1
|
Jermnak U, Ngernmeesri P, Yurayart C, Poapolathep A, Udomkusonsri P, Poapolathep S, Phaochoosak N. A New Benzaldehyde Derivative Exhibits Antiaflatoxigenic Activity against Aspergillus flavus. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1103. [PMID: 37998908 PMCID: PMC10672374 DOI: 10.3390/jof9111103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most potent naturally occurring carcinogen for humans and animals produced by the common fungus Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus). Aflatoxin (AF) contamination in commodities is a global concern related to the safety of food and feed, and it also impacts the agricultural economy. In this study, we investigated the AFB1-inhibiting activity of a new benzaldehyde derivative, 2-[(2-methylpyridin-3-yl)oxy]benzaldehyde (MPOBA), on A. flavus. It was found that MPOBA inhibited the production of AFB1 by A. flavus, with an IC50 value of 0.55 mM. Moreover, the inhibition of conidiation was also observed at the same concentration. The addition of MPOBA resulted in decreased transcript levels of the aflR gene, which encodes a key regulatory protein for the biosynthesis of AF, and also decreased transcript levels of the global regulator genes veA and laeA. These results suggested that MPOBA has an effect on the regulatory mechanism of the development and differentiation of conidia, leading to the inhibition of AFB1 production. In addition, the cytotoxicity study showed that MPOBA had a very low cytotoxic effect on the Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line. Therefore, MPOBA may be a potential compound for developing practically effective agents to control AF contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Usuma Jermnak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (A.P.); (P.U.); (S.P.); (N.P.)
| | - Paiboon Ngernmeesri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Chompoonek Yurayart
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (A.P.); (P.U.); (S.P.); (N.P.)
| | - Pareeya Udomkusonsri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (A.P.); (P.U.); (S.P.); (N.P.)
| | - Saranya Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (A.P.); (P.U.); (S.P.); (N.P.)
| | - Napasorn Phaochoosak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (A.P.); (P.U.); (S.P.); (N.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Comprehensive Review of Aflatoxin Contamination, Impact on Health and Food Security, and Management Strategies in Pakistan. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120845. [PMID: 36548742 PMCID: PMC9781569 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are the most important toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic fungal toxins that routinely contaminate food and feed. While more than 20 AFs have been identified to date, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), B2 (AFB2), G1 (AFG1), G2 (AFG2), and M1 (AFM1) are the most common. Over 25 species of Aspergillus have been shown to produce AFs, with Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, and Aspergillus nomius being the most important and well-known AF-producing fungi. These ubiquitous molds can propagate on agricultural commodities to produce AFs in fields and during harvesting, processing, transportation, and storage. Countries with warmer climates and that produce foods susceptible to AF contamination shoulder a substantial portion of the global AF burden. Pakistan's warm climate promotes the growth of toxigenic fungi, resulting in frequent AF contamination of human foods and animal feeds. The potential for contamination in Pakistan is exacerbated by improper storage conditions and a lack of regulatory limits and enforcement mechanisms. High levels of AFs in common commodities produced in Pakistan are a major food safety problem, posing serious health risks to the population. Furthermore, aflatoxin contamination contributes to economic losses by limiting exports of these commodities. In this review, recent information regarding the fungal producers of AFs, prevalence of AF contamination of foods and feed, current regulations, and AF prevention and removal strategies are summarized, with a major focus on Pakistan.
