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Lindberg S, Premkumar A. Ion Changes and Signaling under Salt Stress in Wheat and Other Important Crops. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:46. [PMID: 38202354 PMCID: PMC10780558 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
High concentrations of sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl-), calcium (Ca2+), and sulphate (SO42-) are frequently found in saline soils. Crop plants cannot successfully develop and produce because salt stress impairs the uptake of Ca2+, potassium (K+), and water into plant cells. Different intracellular and extracellular ionic concentrations change with salinity, including those of Ca2+, K+, and protons. These cations serve as stress signaling molecules in addition to being essential for ionic homeostasis and nutrition. Maintaining an appropriate K+:Na+ ratio is one crucial plant mechanism for salt tolerance, which is a complicated trait. Another important mechanism is the ability for fast extrusion of Na+ from the cytosol. Ca2+ is established as a ubiquitous secondary messenger, which transmits various stress signals into metabolic alterations that cause adaptive responses. When plants are under stress, the cytosolic-free Ca2+ concentration can rise to 10 times or more from its resting level of 50-100 nanomolar. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are linked to the Ca2+ alterations and are produced by stress. Depending on the type, frequency, and intensity of the stress, the cytosolic Ca2+ signals oscillate, are transient, or persist for a longer period and exhibit specific "signatures". Both the influx and efflux of Ca2+ affect the length and amplitude of the signal. According to several reports, under stress Ca2+ alterations can occur not only in the cytoplasm of the cell but also in the cell walls, nucleus, and other cell organelles and the Ca2+ waves propagate through the whole plant. Here, we will focus on how wheat and other important crops absorb Na+, K+, and Cl- when plants are under salt stress, as well as how Ca2+, K+, and pH cause intracellular signaling and homeostasis. Similar mechanisms in the model plant Arabidopsis will also be considered. Knowledge of these processes is important for understanding how plants react to salinity stress and for the development of tolerant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Lindberg
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Albert Premkumar
- Bharathiyar Group of Institutes, Guduvanchery 603202, Tamilnadu, India;
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2
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Anil Kumar S, Hima Kumari P, Nagaraju M, Sudhakar Reddy P, Durga Dheeraj T, Mack A, Katam R, Kavi Kishor PB. Genome-wide identification and multiple abiotic stress transcript profiling of potassium transport gene homologs in Sorghum bicolor. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:965530. [PMID: 36119582 PMCID: PMC9478208 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.965530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K+) is the most abundant cation that plays a crucial role in various cellular processes in plants. Plants have developed an efficient mechanism for the acquisition of K+ when grown in K+ deficient or saline soils. A total of 47 K+ transport gene homologs (27 HAKs, 4 HKTs, 2 KEAs, 9 AKTs, 2 KATs, 2 TPCs, and 1 VDPC) have been identified in Sorghum bicolor. Of 47 homologs, 33 were identified as K+ transporters and the remaining 14 as K+ channels. Chromosome 2 has been found as the hotspot of K+ transporters with 9 genes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the conservation of sorghum K+ transport genes akin to Oryza sativa. Analysis of regulatory elements indicates the key roles that K+ transport genes play under different biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Digital expression data of different developmental stages disclosed that expressions were higher in milk, flowering, and tillering stages. Expression levels of the genes SbHAK27 and SbKEA2 were higher during milk, SbHAK17, SbHAK11, SbHAK18, and SbHAK7 during flowering, SbHAK18, SbHAK10, and 23 other gene expressions were elevated during tillering inferring the important role that K+ transport genes play during plant growth and development. Differential transcript expression was observed in different tissues like root, stem, and leaf under abiotic stresses such as salt, drought, heat, and cold stresses. Collectively, the in-depth genome-wide analysis and differential transcript profiling of K+ transport genes elucidate their role in ion homeostasis and stress tolerance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Anil Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology & Research (Deemed to be University), Guntur, India
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - P. Hima Kumari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Marka Nagaraju
- Biochemistry Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - T. Durga Dheeraj
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology & Research (Deemed to be University), Guntur, India
| | - Alexis Mack
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
- Department of Biology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Ramesh Katam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - P. B. Kavi Kishor
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology & Research (Deemed to be University), Guntur, India
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3
