT2b, promotes flowering under long-days (LDs). Overexpression of GmFT2b upregulates expression of flowering-related genes which are important in regulating flowering time. We propose a 'weight' model for soybean flowering under short-day (SD) and LD conditions. Furthermore, we examine GmFT2b sequences in 195 soybean cultivars, as well as flowering phenotypes, geographical distributions and maturity groups. We found that Hap3, a major GmFT2b haplotype, is associated with significantly earlier flowering at higher latitudes. We anticipate our assay to provide important resources for the genetic improvement of soybean, including new germplasm for soybean breeding, and also increase our understanding of functional diversity in the soybean FT gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- National Center for Transgenic Research in PlantsInstitute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yupeng Cai
- National Center for Transgenic Research in PlantsInstitute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Mengnan Qu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Liwei Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Hongbo Sun
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Bingjun Jiang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Tingting Wu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Luping Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Shi Sun
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Cunxiang Wu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Weiwei Yao
- National Center for Transgenic Research in PlantsInstitute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Shan Yuan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Tianfu Han
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wensheng Hou
- National Center for Transgenic Research in PlantsInstitute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
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Ke YT, Lin KF, Gu CH, Yeh CH. Molecular Characterization and Expression Profile of PaCOL1, a CONSTANS-like Gene in Phalaenopsis Orchid. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:plants9010068. [PMID: 31947959 PMCID: PMC7020484 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
CONSTANS (CO) and CONSTANS-like (COL) genes play important roles in coalescing signals from photoperiod and temperature pathways. However, the mechanism of CO and COLs involved in regulating the developmental stage transition and photoperiod/temperature senescing remains unclear. In this study, we identified a COL ortholog gene from the Taiwan native orchid Phalaenopsis aphrodite. The Phalaenopsis aphrodite CONSTANS-like 1 (PaCOL1) belongs to the B-box protein family and functions in the nucleus and cytosol. Expression profile analysis of Phalaenopsis aphrodite revealed that PaCOL1 was significantly expressed in leaves, but its accumulation was repressed during environmental temperature shifts. We found a differential profile for PaCOL1 accumulation, with peak accumulation at late afternoon and at the middle of the night. Arabidopsis with PaCOL1 overexpression showed earlier flowering under short-day (SD) conditions (8 h/23 °C light and 16 h/23 °C dark) but similar flowering time under long-day (LD) conditions (16 h/23 °C light and 8 h/23 °C dark). Transcriptome sequencing revealed several genes upregulated in PaCOL1-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants that were previously involved in flowering regulation of the photoperiod pathway. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) analysis and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) analysis revealed that PaCOL1 could interact with a crucial clock-associated regulator, AtCCA1, and a flowering repressor, AtFLC. Furthermore, expressing PaCOL1 in cca1.lhy partially reversed the mutant flowering time under photoperiod treatment, which confirms the role of PaCOL1 function in the rhythmic associated factors for modulating flowering.