Collapse
|
3
|
Tengey TK, Kankam F, Ndela DN, Frempong D, Appaw WO. Growth and Toxigenicity of A. flavus on Resistant and Susceptible Peanut Genotypes. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080536. [PMID: 36006198 PMCID: PMC9414427 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination poses serious health concerns to consumers of peanut and peanut products. This study aimed at investigating the response of peanuts to Aspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin accumulation. Isolates of A. flavus were characterised either as aflatoxigenic or non-aflatoxigenic using multiple cultural techniques. The selected isolates were used in an in vitro seed colonisation (IVSC) experiment on two A. flavus-resistant and susceptible peanut genotypes. Disease incidence, severity, and aflatoxin accumulation were measured. Genotypes differed significantly (p < 0.001) in terms of the incidence and severity of aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus infection with the non-aflatoxigenic isolate having significantly higher incidence and severity values. There was no accumulation of aflatoxins in peanut genotypes inoculated with non-aflatoxigenic isolate, indicating its potential as a biocontrol agent. Inoculations with the aflatoxigenic isolate resulted in the accumulation of aflatoxin B1 and G1 in all the peanut genotypes. Aflatoxin B2 was not detected in ICGV−03401 (resistant genotype), while it was present and higher in Manipinta (susceptible genotype) than L027B (resistant genotype). ICGV−03401 can resist fungal infection and aflatoxin accumulation than L027B and Manipinta. Non-aflatoxigenic isolate detected in this study could further be investigated as a biocontrol agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theophilus Kwabla Tengey
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute (CSIR-SARI), Nyankpala NL-1032-0471, Ghana
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +233-249-437-879
| | - Frederick Kankam
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Consumer Sciences, University for Development Studies, Nyankpala NL-1029-6240, Ghana
| | - Dominic Ngagmayan Ndela
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Consumer Sciences, University for Development Studies, Nyankpala NL-1029-6240, Ghana
| | - Daniel Frempong
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Consumer Sciences, University for Development Studies, Nyankpala NL-1029-6240, Ghana
| | - William Ofori Appaw
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi AK-448-1125, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Merchán AV, Ruiz-Moyano S, Vázquez Hernández M, Benito MJ, Aranda E, Rodríguez A, Martín A. Characterization of autochthonal yeasts isolated from Spanish soft raw ewe milk protected designation of origin cheeses for technological application. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:2931-2947. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
5
|
Ajmal M, Akram A, Hanif NQ, Mukhtar T, Arshad M. Mycobiota Isolation and Aflatoxin B1 Contamination in Fresh and Stored Sesame Seeds from Rainfed and Irrigated Zones of Punjab, Pakistan. J Food Prot 2021; 84:1673-1682. [PMID: 34086928 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study was carried out to evaluate the prevalence of mycobiota and aflatoxin (AF) B1 contamination in sesame seeds from rainfed and irrigated zones of the Punjab, Pakistan. For this purpose, 100 sesame seed samples were collected directly from the fields of major sesame-producing areas in rainfed and irrigated zones. The agar plate method was used for isolation of mycobiota, and thin-layer chromatography was used to determine AFB1 concentrations. Seed samples were then stored for 12 months. After 12 months, the seeds were again analyzed for mycobiota and AFB1 for comparison. All samples were positive for fungal growth under fresh and stored conditions. Twenty-one fungal species of 10 genera were isolated. Aspergillus flavus was the most prevalent contaminant found in fresh and stored sesame seeds from rainfed and irrigated zones, followed by Aspergillus niger, Alternaria alternata, and Fusarium oxysporum. The least prevalent fungi were Aspergillus ochraceus and Cladosporium oxysporum. Analysis revealed that 92% of fresh and 99% of stored seed samples were contaminated with AFB1. In the rainfed zone, 88% of fresh and 100% of stored seed samples were contaminated with AFB1, with mean concentrations of 15.74 and 33.8 ppb, respectively. In the irrigated zone, 96% of fresh and 98% of stored seed samples were contaminated with AFB1, with mean concentrations of 20.5 and 27.56 ppb, respectively. AFB1 concentrations >20 ppb were found in 20% of fresh and 100% of stored seeds samples from the rainfed zone and in 28% of fresh and 60% of stored samples from the irrigated zone and thus were not fit for human consumption as per the maximum limit (20 ppb) assigned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. This report is the first on the mycobiota and AFB1 contamination in sesame seeds from rainfed and irrigated zones of the Punjab, Pakistan. These baseline data are an initial step in the effort to deal with this significant food safety issue. HIGHLIGHTS
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ajmal
- Department of Botany, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Abida Akram
- Department of Botany, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | - Tariq Mukhtar
- Department of Plant Pathology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Department of Botany, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Identification of the Causal Agent of Aqueous Spot Disease of Sweet Cherries ( Prunus avium L.) from the Jerte Valley (Cáceres, Spain). Foods 2021; 10:foods10102281. [PMID: 34681330 PMCID: PMC8534920 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The pre and postharvest disease named ‘aqueous spot’ is an emerging risk for sweet cherries growing in Jerte Valley (Cáceres, Spain). Early stages of the disease appear in the tree, but it is usually detected after harvesting, during the postharvest period. Symptoms include the appearance of skin discolouration and translucency in the shoulder areas. At the most advanced stages, a mycelium of white colour partially or completely covers the fruit. This manuscript provides a detailed description of the microbes involved in this disease, such as bacteria, yeasts, and moulds. Microbes of different cherry cultivars were studied during two consecutive seasons (2019 and 2020). The counts of bacteria and yeast in damaged tissues were higher (7.05 and 6.38 log10 CFU/g for total aerobic mesophilic microbes and yeasts, respectively) than sound tissues (6.08 and 5.19 log10 CFU/g, respectively). The Enterobacterales order dominated the bacteria population. Among yeasts, Yarrowia lipolytica, in 2019, and Metschnikowia pulcherrima and Metschnikowia viticola, in 2020, were consistently isolated from all samples. The presence of moulds was inconsistently detected at the early stage of this disease by plate counts. However, microscopic observations revealed the presence of hyphae in cherry flesh. Different pathogenic moulds were identified, although white mycelium, identified as Botrytis cinerea by molecular methods, was consistently isolated at later stages. Inoculation tests confirmed the involvement of white-mycelium B. cinerea in the development of this new postharvest disease in the Jerte Valley. Its combination with Enterobacterales enhanced the evolution of rotting, whereas the combination with yeasts decreased and delayed the symptoms. This work presents the first report of a consortia of microorganisms implicated in the development of ‘aqueous spot’, an emerging disease in sweet cherry cultivars in the Jerte Valley.