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Ankit A, Kamali S, Singh A. Genomic & structural diversity and functional role of potassium (K +) transport proteins in plants. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 208:844-857. [PMID: 35367275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K+) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and productivity. It is the most abundant cation in plants and is involved in various cellular processes. Variable K+ availability is sensed by plant roots, consequently K+ transport proteins are activated to optimize K+ uptake. In addition to K+ uptake and translocation these proteins are involved in other important physiological processes like transmembrane voltage regulation, polar auxin transport, maintenance of Na+/K+ ratio and stomata movement during abiotic stress responses. K+ transport proteins display tremendous genomic and structural diversity in plants. Their key structural features, such as transmembrane domains, N-terminal domains, C-terminal domains and loops determine their ability of K+ uptake and transport and thus, provide functional diversity. Most K+ transporters are regulated at transcriptional and post-translational levels. Genetic manipulation of key K+ transporters/channels could be a prominent strategy for improving K+ utilization efficiency (KUE) in plants. This review discusses the genomic and structural diversity of various K+ transport proteins in plants. Also, an update on the function of K+ transport proteins and their regulatory mechanism in response to variable K+ availability, in improving KUE, biotic and abiotic stresses is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Ankit
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi 110067, India
| | | | - Amarjeet Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi 110067, India.
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4
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Cai K, Zeng F, Wang J, Zhang G. Identification and characterization of HAK/KUP/KT potassium transporter gene family in barley and their expression under abiotic stress. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:317. [PMID: 33932999 PMCID: PMC8088664 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07633-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HAK/KUP/KT (High-affinity K+ transporters/K+ uptake permeases/K+ transporters) is the largest potassium transporter family in plants, and plays pivotal roles in K+ uptake and transport, as well as biotic and abiotic stress responses. However, our understanding of the gene family in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is quite limited. RESULTS In the present study, we identified 27 barley HAK/KUP/KT genes (hereafter called HvHAKs) through a genome-wide analysis. These HvHAKs were unevenly distributed on seven chromosomes, and could be phylogenetically classified into four clusters. All HvHAK protein sequences possessed the conserved motifs and domains. However, the substantial difference existed among HAK members in cis-acting elements and tissue expression patterns. Wheat had the most orthologous genes to barley HAKs, followed by Brachypodium distachyon, rice and maize. In addition, six barley HAK genes were selected to investigate their expression profiling in response to three abiotic stresses by qRT-PCR, and their expression levels were all up-regulated under salt, hyperosmotic and potassium deficiency treatments. CONCLUSION Twenty seven HAK genes (HvHAKs) were identified in barley, and they differ in tissue expression patterns and responses to salt stress, drought stress and potassium deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangfeng Cai
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.,Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fanrong Zeng
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Junmei Wang
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Guoping Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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5
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Wang W, Liu D, Qin M, Xie Z, Chen R, Zhang Y. Effects of Supplemental Lighting on Potassium Transport and Fruit Coloring of Tomatoes Grown in Hydroponics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2687. [PMID: 33799970 PMCID: PMC7961429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental blue/red lighting accelerated fruit coloring and promoted lycopene synthesis in tomato fruits. Potassium (K) is the most enriched cation in tomato fruits, and its fertigation improved tomato yield and fruit color. However, the effects of supplemental lighting on K uptake and transport by tomatoes and whether supplemental lighting accelerates fruit coloring through enhancing K uptake and transport are still unclear. We investigated the effects of supplemental light-emitting diode (LED) lighting (SL; 100% red, 100% blue; 75% red combined 25% blue) on K uptake in roots and transport in the fruits as well as the fruit coloring of tomatoes (Micro-Tom) grown in an experimental greenhouse in hydroponics. The use of red SL or red combined blue SL enhanced K uptake and K accumulation as well as carotenoid (phytoene, lycopene, γ-carotene, and β-carotene) content in fruits by increasing photosynthesis, plant growth, and fruit weight. The genes related to ethylene signaling were upregulated by red SL. