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Likhitsup A, Fontana RJ. Indications and Outcomes with Liver Retransplantation in 2025. Dig Dis Sci 2025; 70:29-38. [PMID: 39576429 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-024-08741-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 11/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2025]
Abstract
Five to 10% of the annual liver transplants in the United States are performed in prior liver recipients with 70% occurring within 1 year of transplantation. Fortunately, the incidence of primary non-function (PNF) has significantly decreased from 8% in the 1980's to < 2%, but PNF and hepatic artery thromboses remain the leading reasons for early emergency retransplantation. Other indications for early retransplantation include severe biliary or vascular complications and refractory rejection. Fortunately, the need for late retransplantation (> 1 year) has also declined due to improved immunosuppression, earlier detection of recurrent disease, and use of oral antiviral agents for recurrent hepatitis C. Patient survival with retransplantation is consistently lower than with primary liver transplantation. Risk factors for poor outcomes with retransplantation include a higher MELD score, ICU status, renal failure, and use of marginal allografts. Therefore, most centers use younger, whole deceased brain-dead donor organs whenever possible. However, increased use of machine perfused livers has expanded the donor pool for these more complex and technically challenging cases. Retransplant recipients have a higher rate of early technical, infectious, and cardiovascular complications compared to primary LT recipients. Going forward, LT recipients with recurrent steatotic and alcoholic liver disease will likely pose ethical, medical, and surgical challenges to the transplant community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Likhitsup
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 3912 Taubman Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-0362, USA
| | - Robert J Fontana
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 3912 Taubman Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-0362, USA.
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Li Y, Chen J, Tang Y, Lin T, Song T. Effect of pretransplant sarcopenia on patient and graft outcomes in solid organ transplant recipients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Surg 2024; 47:1723-1733. [PMID: 38169165 DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2023.12.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The relationship between sarcopenia and prognosis in solid organ transplantation recipients (SOTr) remains unverified. We aimed to quantify the prevalence of pretransplant sarcopenia and its effect on patient and graft survival in SOTr. We used PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and Web of Science to search relevant studies published in English (from inception to December 31, 2021). Prospective and retrospective cohort studies that reported the prevalence of sarcopenia before transplant or the association between sarcopenia and clinical outcomes in SOTr were included. Primary outcomes were the prevalence of sarcopenia and its impact on patient and graft survival. Secondary outcomes included perioperative complications, acute rejection, length of hospital stay, length of intensive care unit stay (ICU LOS) and early readmission. Thirty-nine studies involving 5792 patients were included. Pooled prevalence of sarcopenia amongst SOTr candidates was 40 % (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 34%-47 % and I2 = 97 %). Sarcopenia was associated with increased risk of death (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.87, 95 % CI: 1.46-2.41 and I2 = 60 %), poor graft survival (HR = 1.71, 95 % CI: 1.16-2.54 and I2 = 57 %) and increased liver graft loss (HR = 1.43, 95 % CI: 1.03-1.99 and I2 = 38 %). Patients with sarcopenia demonstrated increased incidence of perioperative complications (risk ratio [RR] = 1.34, 95 % CI: 1.17-1.53 and I2 = 40 %), long ICU LOS (mean difference = 2.31 days, 95 % CI: 0.58-4.04 and I2 = 97 %) and decreased risk of acute rejection (RR = 0.61, 95 % CI: 0.42-0.89 and I2 = 0 %). In Conclusion, sarcopenia is prevalent in SOTr candidates and associated with death and graft loss. Identifying sarcopenia before transplantation and intervening may improve long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 61004, China; Transplant Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 61004, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 61004, China
| | - Yangming Tang
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 61004, China; Transplant Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 61004, China
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 61004, China; Transplant Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 61004, China
| | - Turun Song
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 61004, China; Transplant Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 61004, China.