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang S, Mo H, Xu D, Hu H, Hu L, Shuai L, Li H. Determination of volatile organic compounds by HS-GC-IMS to detect different stages of Aspergillus flavus infection in Xiang Ling walnut. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:2703-2712. [PMID: 34026083 PMCID: PMC8116874 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for evolution monitoring and early detection of Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) contamination in walnuts. We successfully applied headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) to evaluate walnut VOC changes caused by A. flavus contamination. A total of 48 VOCs were identified in walnuts contaminated with A. flavus. After identification of VOCs, a heat map and principal component analysis (PCA) highlighted ethyl acetate-D, 3-methyl-2-butanol, and cyclohexanone as potential biomarkers specific to A. flavus contamination in walnuts. These results provided valid targets for the development of sensors to evaluate the early mold contamination in stored walnuts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wang
- School of Food and Biological EngineeringShaanxi University of Science and TechnologyXi’anChina
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape ArchitectureHenan Institute of Science and TechnologyXinxiangChina
| | - Haizhen Mo
- School of Food and Biological EngineeringShaanxi University of Science and TechnologyXi’anChina
- College of Food and Biological EngineeringHezhou UniversityHezhouChina
| | - Dan Xu
- School of Food and Biological EngineeringShaanxi University of Science and TechnologyXi’anChina
| | - Huiling Hu
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape ArchitectureHenan Institute of Science and TechnologyXinxiangChina
| | - Liangbin Hu
- School of Food and Biological EngineeringShaanxi University of Science and TechnologyXi’anChina
| | - Liang Shuai
- College of Food and Biological EngineeringHezhou UniversityHezhouChina
| | - Hongbo Li
- School of Food and Biological EngineeringShaanxi University of Science and TechnologyXi’anChina
- College of Food and Biological EngineeringHezhou UniversityHezhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abd El-Aziz AR, Shehata SM, Hisham SM, Alobathani AA. Molecular profile of aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic isolates of Aspergillus flavus isolated from stored maize. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:1383-1391. [PMID: 33613068 PMCID: PMC7878702 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize is a significant staple crop and utilized in Saudi Arabia as food and feed, but maize is often infected with Aspergillus flavus in tropical and subtropical climates, especially during storage. This study intended at a polyphasic approach, consisting of microscopic morphological, biochemical, and molecular characterizations that were applied to 29 of A. flavus isolates of stored maize, with the goal of characterization and identification of aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus isolates. The technique of real-time PCR (RTi-PCR) was used to detection of A. flavus in stored maize samples, the findings have been very accurate. Centered on macroscopic morphological (primarily colony color and morphology of conidia) and microscopic (morphology of conidia and size) characteristics. Results have shown 23 A. flavus isolates (80%) were categorized as the dark green of colonies also all isolates were rough conidia. The isolates have been two different groups, 16 isolates (62%) had sclerotium-forming and the remaining 13 isolates (38%) had no sclerotium-forming isolates. To the identification of aflatoxigenic isolates of A. flavus in stored maize, we utilized the qualitative methods (easy and inexpensive) like UV test, yellow pigmentation, and ammonia vapor and quantitative method as HPLC (accurate and expensive). the accuracy methods to the identification aflatoxigenicity isolates, vary, and classified in the following descending order: HPLC (100%) > UV method (81%) > yellow pigmentation (YP) and ammonia vapor (AV) (63%). The profile of Aflatoxigenicity of A. flavus isolates by HPLC has been involved in two types first of 11 isolates (38%) have been aflatoxigenic isolates while 18 isolates (62%) were non-aflatoxigenic isolates. The expression of six aflatoxins (AFs) genes (aflD, aflM, aflO, aflP, aflR, and aflQ) was estimated using PCR and RT-PCR. PCR of all genes did not correspond to the aflatoxigenic isolates. The transcriptional analysis of aflO and aflQ was a beneficial marker for discriminating aflatoxigenic from non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus isolates. Also, qRT-PCR indicated that non-aflatoxigenic isolates had a high incidence of defect or downregulation in late AF-genes contrast with early AF-genes. therefore, these non-aflatoxigenic isolates could be critical factors for an efficient and competent strategy for the control of aflatoxin contamination pre-harvest can be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abeer R.M. Abd El-Aziz