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) results showed that K transporter genes (SlHAKs) are differentially expressed during fruit development and ripening. The highest-expressed gene was SlHAK10 when fruit reached breaker and ripening. SlHAK3 and SlHAK19 were highly expressed at breaker, and SlHAK18 was highly expressed at ripening. These might be related to the formation of tomato fruit ripening and quality. SlHAK4, SlHAK6, SlHAK8, and SlHAK9 were significantly downregulated with fruit ripening and induced by low K. The expression level of SlHAK6, SlHAK10, SlHAK15, and SlHAK19 were significantly increased by blue SL or red combined blue SL during breaker and ripening. Blue SL or red combined blue SL increased content of phytoene, β-carotene, α-carotene, and γ-carotene and accelerated fruit coloring by enhancing K uptake in roots and transport in fruits during fruit ripening. This was consistent with the expression level of SlHAK6, SlHAK10, SlHAK15, and SlHAK19 during fruit development and ripening. The key genes of photoreceptors, light signaling transcript factors as well as abscisic acid (ABA) transduction induced by blue SL or red combined blue SL were consistent with the upregulated genes of SlHAK6, SlHAK10, SlHAK15, and SlHAK19 under blue SL and red combined blue SL. The K transport in tomato fruits might be mediated by light signaling and ABA signaling transduction. These results provide valuable information for fruit quality control and the light regulating mechanism of K transport and fruit coloring in tomatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Riyuan Chen
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.W.); (D.L.); (M.Q.); (Z.X.)
| | - Yiting Zhang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.W.); (D.L.); (M.Q.); (Z.X.)
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6
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Bai Q, Shen Y, Huang Y. Advances in Mineral Nutrition Transport and Signal Transduction in Rosaceae Fruit Quality and Postharvest Storage. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:620018. [PMID: 33692815 PMCID: PMC7937644 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.620018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Mineral nutrition, taken up from the soil or foliar sprayed, plays fundamental roles in plant growth and development. Among of at least 14 mineral elements, the macronutrients nitrogen (N), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), and calcium (Ca) and the micronutrient iron (Fe) are essential to Rosaceae fruit yield and quality. Deficiencies in minerals strongly affect metabolism with subsequent impacts on the growth and development of fruit trees. This ultimately affects the yield, nutritional value, and quality of fruit. Especially, the main reason of the postharvest storage loss caused by physiological disorders is the improper proportion of mineral nutrient elements. In recent years, many important mineral transport proteins and their regulatory components are increasingly revealed, which make drastic progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms for mineral nutrition (N, P, K, Ca, and Fe) in various aspects including plant growth, fruit development, quality, nutrition, and postharvest storage. Importantly, many studies have found that mineral nutrition, such as N, P, and Fe, not only affects fruit quality directly but also influences the absorption and the content of other nutrient elements. In this review, we provide insights of the mineral nutrients into their function, transport, signal transduction associated with Rosaceae fruit quality, and postharvest storage at physiological and molecular levels. These studies will contribute to provide theoretical basis to improve fertilizer efficient utilization and fruit industry sustainable development.
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7
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Yang X, Zhang J, Wu A, Wei H, Fu X, Tian M, Ma L, Lu J, Wang H, Yu S. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Pattern Analysis of the HAK/KUP/KT Gene Family of Cotton in Fiber Development and Under Stresses. Front Genet 2020; 11:566469. [PMID: 33329704 PMCID: PMC7710864 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.566469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The potassium transporter family HAK/KUP/KT is a large group of proteins that are important in plant potassium transport and plays a crucial role in plant growth and development, especially in economic crops. Although HAK/KUP/KT genes have been identified in many species, research on these genes in cotton is still quite rare. In this study, in total, 21, 24, 45, and 44 HAK/KUP/KT genes were identified in Gossypium arboreum, Gossypium raimondii, Gossypium hirsutum, and Gossypium barbadense, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these genes were divided into four clusters. The G. hirsutum gene promoters contained diverse cis-regulatory elements, such as drought-responsive elements, low temperature-responsive elements, and other elements. The RNA-seq data and qRT-PCR results showed that HAK/KUP/KT genes had different expression patterns in fiber development. The qRT-PCR results of drought and NaCl treatment indicated that HAK/KUP/KT genes might play important roles in abiotic stress responses. These results will provide molecular insights into potassium transporter research in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- School of Agronomy Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, China
| | - Aimin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, China
| | - Hengling Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, China
| | - Xiaokang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, China
| | - Miaomiao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, China
| | - Liang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, China
| | - Jianhua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, China
| | - Hantao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, China
| | - Shuxun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, China
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8
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Ding B, Zhang X, Xu Y, An L, Liu X, Su Q. The bacterial potassium transporter gene MbtrkH improves K+ uptake in yeast and tobacco. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236246. [PMID: 32804956 PMCID: PMC7430745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
