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Xiao H, Huang W, Xiong K, Ruan S, Yuan C, Mo G, Tian R, Zhou S, She R, Ye P, Liu B, Deng J. Osteochondral repair using scaffolds with gradient pore sizes constructed with silk fibroin, chitosan, and nano-hydroxyapatite. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:2011-2027. [PMID: 30962685 PMCID: PMC6435123 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s191627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One of the main problems associated with the development of osteochondral reparative materials is that the accurate imitation of the structure of the natural osteochondral tissue and fabrication of a suitable scaffold material for osteochondral repair are difficult. The long-term outcomes of single- or bilayered scaffolds are often unsatisfactory because of the absence of a progressive osteochondral structure. Therefore, only scaffolds with gradient pore sizes are suitable for osteochondral repair to achieve better proliferation and differentiation of the stem cells into osteochondral tissues to complete the repair of defects. Methods A silk fibroin (SF) solution, chitosan (CS) solution, and nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) suspension were mixed at the same weight fraction to obtain osteochondral scaffolds with gradient pore diameters by centrifugation, freeze-drying, and chemical cross-linking. Results The scaffolds prepared in this study are confirmed to have a progressive structure starting from the cartilage layer to bone layer, similar to that of the normal osteochondral tissues. The prepared scaffolds are cylindrical in shape and have high internal porosity. The structure consists of regular and highly interconnected pores with a progressively increasing pore distribution as well as a progressively changing pore diameter. The scaffold strongly absorbs water, and has a suitable degradation rate, sufficient space for cell growth and proliferation, and good resistance to compression. Thus, the scaffold can provide sufficient nutrients and space for cell growth, proliferation, and migration. Further, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells seeded onto the scaffold closely attach to the scaffold and stably grow and proliferate, indicating that the scaffold has good biocompatibility with no cytotoxicity. Conclusion In brief, the physical properties and biocompatibility of our scaffolds fully comply with the requirements of scaffold materials required for osteochondral tissue engineering, and they are expected to become a new type of scaffolds with gradient pore sizes for osteochondral repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China,
| | - Wenliang Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China,
| | - Kun Xiong
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China,
| | - Shiqiang Ruan
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China,
| | - Cheng Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China,
| | - Gang Mo
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China,
| | - Renyuan Tian
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China,
| | - Sirui Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China,
| | - Rongfeng She
- Department of Orthopedics, Guizhou Province People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Ye
- Emergency and Trauma Ward, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- Surgical Laboratory, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China,
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Li G, Liu X, Du Q, Gao M, An J. Three dimensional de novo micro bone marrow and its versatile application in drug screening and regenerative medicine. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:1029-38. [PMID: 26283705 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215594583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The finding that bone marrow hosts several types of multipotent stem cell has prompted extensive research aimed at regenerating organs and building models to elucidate the mechanisms of diseases. Conventional research depends on the use of two-dimensional (2D) bone marrow systems, which imposes several obstacles. The development of 3D bone marrow systems with appropriate molecules and materials however, is now showing promising results. In this review, we discuss the advantages of 3D bone marrow systems over 2D systems and then point out various factors that can enhance the 3D systems. The intensive research on 3D bone marrow systems has revealed multiple important clinical applications including disease modeling, drug screening, regenerative medicine, etc. We also discuss some possible future directions in the 3D bone marrow research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanqun Li
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13202, USA
| | - Xujun Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13202, USA
| | - Qian Du
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13202, USA
| | - Mei Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13202, USA SUNY Upstate Cancer Research Institute, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13202, USA
| | - Jing An
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13202, USA SUNY Upstate Cancer Research Institute, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13202, USA
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