Impact of Volume and Type of Overnight Pages on Resident Sleep During Home Call

Work Where You Live or Live Where You Work? Resident Work and Sleep Patterns While on "Home Call"

Background

Unlike in-house call, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) does not require a postcall day for "home call" shifts. Despite this, we hypothesize that on-call residents are still in the hospital for the majority of their shift despite having the luxury of home call and, thus, are not protected by ACGME postcall duty hour regulations.

Methods

A prospective single center survey study was conducted by surveying junior and senior residents who completed overnight call shifts from January 2023 to April 2023 at one of the busiest level 1 trauma centers in the United States. Data include number of trips into the hospital, hours spent in the hospital, and hours of sleep.

Results

Response rate was 195 of 200 (97.5%) total call shifts from 7 pm to 7 am the next morning. Junior residents reported an average of 3.25, 3.92, and 0.73 hours of sleep when on hand call, face call, and triple call (hand + face + general), respectively. Senior residents reported an average of 4.18 and 4.75 hours of sleep for hand and face call, respectively.

Conclusions

Hours of sleep when taking home call varies widely based on type of call. Junior residents reported significantly decreased sleep and more time in the hospital when taking hand, face, and triple call compared with general call alone. Senior residents reported that both hand and face call result in significantly decreased hours of sleep compared with general call alone. These results highlight the need to discuss ACGME protection for residents taking home call.

A Single-resident Experience of Overnight Call Activity at a Multi-site Academic Health System

OBJECTIVE

To characterize urology resident on-call activities overnight at a multi-site academic medical center and model the expected volume of clinical activity using inpatient beds, emergency room visits, and attendings covered.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

On-call activities for 70 13-hour overnight shifts spanning 5 nonconsecutive months between May 2022 and February 2023 were recorded. Clinical coverage included 5 academic hospitals encompassing 1761 staffed inpatient beds and an expected nightly volume of 255 Emergency Department (ED) visits. The time, source, and clinical features of every call were documented.

RESULTS

An average of 15 unique calls were received during each shift. Of these, 35% required an in-person evaluation and 12% required a bedside or operative procedure. Approximately a third of calls (36%) were received after midnight. An in-person evaluation occurred within the first hour of 53% of shifts and every shift required at least 1 evaluation. When normalized for inpatient bed volume, an average of 7 unique patient communications occurred per 1000 beds, leading to 2 in-person evaluations. When normalized for an expected number of overnight ED visits, an average of 1 new ED consultation occurred per 100 ED visits.

CONCLUSION

After-hours clinical coverage models vary significantly by specialty and institution, and coverage decisions must balance quality clinical care with safe provider workload. Patient needs were appropriately addressed by a single overnight on-call resident, providing a robust clinical experience. The volume of patient care activities in this experience supports the practice of a "night-float" resident with the clear expectation on-site care is required.

A prospective observational study of sleep patterns and work-related communications during home call for a pediatric surgery fellow

Objective

A pediatric surgery fellow is often regarded as a cornerstone of an academic children's hospital due to the need for their clinical services with overnight coverage being an important aspect of the care provided. There is little known about the objective sleep patterns and work-related communications of a pediatric surgery fellow during overnight home call. The aim of this study is to better understand the sleep patterns and interruptions of an on-call pediatric surgery fellow.

Design

A prospective observational study of 60 call nights and 60 non-call nights of a pediatric surgery senior fellow was performed from September 2022 to February 2023.

Setting

An academic Children's Hospital.

Participant

An ACGME-accredited clinical pediatric surgery fellow.

Results

On average, the pediatric surgery fellow spent 6.9 and 5.8 total hours in bed and asleep each night, respectively. The total sleep time was less for call nights compared to non-call nights (5.4 versus 6.3 h, p < 0.0001). The mean number of work-related communications per 12-hour night shift was four. The majority of communications were regarding new consults (63.8 %). The pediatric surgery fellow spent an average of 5.9 min per communication and approximately 23.8 min total during each 12-hour night shift. Approximately half of these communications occurred during sleep hours.

Conclusions

This study reveals overall sleep duration was below recommended levels. There were significant alterations in sleep patterns during call nights. Work-related communications further compounded sleep disturbances. Further research and interventions in this area are warranted.