K+ is an essential nutrient for plant growth and is responsible for many important physiological processes. K+ deficiency leads to crop yield losses, and overexpression of K+ transporter genes has been proven to be an effective way to resolve this problem. However, current research on the overexpression of K+ transporter genes is limited to plant sources. TrkH is a bacterial K+ transporter whose function generally depends on the regulation of TrkA. To date, whether TrkH can improve K+ uptake in eukaryotic organisms is still unknown. In this study, a novel MbtrkH gene was cloned from marine microbial metagenomic DNA. Functional complementation and K+-depletion analyses revealed that MbTrkH functions in K+ uptake in the K+-deficient yeast strain CY162. Moreover, K+-depletion assays revealed that MbtrkH overexpression improves plant K+ uptake. K+ hydroponic culture experiments showed that, compared with WT tobacco lines, MbtrkH transgenic tobacco lines had significantly greater fresh weights, dry weights and K+ contents. These results indicate that MbTrkH promotes K+ uptake independently of TrkA in eukaryotes and provide a new strategy for improving K+-use efficiency in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojuan Ding
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Yongsheng Xu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Lijia An
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Xiangguo Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Qiao Su
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P. R. China
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9
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Fan K, Mao Z, Zheng J, Chen Y, Li Z, Lin W, Zhang Y, Huang J, Lin W. Molecular Evolution and Expansion of the KUP Family in the Allopolyploid Cotton Species Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:545042. [PMID: 33101325 PMCID: PMC7554350 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.545042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The comprehensive analysis of gene family evolution will elucidate the origin and evolution of gene families. The K+ uptake (KUP) gene family plays important roles in K+ uptake and transport, plant growth and development, and abiotic stress responses. However, the current understanding of the KUP family in cotton is limited. In this study, 51 and 53 KUPs were identified in Gossypium barbadense and Gossypium hirsutum, respectively. These KUPs were divided into five KUP subfamilies, with subfamily 2 containing three groups. Different subfamilies had different member numbers, conserved motifs, gene structures, regulatory elements, and gene expansion and loss rates. A paleohexaploidization event caused the expansion of GhKUP and GbKUP in cotton, and duplication events in G. hirsutum and G. barbadense have happened in a common ancestor of Gossypium. Meanwhile, the KUP members of the two allopolyploid subgenomes of G. hirsutum and G. barbadense exhibited unequal gene proportions, gene structural diversity, uneven chromosomal distributions, asymmetric expansion rates, and biased gene loss rates. In addition, the KUP families of G. hirsutum and G. barbadense displayed evolutionary conservation and divergence. Taken together, these results illustrated the molecular evolution and expansion of the KUP family in allopolyploid cotton species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Fan
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhijun Mao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yunrui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhaowei Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinwen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jinwen Huang, ; Wenxiong Lin,
| | - Wenxiong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jinwen Huang, ; Wenxiong Lin,
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10
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Ragel P, Raddatz N, Leidi EO, Quintero FJ, Pardo JM. Regulation of K + Nutrition in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:281. [PMID: 30949187 PMCID: PMC6435592 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Modern agriculture relies on mineral fertilization. Unlike other major macronutrients, potassium (K+) is not incorporated into organic matter but remains as soluble ion in the cell sap contributing up to 10% of the dry organic matter. Consequently, K+ constitutes a chief osmoticum to drive cellular expansion and organ movements, such as stomata aperture. Moreover, K+ transport is critical for the control of cytoplasmic and luminal pH in endosomes, regulation of membrane potential, and enzyme activity. Not surprisingly, plants have evolved a large ensemble of K+ transporters with defined functions in nutrient uptake by roots, storage in vacuoles, and ion translocation between tissues and organs. This review describes critical transport proteins governing K+ nutrition, their regulation, and coordinated activity, and summarizes our current understanding of signaling pathways activated by K+ starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ragel
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natalia Raddatz
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Eduardo O. Leidi
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Quintero
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - José M. Pardo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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11
