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McQuitty CE, Williams R, Chokshi S, Urbani L. Immunomodulatory Role of the Extracellular Matrix Within the Liver Disease Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2020; 11:574276. [PMID: 33262757 PMCID: PMC7686550 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.574276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver disease when accompanied by underlying fibrosis, is characterized by an accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and chronic inflammation. Although traditionally considered as a passive and largely architectural structure, the ECM is now being recognized as a source of potent damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP)s with immune-active peptides and domains. In parallel, the ECM anchors a range of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, all of which are capable of modulating immune responses. A growing body of evidence shows that ECM proteins themselves are capable of modulating immunity either directly via ligation with immune cell receptors including integrins and TLRs, or indirectly through release of immunoactive molecules such as cytokines which are stored within the ECM structure. Notably, ECM deposition and remodeling during injury and fibrosis can result in release or formation of ECM-DAMPs within the tissue, which can promote local inflammatory immune response and chemotactic immune cell recruitment and inflammation. It is well described that the ECM and immune response are interlinked and mutually participate in driving fibrosis, although their precise interactions in the context of chronic liver disease are poorly understood. This review aims to describe the known pro-/anti-inflammatory and fibrogenic properties of ECM proteins and DAMPs, with particular reference to the immunomodulatory properties of the ECM in the context of chronic liver disease. Finally, we discuss the importance of developing novel biotechnological platforms based on decellularized ECM-scaffolds, which provide opportunities to directly explore liver ECM-immune cell interactions in greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. McQuitty
- Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Williams
- Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shilpa Chokshi
- Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Urbani
- Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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Zeng X, Chen Z, Tang L, Yang H, Liu N, Zhou H, Li Y, Wu J, Deng Z, Yu Y, Deng H, Hong X, Xiao Y. A novel near-infrared fluorescent light-up probe for tumor imaging and drug-induced liver injury detection. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:2541-2544. [PMID: 30742156 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc10286d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel near-infrared fluorescent light-up probe with a tumor-homing pentapeptide, CREKA (Cys-Arg-Glu-Lys-Ala), specifically binds to fibrin-fibronectin complexes was rationally designed and developed for biomedical imaging. Its superior practical applications in tumor imaging and drug-induced liver injury detection are well demonstrated for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE), Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
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He L, Yuan FH, Chen T, Huang Q, Wang Y, Liu ZG. ER stress-mediated cell damage contributes to the release of EDA + fibronectin from hepatocytes in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 37:217-225. [PMID: 28397039 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-017-1718-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fibronectin containing extra domain A (EDA+ FN), a functional glycoprotein participating in several cellular processes, correlates with chronic liver disease. Herein, we aim to investigate the expression and secretion of EDA+ FN from hepatocytes in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the underlying mechanisms. Circulating levels of EDA+ FN were determined by ELISA in clinical samples. Western blotting and flow cytometry were performed on L02 and HepG2 cell lines to analyze whether the levels of EDA+ FN were associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related cell death. Circulating levels of EDA+ FN in NAFLD patients were significantly higher than those in control subjects, and positively related with severity of ultrasonographic steatosis score. In cultured hepatocytes, palmitate up-regulated the expression of EDA+ FN in a dose-dependent manner. Conversely, when the cells were pretreated with 4-phenylbutyrate, a specific inhibitor of ER stress, up-regulation of EDA+ FN could be abrogated. Moreover, silencing CHOP by shRNA enhanced the release of EDA+ FN from hepatocytes following palmitate treatment, which was involved in ER stress-related cell damage. These findings suggest that the up-regulated level of EDA+ FN is associated with liver damage in NAFLD, and ER stress-mediated cell damage contributes to the release of EDA+ FN from hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei He
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Fa-Hu Yuan
- School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Ting Chen
- School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhi-Guo Liu
- School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China.