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Expression profiles of five FT -like genes and functional analysis of PhFT-1 in a Phalaenopsis hybrid. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Tsukamoto A, Hirai T, Chin DP, Mii M, Mizoguchi T, Mizuta D, Yoshida H, Olsen JE, Ezura H, Fukuda N. The FT-like gene PehFT in petunia responds to photoperiod and light quality but is not the main gene promoting light quality-associated flowering. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2016; 33:297-307. [PMID: 31274991 PMCID: PMC6565942 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.16.0620a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, flowering is delayed under red light and induced under far red light and blue light. Studies suggest that the florigen, FLOWERING LOCUS T, is involved in the control of light quality-associated flowering in Arabidopsis. In petunia, similar to Arabidopsis, flowering is delayed under red light and induced under blue light, however its mechanism still remains unknown. Here we isolated a gene which has 75% amino acid sequence similarity with Arabidopsis FT (AtFT), named PehFT. By overexpressing PehFT in Arbidopsis and petunia, we tested its ability to induce flowering. Also, by conducting expression analyses of PehFT under different light quality treatments, we tested its response to light quality. We concluded that PehFT, like AtFT, is a gene which responds to photoperiod and light quality, but unlike AtFT, is not the main gene controlling the light quality-associated flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Tsukamoto
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Hirai
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Dong Poh Chin
- Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba University, 6-2-1, Kashiwanoha Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Masahiro Mii
- Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba University, 6-2-1, Kashiwanoha Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Mizoguchi
- Department of Natural Science, International Christian University (ICU), 10-2-3, Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8585, Japan
| | - Daiki Mizuta
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hideo Yoshida
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Jorunn E. Olsen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Naoya Fukuda
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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Jang S, Choi SC, Li HY, An G, Schmelzer E. Functional Characterization of Phalaenopsis aphrodite Flowering Genes PaFT1 and PaFD. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134987. [PMID: 26317412 PMCID: PMC4552788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that the key flowering regulators encoded by Phalaenopsis aphrodite FLOWERING LOCUS T1 (PaFT1) and PaFD share high sequence homologies to these from long-day flowering Arabidopsis and short-day flowering rice. Interestingly, PaFT1 is specifically up-regulated during flowering inductive cooling treatment but is not subjected to control by photoperiod in P. aphrodite. Phloem or shoot apex-specific expression of PaFT1 restores the late flowering of Arabidopsis ft mutants. Moreover, PaFT1 can suppress the delayed flowering caused by SHORT VEGATATIVE PHASE (SVP) overexpression as well as an active FRIGIDA (FRI) allele, indicating the functional conservation of flowering regulatory circuit in different plant species. PaFT1 promoter:GUS in Arabidopsis showed similar staining pattern to that of Arabidopsis FT in the leaves and guard cells but different in the shoot apex. A genomic clone or heat shock-inducible expression of PaFT1 is sufficient to the partial complementation of the ft mutants. Remarkably, ectopic PaFT1 expression also triggers precocious heading in rice. To further demonstrate the functional conservation of the flowering regulators, we show that PaFD, a bZIP transcription factor involved in flowering promotion, interacts with PaFT1, and PaFD partially complemented Arabidopsis fd mutants. Transgenic rice expressing PaFD also flowered early with increased expression of rice homologues of APETALA1 (AP1). Consistently, PaFT1 knock-down Phalaenopsis plants generated by virus-induced gene silencing exhibit delayed spiking. These studies suggest functional conservation of FT and FD genes, which may have evolved and integrated into distinct regulatory circuits in monopodial orchids, Arabidopsis and rice that promote flowering under their own inductive conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghoe Jang
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan County, 741, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Sang-Chul Choi
- Crop Biotechnology Center, Kyunghee University, Yongin, 446–701, Korea
| | - Hsing-Yi Li
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan County, 741, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Gynheung An
- Crop Biotechnology Center, Kyunghee University, Yongin, 446–701, Korea
| | - Elmon Schmelzer
- Max-Planck-Institute for Plant breeding research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
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Wickland DP, Hanzawa Y. The FLOWERING LOCUS T/TERMINAL FLOWER 1 Gene Family: Functional Evolution and Molecular Mechanisms. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:983-97. [PMID: 25598141 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In plant development, the flowering transition and inflorescence architecture are modulated by two homologous proteins, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1). The florigen FT promotes the transition to reproductive development and flowering, while TFL1 represses this transition. Despite their importance to plant adaptation and crop improvement and their extensive study by the plant community, the molecular mechanisms controlling the opposing actions of FT and TFL1 have remained mysterious. Recent studies in multiple species have unveiled diverse roles of the FT/TFL1 gene family in developmental processes other than flowering regulation. In addition, the striking evolution of FT homologs into flowering repressors has occurred independently in several species during the evolution of flowering plants. These reports indicate that the FT/TFL1 gene family is a major target of evolution in nature. Here, we comprehensively survey the conserved and diverse functions of the FT/TFL1 gene family throughout the plant kingdom, summarize new findings regarding the unique evolution of FT in multiple species, and highlight recent work elucidating the molecular mechanisms of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Wickland
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yoshie Hanzawa
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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