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Ragel P, Raddatz N, Leidi EO, Quintero FJ, Pardo JM. Regulation of K + Nutrition in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019. [PMID: 30949187 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Modern agriculture relies on mineral fertilization. Unlike other major macronutrients, potassium (K+) is not incorporated into organic matter but remains as soluble ion in the cell sap contributing up to 10% of the dry organic matter. Consequently, K+ constitutes a chief osmoticum to drive cellular expansion and organ movements, such as stomata aperture. Moreover, K+ transport is critical for the control of cytoplasmic and luminal pH in endosomes, regulation of membrane potential, and enzyme activity. Not surprisingly, plants have evolved a large ensemble of K+ transporters with defined functions in nutrient uptake by roots, storage in vacuoles, and ion translocation between tissues and organs. This review describes critical transport proteins governing K+ nutrition, their regulation, and coordinated activity, and summarizes our current understanding of signaling pathways activated by K+ starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ragel
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natalia Raddatz
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Eduardo O Leidi
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco J Quintero
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - José M Pardo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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12
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Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of HAK/KUP/KT Potassium Transporters Gene Family in Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123969. [PMID: 30544665 PMCID: PMC6321448 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, the HAK (high-affinity K+)/KUP (K+ uptake)/KT (K+ transporter) family represents a large group of potassium transporters that play important roles in plant growth and environmental adaptation. Although HAK/KUP/KT genes have been extensively investigated in many plant species, they remain uncharacterized in wheat, especially those involved in the response to environmental stresses. In this study, 56 wheat HAK/KUP/KT (hereafter called TaHAKs) genes were identified by a genome-wide search using recently released wheat genomic data. Phylogenetic analysis grouped these genes into four clusters (Ι, II, III, IV), containing 22, 19, 7 and 8 genes, respectively. Chromosomal distribution, gene structure, and conserved motif analyses of the 56 TaHAK genes were subsequently performed. In silico RNA-seq data analysis revealed that TaHAKs from clusters II and III are constitutively expressed in various wheat tissues, while most genes from clusters I and IV have very low expression levels in the examined tissues at different developmental stages. qRT-PCR analysis showed that expression levels of TaHAK genes in wheat seedlings were significantly up- or downregulated when seedlings were exposed to K+ deficiency, high salinity, or dehydration. Furthermore, we functionally characterized TaHAK1b-2BL and showed that it facilitates K+ transport in yeast. Collectively, these results provide valuable information for further functional studies of TaHAKs, and contribute to a better understanding of the molecular basis of wheat development and stress tolerance.
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13
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Wang Y, Lü J, Chen D, Zhang J, Qi K, Cheng R, Zhang H, Zhang S. Genome-wide identification, evolution, and expression analysis of the KT/HAK/KUP family in pear. Genome 2018; 61:755-765. [PMID: 30130425 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2017-0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The K+ transporter/high-affinity K+/K+ uptake (KT/HAK/KUP) family, as one of the largest K+ transporter families in higher plants, plays an essential role in plant growth, mineral element absorption, salt stress tolerance, and other physiological processes. However, little is known about this family in pear (Pyrus). Here, we identified 20 K+ transporter genes in pear (P. bretschneideri) using genome-wide analysis. Their gene structure, chromosomal distribution, conserved motifs, phylogenetics, duplication events, and expression patterns were also examined. The results of phylogenetic analysis showed that PbrKT/HAK/KUP genes were clustered into three major groups (Groups I-III). Among the 20 PbrKT/HAK/KUP genes, 18 were mapped to nine chromosomes and two to scaffolds. Four WGD/segmental gene pairs were identified, indicating that WGD/segmental duplication may have contributed to the expansion of the KT/HAK/KUP family in pear. Among the four pairs of WGD/segmentally duplicated genes, both members of three pairs had been subjected to purifying selection, whereas the fourth pair had been subjected to positive selection. Furthermore, phenotypic experiments showed that the growth of pear seedlings was affected by potassium deficiency treatment. Expression patterns of 20 PbrKT/HAK/KUP genes in roots were further assayed with qRT-PCR. PbrHAK1 and PbrHAK12/16 were significantly expressed in response to K+ deficiency, suggesting that these genes are crucial for K+ uptake in pear, especially under the condition of K+ starvation. Our results provide a foundation for further study on the function of KT/HAK/KUP genes in pear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhen Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1, Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China.,College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1, Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Jiahong Lü
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1, Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China.,College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1, Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Dan Chen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1, Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China.,College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1, Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1, Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China.,College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1, Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Kaijie Qi