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Transitional Remodeling of the Hepatic Extracellular Matrix in Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:3162670. [PMID: 27843941 PMCID: PMC5098054 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3162670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is a common custom worldwide, and the toxic effects of alcohol on several target organs are well understood. The liver is the primary site of alcohol metabolism and is therefore the major target of alcohol toxicity. Alcoholic liver disease is a spectrum of disease states, ranging from simple steatosis (fat accumulation), to inflammation, and eventually to fibrosis and cirrhosis if untreated. The fibrotic stage of ALD is primarily characterized by robust accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (collagens) which ultimately impairs the function of the organ. The role of the ECM in early stages of ALD is poorly understood, but recent research has demonstrated that a number of changes in the hepatic ECM in prefibrotic ALD not only are present, but may also contribute to disease progression. The purpose of this review is to summarize the established and proposed changes to the hepatic extracellular matrix (ECM) that may contribute to earlier stages of ALD development and to discuss potential mechanisms by which these changes may mediate the progression of the disease.
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Li W, Zou J, Yue F, Song K, Chen Q, McKeehan WL, Wang F, Xu G, Huang H, Yi J, Liu L. Defects in MAP1S-mediated autophagy cause reduction in mouse lifespans especially when fibronectin is overexpressed. Aging Cell 2016; 15:370-9. [PMID: 26750654 PMCID: PMC4783353 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular process that executes the turnover of dysfunctional organelles and misfolded or abnormally aggregated proteins. Microtubule‐associated protein MAP1S interacts with autophagy marker LC3 and positively regulates autophagy flux. LC3 binds with fibronectinmRNA and facilitates its translation. The synthesized fibronectin protein is exported to cell surface to initiate the assembly of fibronectin extracellular matrix. Fibronectin is degraded in lysosomes after it is engulfed into cytosol via endocytosis. Here, we show that defects in MAP1S‐mediated autophagy trigger oxidative stress, sinusoidal dilation, and lifespan reduction. Overexpression of LC3 in wild‐type mice increases the levels of fibronectin and γ‐H2AX, a marker of DNA double‐strand breakage. LC3‐induced fibronectin is efficiently degraded in lysosomes to maintain a balance of fibronectin levels in wild‐type mice so that the mice live a normal term of lifespan. In the LC3 transgenic mice with MAP1S deleted, LC3 enhances the synthesis of fibronectin but the MAP1S depletion causes an impairment of the lysosomal degradation of fibronectin. The accumulation of fibronectin protein promotes liver fibrosis, induces an accumulation of cell population at the G0/G1 stage, and further intensifies oxidative stress and sinusoidal dilatation. The LC3‐induced overexpression of fibronectin imposes stresses on MAP1S‐deficient mice and dramatically reduces their lifespans. Therefore, MAP1S‐mediated autophagy plays an important role in maintaining mouse lifespan especially in the presence of extra amount of fibronectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjiao Li
- Center for Translational Cancer Research Institute of Biosciences and Technology Texas A&M Health Science Center 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd. Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Jing Zou
- Center for Translational Cancer Research Institute of Biosciences and Technology Texas A&M Health Science Center 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd. Houston TX 77030 USA
- Department of ophthalmology Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan 410008 China
- Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University Nanchang 330006 China
| | - Fei Yue
- Center for Translational Cancer Research Institute of Biosciences and Technology Texas A&M Health Science Center 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd. Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Kun Song
- Center for Translational Cancer Research Institute of Biosciences and Technology Texas A&M Health Science Center 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd. Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Qi Chen
- Center for Translational Cancer Research Institute of Biosciences and Technology Texas A&M Health Science Center 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd. Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Wallace L. McKeehan
- Center for Translational Cancer Research Institute of Biosciences and Technology Texas A&M Health Science Center 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd. Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Fen Wang
- Center for Translational Cancer Research Institute of Biosciences and Technology Texas A&M Health Science Center 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd. Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Guibin Xu
- Center for Translational Cancer Research Institute of Biosciences and Technology Texas A&M Health Science Center 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd. Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Hai Huang
- Center for Translational Cancer Research Institute of Biosciences and Technology Texas A&M Health Science Center 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd. Houston TX 77030 USA
- Department of Urology The Sun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou 510120 China
| | - Jinglin Yi
- Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University Nanchang 330006 China
| | - Leyuan Liu
- Center for Translational Cancer Research Institute of Biosciences and Technology Texas A&M Health Science Center 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd. Houston TX 77030 USA
- Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University Nanchang 330006 China
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine College of Medicine Texas A&M Health Science Center College Station TX 77843 USA