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Ilyas F, Aloor FZ, Satapathy SK. Sarcopenia and Frailty in Advanced Liver Disease Patients: A Comprehensive Review. CURRENT HEPATOLOGY REPORTS 2024; 23:88-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s11901-024-00640-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
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Petric M, Jordan T, Karteek P, Licen S, Trotovsek B, Tomazic A. Radiological assessment of skeletal muscle index and myosteatosis and their impact postoperative outcomes after liver transplantation. Radiol Oncol 2023; 57:168-177. [PMID: 37341202 PMCID: PMC10286898 DOI: 10.2478/raon-2023-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver transplantation offers curative treatment to patients with acute and chronic end-stage liver disease. The impact of nutritional status on postoperative outcomes after liver transplantation remains poorly understood. The present study investigated the predictive value of radiologically assessed skeletal muscle index (SMI) and myosteatosis (MI) on postoperative outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data of 138 adult patients who underwent their first orthotopic liver transplantation were retrospectively analysed. SMI and MI in computer tomography (CT) scan at the third lumbar vertebra level were calculated. Results were analyzed for the length of hospitalisation and postoperative outcomes. RESULTS In 63% of male and 28.9% of female recipients, low SMI was found. High MI was found in 45(32.6%) patients. Male patients with high SMI had longer intensive care unit (ICU) stay (P < 0.025). Low SMI had no influence on ICU stay in female patients (P = 0.544), length of hospitalisation (male, P > 0.05; female, P = 0.843), postoperative complication rates (males, P = 0.883; females, P = 0.113), infection rate (males, P = 0.293, females, P = 0.285) and graft rejection (males, P = 0.875; females, P = 0.135). The presence of MI did not influence ICU stay (P = 0.161), hospitalization (P = 0.771), postoperative complication rates (P = 0.467), infection rate (P = 0.173) or graft rejection rate (P = 0.173). CONCLUSIONS In our study, changes in body composition of liver transplant recipients observed with SMI and MI had no impact on postoperative course after liver transplantation. CT body composition analysis of recipients and uniformly accepted cut-off points are crucial to producing reliable data in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miha Petric
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Taja Jordan
- Institute of Radiology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Popuri Karteek
- Department of Computer Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Sabina Licen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Blaz Trotovsek
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ales Tomazic
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Parhiala M, Ukkonen M, Sand J, Laukkarinen J. Osteoporosis and sarcopenia are common and insufficiently diagnosed among chronic pancreatitis patients. BMC Gastroenterol 2023; 23:124. [PMID: 37046204 PMCID: PMC10099896 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-023-02756-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic pancreatitis (CP) leads to diabetes and pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI). PEI may lead to maldigestion and malnutrition, which may cause fat-soluble vitamin deficiency, sarcopenia and abnormal bone density. We aim to study the prevalence of osteoporosis, sarcopenia and vitamin deficiency among CP patients. METHODS Long-term (4-5 years) follow-up was implemented on CP patients. We recorded CP duration, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption and medication. We determined the serum values for A, D and E vitamins, albumin, creatinine, haemoglobin, calcium and magnesium. Bone density measurement was taken from the proximal femur and lumbar spine. CT/MRI scans were used to measure for psoas muscle area. RESULTS A total of 33 patients (median age 62 [39-81] years, 61% male) were included. None of these patients had earlier diagnosis of osteopathy, and none of them had known vitamin deficiency or were sarcopenic. Nineteen patients (57%) had pancreatic exocrine insufficiency and of these seven patients (37%) had no pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) and one (5%) had inadequate enzyme therapy. During the study, osteoporosis was diagnosed in 20% and possible sarcopenia in 48% of patients. PEI and inadequate PERT was associated with low E vitamin levels (75% vs. 0%, p = 0.012), higher risk of osteoporosis (43% vs. 5.6%, p = 0.013) and sarcopenia (80% vs. 36%, p = 0.044). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that chronic pancreatitis is associated with osteoporosis, sarcopenia and vitamin deficiency. If untreated, pancreatic exocrine insufficiency is associated with increased risk of these outcomes. This highlights the importance of identifying and treating PEI in CP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Parhiala
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
- Department of Gastroenterology and Alimentary Tract Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Elämänaukio, Kuntokatu 2, 33520, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Mika Ukkonen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Gastroenterology and Alimentary Tract Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Elämänaukio, Kuntokatu 2, 33520, Tampere, Finland
| | - Juhani Sand
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Johanna Laukkarinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Gastroenterology and Alimentary Tract Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Elämänaukio, Kuntokatu 2, 33520, Tampere, Finland
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Petrič M, Jordan T, Popuri K, Ličen S, Trotovšek B, Tomažič A. WITHDRAWN: Do skeletal muscle index and myosteatosis impact postoperative outcomes after liver transplantation? JOURNAL OF LIVER TRANSPLANTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.liver.2022.100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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