- Botany and Microbiology, Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Shereen M. Shehata
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Depart., College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameh M. Hisham
- Botany and Microbiology, Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afnan A. Alobathani
- Botany and Microbiology, Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Al-Zaban MI, Mahmoud MA, Alharbi MA. A polyphasic approach to the characterization of potential silver-nanoparticles–producing and non-producing isolates of Alternaria species and antifungal activity against mycotoxigenic fungi. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2021.1875876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mayasar Ibrahim Al-Zaban
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Abobakr Mahmoud
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Maha Abdullah Alharbi
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Adetunji MC, Ezeokoli OT, Ngoma L, Mwanza M. Phylogenetic diversity and prevalence of mycoflora in ready-to-eat supermarket and roadside-vended peanuts. Mycologia 2020; 113:1-11. [PMID: 33064064 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2020.1804235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Little is known of the mycobiota present in ready-to-eat peanuts consumed in Southern Africa. Knowledge of the mycobiota and aflatoxigenic species can elucidate potential health risks associated with consumption of ready-to-eat peanuts sold by supermarkets and roadside vendors. We investigated the culturable mycobiota diversity in supermarket and roadside-vended peanuts as well as the presence of five aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway-related genes (aflR, aflJ, aflM, aflD, and aflP) in 15 suspected aflatoxigenic isolates, with a focus on Mafikeng, South Africa. Mean colony-forming unit (CFU) counts of 288.7 and 619.7 CFU/g were observed in supermarket and roadside-vended peanuts, respectively. A total of 145 fungal isolates comprising 26 distinct taxa (based on 97% internal transcribed spacer region [ITS1-5.8S-ITS2] sequence similarity) were obtained, including strains representing Aspergillus, Acremonium, Alternaria, Bipolaris, Chaetomium, Ectophoma, Epicoccum, Hamigera, Leancillium, Monascus, Penicillium, Periconia, Talaromyces, and Trichoderma. Phylogenetic analyses of concatenated sequences of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, β-tubulin, and calmodulin genes delineated the species of Aspergillus, which included A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. hiratsukae, A. niger, and A. parasiticus. Higher species richness was obtained from supermarket peanuts compared with roadside-vended peanuts, with eight species common to both sources. Across supermarket or roadside-vended peanuts, A. fumigatus, A. niger, and A. flavus were prevalent (>40% incidence). In contrast, strains related to or representing Ectophoma multirostata, Aspergillus hiratsukae, Bipolaris zeae, Chaetomium bostrychodes, Epicoccum nigrum, Hamigera paravellanea, Lecanicillium aphanocladii, Monascus ruber, Periconia macrospinosa, Periconia lateralis, Talaromyces funiculosus, Talaromyces minioluteus, Talaromyces wortmannii, Talaromyces spp., and Trichoderma sp. were detected in either supermarket or roadside-vended peanuts. Among the five aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway-related genes, aflD and aflM were more prevalent (87%) and aflR was the least prevalent (40%). Findings suggest that roasted peanuts meant for human consumption and sold at supermarkets and by roadside vendors are contaminated with potential toxin-producing fungi. Hence, proper processing and packaging of peanuts before vending is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Modupeade C Adetunji
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus , Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa.,Department of Biological Sciences, Trinity University , Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria.,Food Security and Food Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University , Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa
| | - Obinna T Ezeokoli
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State , Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
| | - Lubanza Ngoma
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus , Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa.,Food Security and Food Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University , Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa
| | - Mulunda Mwanza
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus , Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa.,Food Security and Food Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University , Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Merchán AV, Benito MJ, Galván AI, Ruiz-Moyano Seco de Herrera S. Identification and selection of yeast with functional properties for future application in soft paste cheese. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