Perceived Pager Burden Among Trainees Across Medical Specialties

BACKGROUND

The experiences of pager use among trainees across medical specialties is underexplored. The aim of this study was to assess experiences of pager burden and communication preferences among trainees in different specialties.

METHODS

An online survey was developed to assess perceived pager burden (eg, pager volume, mistake pages, sleep, and off-time interruptions) and communication preferences at a tertiary center in the United States. All residents and fellows were eligible to participate. Responses were grouped by specialty: General surgery [GS], Surgical subspecialty [SS], Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Psychiatry. Multivariable linear regression was used to assess factors associated with pager burden. Free text responses were analyzed using open coding methods.

RESULTS

Of the total 306 responses, the majority were female (58.8%), 30-39 years (59.2%), and White (70.6%). Specialty breakdown was: Medicine (40.2%), Psychiatry (10.8%), SS (18.0%), GS (5.6%), and Anesthesiology (3.6%). GS respondents reported receiving more mistake pages (P < .001), spending more time redirecting mistake pages (P = .003), and having the highest sleep time disruptions (P < .001). For urgent communications, surgical trainees preferred physical pagers, while nonsurgical trainees preferred smartphone pagers (P = .001). "Receive fewer nonurgent pages" was the most common change respondents desired.

DISCUSSION

In this single center study, subjective experiences of pager burden were disproportionately high among GS trainees. Reducing nonurgent and mistake pages are potential targets for improving trainee communication experiences. Hospitals should consider incorporating trainee preferences into paging systems. Additional studies are warranted to increase the sample size, assess generalizability of the findings, and contextualize trainee experiences with objective hospital-level paging data.

The impact of home-based call on sleep patterns and wellness in genetics and metabolism physicians compared with subspecialists

Purpose

With increases in precision medicine initiatives and genetically defined rare diseases, the genetics and metabolism workforce is necessary to provide around-the-clock care for patients. Here, we describe the impact that home-based call has on the geneticist and metabolist workforce.

Methods

Physicians from 3 populations were self-identified (pediatric subspecialist, geneticist, metabolist) and completed a survey regarding the impact of home-based call service on their sleep and wellness.

Results

Estimated sleep while serving on home-based call was reduced from 7.5 to 5.4 hours per night. Safety concerns were noted by geneticists and metabolists for themselves (55%) and their families (28%), similar to other subspecialists. Geneticists and metabolists were more likely than other pediatric subspecialists to be worried about their patient's safety while on home-based call (48% vs 9%). Themes from open-ended questions regarding the impact of home-call included positive responses, decreased access to wellness activities, sleep exhaustion, impact on life responsibility, and impact on mood. Reported coping mechanisms included work-based initiatives, off-loading personal responsibility, and creating personal accommodations.

Conclusion

Institutional-based supports for home-based call were endorsed by only 29% of respondents; thus, interventions at the institutional level would be expected to have a large effect on overall provider wellness.

A Longitudinal Pilot Study of Stress and Sleep in First-Year Osteopathic Medical Students

OBJECTIVE

Poor sleep quality is thought to be a contributor to medical student stress. The authors evaluated the effect of high and low periods of academic stress on sleep quality and quantity in first-year medical students.

METHODS

A group of 25 students in their first year of medical school were provided Fitbit Charge 3 activity trackers for continual use and were surveyed at 4 intervals to assess stress level, sleep quantity, and sleep quality. Fitbit data were collected through the Fitbit mobile app and uploaded to the Fitabase (Small Steps Labs, LLC) server. Data collection times were scheduled around the academic exam schedule. Weeks in which testing occurred were identified as high-stress periods. Results from assessments were compared to nontesting periods of low stress.

RESULTS

During stressful periods, students slept an average of one hour less per 24-h period, took more naps, and reported poorer sleep quality than during the low-stress periods. No significant change was seen in the 4 surveyed intervals in sleep efficiency or sleep stages.

CONCLUSION

Students slept less and had poorer quality sleep in their main sleep event during stressful periods but attempted to compensate with increased napping and weekend catchup sleep. The objective Fitbit activity tracker data were consistent with and validated the self-reported survey data. Activity trackers could potentially be used to optimize the efficiency and quality of both student napping and main sleep events as one component of a stress reduction program for medical students.