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Yang B, Hodgkinson AD, Shaw NA, Millward BA, Demaine AG. Protective effect of statin therapy on connective tissue growth factor induction by diabetes in vivo and high glucose in vitro. Growth Factors 2013; 31:199-208. [PMID: 24192280 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2013.852189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional activity of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) promoter in transfected HEK293 cells was determined by luciferase assays. Secreted CTGF in cultured human mesangial cells was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). CTGF in urine and plasma was also measured in 405 subjects with/without type 2 diabetes. Our results showed that high glucose significantly increased transcription of the promoter in the transfected cells by more than 2.5-folds (p < 0.0005). CTGF secretion was induced by high glucose in the cells (p < 0.0005). These increases were inhibited by simvastatin. Urine CTGF was positively associated with plasma CTGF in both type 2 diabetes (p = 0.0005) and controls (p = 0.01). Urine CTGF levels in patients with macroalbuminuria were significantly higher than patients without macroalbuminuria (p < 0.05). In conclusion, our in vitro study suggests that statin may have a renal-protective effect through the inhibition of CTGF expression. Urine CTGF may be a good marker for the prediction of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingmei Yang
- Molecular Medicine, Institute of Translational & Stratified Medicine, Plymouth University Schools of Medicine & Dentistry , United Kingdom
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Role of hepatic progenitor cells in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease development: cellular cross-talks and molecular networks. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:20112-30. [PMID: 24113587 PMCID: PMC3821605 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141020112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes a spectrum of diseases ranging from simple fatty liver to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, (NASH) which may progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. NASH has been independently correlated with atherosclerosis progression and cardiovascular risk. NASH development is characterized by intricate interactions between resident and recruited cells that enable liver damage progression. The increasing general agreement is that the cross-talk between hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and macrophages in NAFLD has a main role in the derangement of lipid homeostasis, insulin resistance, danger recognition, immune tolerance response and fibrogenesis. Moreover, several evidences have suggested that hepatic stem/progenitor cell (HPCs) activation is a component of the adaptive response of the liver to oxidative stress in NAFLD. HPC activation determines the appearance of a ductular reaction. In NASH, ductular reaction is independently correlated with progressive portal fibrosis raising the possibility of a periportal fibrogenetic pathway for fibrogenesis that is parallel to the deposition of subsinusoidal collagen in zone 3 by HSCs. Recent evidences indicated that adipokines, a class of circulating factors, have a key role in the cross-talk among HSCs, HPCs and liver macrophages. This review will be focused on cellular cross-talk and the relative molecular networks which are at the base of NASH progression and fibrosis.
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Aziz-Seible RS, Casey CA. Fibronectin: Functional character and role in alcoholic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:2482-99. [PMID: 21633653 PMCID: PMC3103806 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i20.2482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibronectins are adhesive glycoproteins that can be found in tissue matrices and circulating in various fluids of the body. The variable composition of fibronectin molecules facilitates a diversity of interactions with cell surface receptors that suggest a role for these proteins beyond the structural considerations of the extracellular matrix. These interactions implicate fibronectin in the regulation of mechanisms that also determine cell behavior and activity. The two major forms, plasma fibronectin (pFn) and cellular fibronectin (cFn), exist as balanced amounts under normal physiological conditions. However, during injury and/or disease, tissue and circulating levels of cFn become disproportionately elevated. The accumulating cFn, in addition to being a consequence of prolonged tissue damage, may in fact stimulate cellular events that promote further damage. In this review, we summarize what is known regarding such interactions between fibronectin and cells that may influence the biological response to injury. We elaborate on the effects of cFn in the liver, specifically under a condition of chronic alcohol-induced injury. Studies have revealed that chronic alcohol consumption stimulates excess production of cFn by sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatic stellate cells while impairing its clearance by other cell types resulting in the build up of this glycoprotein throughout the liver and its consequent increased availability to influence cellular activity that could promote the development of alcoholic liver disease. We describe recent findings by our laboratory that support a plausible role for cFn in the promotion of liver injury under a condition of chronic alcohol abuse and the implications of cFn stimulation on the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease. These findings suggest an effect of cFn in regulating cell behavior in the alcohol-injured liver that is worth further characterizing not only to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the role this reactive glycoprotein plays in the progression of injury but also for the insight further studies could provide towards the development of novel therapies for alcoholic liver disease.
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