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1, Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China.,College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1, Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Rui Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1, Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China.,College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1, Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Huping Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1, Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China.,College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1, Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Shaoling Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1, Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China.,College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1, Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
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14
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Santa-María GE, Oliferuk S, Moriconi JI. KT-HAK-KUP transporters in major terrestrial photosynthetic organisms: A twenty years tale. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 226:77-90. [PMID: 29704646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Since their discovery, twenty years ago, KT-HAK-KUP transporters have become a keystone to understand how alkali cation fluxes are controlled in major land-dwelling photosynthetic organisms. In this review we focus on their discovery, phylogeny, and functions, as well as the regulation of its canonical member, AtHAK5. We also address issues related to structure-function studies, and the technological possibilities opened up by recent findings. Available evidence suggests that this family of transporters underwent an early divergence into major groups following the conquest of land by embryophytes. KT-HAK-KUPs are necessary to accomplish several major developmental and growth processes, as well as to ensure plant responses to environmental injuries. Although the primary function of these transporters is to mediate potassium (K+) fluxes, some of them can also mediate sodium (Na+) and cesium (Cs+) transport, and contribute to maintenance of K+ (and Na+) homeostasis in different plant tissues. In addition, there is evidence for a role of some members of this family in auxin movement and in adenylate cyclase activity. Recent research, focusing on the regulation of the canonical member of this family, AtHAK5, revealed the existence of a complex network that involves transcriptional and post-transcriptional phenomena which control the enhancement of AtHAK5-mediated K+ uptake when Arabidopsis thaliana plants are faced with low K+ supply. In spite of the formidable advances made since their discovery, important subjects remain to be elucidated to gain a more complete knowledge of the roles and regulation of KT-HAK-KUPs, as well as to improve their use for innovative procedures in crop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo E Santa-María
- Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Avda Intendente Marino km 8, 2. Chascomús, 7130, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Sonia Oliferuk
- Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Avda Intendente Marino km 8, 2. Chascomús, 7130, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge I Moriconi
- Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Avda Intendente Marino km 8, 2. Chascomús, 7130, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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Ou W, Mao X, Huang C, Tie W, Yan Y, Ding Z, Wu C, Xia Z, Wang W, Zhou S, Li K, Hu W. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the KUP Family under Abiotic Stress in Cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz). Front Physiol 2018; 9:17. [PMID: 29416511 PMCID: PMC5787556 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
KT/HAK/KUP (KUP) family is responsible for potassium ion (K+) transport, which plays a vital role in the response of plants to abiotic stress by maintaining osmotic balance. However, our understanding of the functions of the KUP family in the drought-resistant crop cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is limited. In the present study, 21 cassava KUP genes (MeKUPs) were identified and classified into four clusters based on phylogenetic relationships, conserved motifs, and gene structure analyses. Transcriptome analysis revealed the expression diversity of cassava KUPs in various tissues of three genotypes. Comparative transcriptome analysis showed that the activation of MeKUP genes by drought was more in roots than that in leaves of Arg7 and W14 genotypes, whereas less in roots than that in leaves of SC124 variety. These findings indicate that different cassava genotypes utilize various drought resistance mechanism mediated by KUP genes. Specific KUP genes showed broad upregulation after exposure to salt, osmotic, cold, H2O2, and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments. Taken together, this study provides insights into the KUP-mediated drought response of cassava at transcription levels and identifies candidate genes that may be utilized in improving crop tolerance to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Ou
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, China
| | - Xiang Mao
- Wuhan Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Weiwei Tie