12
|
Genetic Diversity of Fungi Producing Mycotoxins in Stored Crops. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.12.4.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
|
13
|
Su C, Hu Y, Gao D, Luo YI, Chen AJ, Jiao X, Gao W. Occurrence of Toxigenic Fungi and Mycotoxins on Root Herbs from Chinese Markets. J Food Prot 2018; 81:754-761. [PMID: 29620485 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Herbs derived from roots, leaves, flowers, or fruits of plants are unavoidably contaminated with fungi and mycotoxins during growth, harvest, and storage, thereby posing a health threat to humans. Especially, root herbs (RHs) are more easily contaminated with fungi and mycotoxins because the roots are in direct contact with the soil. Here, we investigated the occurrence of fungi, aflatoxins (AFs), and ochratoxin A (OTA) in eight RHs that are used as medicines, beverages, dietary supplements, and functional foods in China and other countries. Morphological observation and MultiGeneBlast (β-tubulin and calmodulin) were used to identify the potentially toxigenic fungi. Of the 48 samples tested, all were contaminated by fungi, and 1,844 isolates belonging to 25 genera were detected. The genera Aspergillus and Penicillium, which contain potentially toxigenic fungal species, represented a frequency of 10 and 25%, respectively. Thirty-three isolates of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus niger, and Penicillium polonicum were arbitrarily selected for analysis of their toxigenic potential. Five of 13 isolates of A. flavus and 1 isolate of A. parasiticus produced AFs, whereas OTA production was not detected for any of the isolates of A. niger and P. polonicum. The occurrence of AFs and OTA in the 48 samples of eight RHs was tested by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; 37.50% of samples from six RHs were contaminated with AFs and 16.67% of samples from four RHs were contaminated with OTA. Seven (14.58%) and four (8.33%) samples of ginseng, polygala, and liquorice exceeded the permissible limits of aflatoxin B1 and AFs, respectively. Because ginseng, polygala, and liquorice are widely used as herbs, dietary supplements, and functional foods, the high frequency of AF contamination of these herbs indicated by our current study warrant attention to raise public awareness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Su
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjian Hu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Gao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Y I Luo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Amanda Juan Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Jiao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Gao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mahmoud MA, Abd-El-Aziz AR, Al-Othman MR. Molecular and biochemical taxonomic tools for the identification and classification of plant-pathogenic Penicilliumspecies. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2016.1228480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Mahmoud
- Mycology and Plant Diseases Survey Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center , Giza, Egypt
| | - Abeer R.M. Abd-El-Aziz
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Monira R. Al-Othman
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mahmoud MA. Detection of Aspergillus flavus in stored peanuts using real-time PCR and the expression of aflatoxin genes in toxigenic and atoxigenic A. flavus isolates. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:289-96. [PMID: 25621617 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is the main species from section Flavi responsible for aflatoxin accumulation in stored peanuts. Rapid methods to detect A. flavus could help to prevent aflatoxins from entering the food chain. A real-time polymerase chain reaction (RTi-PCR) assay was standardized for rapid, specific, and sensitive detection of A. flavus in stored peanuts. A. flavus was detected in 53.6% and 50% of peanut samples by RTi-PCR and A. flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus agar culture, respectively, with 95% agreement between them. Twenty-two A. flavus isolates were screened using high-performance liquid chromatography for their capacity to produce aflatoxin AFB1 (B1). B1 was produced by >72% of the isolates. Sixteen isolates produced B1 at concentrations ranging from 1.64 to 109.18 μg/mL. Four aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway genes (aflD, aflM, aflP, and aflQ) were evaluated using PCR and reverse-transcription PCR in 22 A. flavus isolates from peanut kernels with the aim of rapidly and accurately differentiating toxigenic and atoxigenic isolates. The PCR amplification of genes did not correlate with aflatoxin production capability. The expression of aflD and aflQ was a good marker for differentiating toxigenic from atoxigenic isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Mahmoud
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center , Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|