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Zehong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Chunlai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Wenquan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Shiyi Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Purification and Application of Plant Anticancer Active Ingredients, Chemistry and Biology Science College, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaimian Li
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
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16
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Nieves-Cordones M, Ródenas R, Chavanieu A, Rivero RM, Martinez V, Gaillard I, Rubio F. Uneven HAK/KUP/KT Protein Diversity Among Angiosperms: Species Distribution and Perspectives. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:127. [PMID: 26904084 PMCID: PMC4746482 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
HAK/KUP/KT K(+) transporters have been widely associated with K(+) transport across membranes in bacteria, fungi, and plants. Indeed some members of the plant HAK/KUP/KT family contribute to root K(+) uptake, notably at low external concentrations. Besides such role in acquisition, several studies carried out in Arabidopsis have shown that other members are also involved in developmental processes. With the publication of new plant genomes, a growing interest on plant species other than Arabidopsis has become evident. In order to understand HAK/KUP/KT diversity in these new plant genomes, we discuss the evolutionary trends of 913 HAK/KUP/KT sequences identified in 46 genomes revealing five major groups with an uneven distribution among angiosperms, notably between dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous species. This information evidenced the richness of crop genomes in HAK/KUP/KT transporters and supports their study for unraveling novel physiological roles of such transporters in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Nieves-Cordones
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS/UMR 0386 INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université Montpellier 2Montpellier, France
- *Correspondence: Manuel Nieves-Cordones, ; Francisco Rubio,
| | - Reyes Ródenas
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMurcia, Spain
| | - Alain Chavanieu
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, Faculté de PharmacieMontpellier, France
| | - Rosa M. Rivero
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMurcia, Spain
| | - Vicente Martinez
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMurcia, Spain
| | - Isabelle Gaillard
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS/UMR 0386 INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université Montpellier 2Montpellier, France
| | - Francisco Rubio
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMurcia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Manuel Nieves-Cordones, ; Francisco Rubio,
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17
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Ruiz-Lau N, Bojórquez-Quintal E, Benito B, Echevarría-Machado I, Sánchez-Cach LA, Medina-Lara MDF, Martínez-Estévez M. Molecular Cloning and Functional Analysis of a Na +-Insensitive K + Transporter of Capsicum chinense Jacq. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1980. [PMID: 28083010 PMCID: PMC5186809 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
High-affinity K+ (HAK) transporters are encoded by a large family of genes and are ubiquitous in the plant kingdom. These HAK-type transporters participate in low- and high-affinity potassium (K+) uptake and are crucial for the maintenance of K+ homeostasis under hostile conditions. In this study, the full-length cDNA of CcHAK1 gene was isolated from roots of the habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense). CcHAK1 expression was positively regulated by K+ starvation in roots and was not inhibited in the presence of NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis placed the CcHAK1 transporter in group I of the HAK K+ transporters, showing that it is closely related to Capsicum annuum CaHAK1 and Solanum lycopersicum LeHAK5. Characterization of the protein in a yeast mutant deficient in high-affinity K+ uptake (WΔ3) suggested that CcHAK1 function is associated with high-affinity K+ uptake, with Km and Vmax for Rb of 50 μM and 0.52 nmol mg-1 min-1, respectively. K+ uptake in yeast expressing the CcHAK1 transporter was inhibited by millimolar concentrations of the cations ammonium ([Formula: see text]) and cesium (Cs+) but not by sodium (Na+). The results presented in this study suggest that the CcHAK1 transporter may contribute to the maintenance of K+ homeostasis in root cells in C. chinense plants undergoing K+-deficiency and salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Ruiz-Lau
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de YucatánMérida, Mexico
- CONACYT, Instituto Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Tuxtla GutiérrezTuxtla Gutiérrez, Mexico
| | - Emanuel Bojórquez-Quintal
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de YucatánMérida, Mexico
- CONACYT, Laboratorio de Análisis y Diagnóstico del Patrimonio, Colegio de MichoacánZamora, Mexico
| | - Begoña Benito
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Ileana Echevarría-Machado
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de YucatánMérida, Mexico
| | - Lucila A. Sánchez-Cach
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de YucatánMérida, Mexico
| | - María de Fátima Medina-Lara
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de YucatánMérida, Mexico
| | - Manuel Martínez-Estévez
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de YucatánMérida, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Manuel Martínez-Estévez
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