Hospital physicians´ working hour characteristics and sleep quality: a cross-sectional analysis of realized working hour and survey data

Background

Hospital physicians’ work includes on-call duties to provide 24/7 health care. Previous studies using self-reported survey data have associated long working hours and on-call work with sleep difficulties. To reduce recall bias, we complemented survey data with payroll-based objective data to study whether hospital physicians’ realized working hours are associated with sleep.

Methods

The study was nested within the Finnish Public Sector study. We used survey data on 728 hospital physicians (mean age 43.4 years, 62% females) from 2015 linked to realized daily working hour data from 3 months preceding the survey. The associations of working hour characteristics with sleep quantity and quality were studied with multinomial logistic regression analysis adjusted for demographics, overall stressfulness of life situation, control over scheduling of shifts, and hospital district.

Results

One fourth (26%) of the participants reported short (≤6.5 h) average sleep duration. Frequent night work (> 6 shifts/91 days) was associated with short sleep (OR 1.87 95%CI 1.23–2.83) compared to no night work. Approximately one third (32%) of the physicians reported insufficient sleep. Physicians with long weekly working hours (> 48 hours) had higher odds for insufficient sleep (OR 1.78 95%CI 1.15–2.76) than physicians with short weekly working hours (< 40 hours). Insufficient sleep was also associated with frequent on-call duties (> 12 shifts/3 months OR 2.00 95%CI 1.08–3.72), frequent night work (OR 1.60 95%CI 1.09–2.37), and frequent short shift intervals (≤11 hours; > 12 times/3 months OR 1.65 95%CI 1.01–2.69) compared to not having these working hour characteristics. Nearly half of the physicians (48%) reported at least one sleep difficulty at least two times a week and frequent night work increased odds for difficulties in initiating sleep (OR 2.43 95%CI 1.04–5.69). Otherwise sleep difficulties were not associated with the studied working hour characteristics.

Conclusion

We used realized working hour data to strengthen the evidence on on-call work and sleep quality and our results advice to limit the frequency of night work, on-call shifts, short shift intervals and long weekly working hours to promote hospital physicians’ sufficient sleep.

Learning Interrupted: Educational Impact of Interruptions on Surgical Residents

OBJECTIVE

The complex workflow of surgical residents in the workplace-based learning environment makes interruptions an unavoidable aspect of clinical work. Interruptions have been shown to affect cognitive load, surgical performance, and medical error. The purpose of this study was to describe the effects of interruptions on surgical resident education.

DESIGN

Junior residents were observed by 2 trained observers using time-motion methodology between September 2018-August 2019. Interruptions were identified and coded retroactively based on predefined criteria. We captured key features of interruptions including frequency, duration, task interrupted, outcome, and learner perceived educational value.

SETTING

This study took place at London Health Sciences Centre in London, Ontario, Canada, a tertiary level academic health care center associated with the Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry at Western University.

PARTICIPANTS

Junior residents on a General Surgery service were eligible for participation. Participation was voluntary. 8 residents were observed over 24 clinical periods.

RESULTS

A total of 278.2 hours of resident workflow were observed, and 229 interruptions were recorded. Interruptions account for 57.9 minutes/day of a surgical resident (SD = 60.7). Interruptions occur at a frequency of 0.82 interruptions/hour. Disruptive interruptions, that interfere with the continuation or completion of the original task, occur at a frequency of 0.11 interruptions/hour. Disruptive interruptions occurred at a higher frequency of 0.34 interruptions/hour during periods of feedback, coaching and informal teaching.

DISCUSSION

We observed that tasks of higher learner perceived educational value are often interrupted by tasks of lower learner perceived education value. Valuable educational experiences such as feedback, coaching and informal teaching are interrupted at a greater rate and experience disruptions at a disproportionate rate. We identified feedback, coaching and informal teaching as an education task vulnerable to disruptive interruptions that would benefit from interventions targeted toward preventing interruption. Suggested interventions include "formalizing" feedback, coaching and informal teaching.

Getting on the Same Page: A Quality Improvement Project to Enhance Nurse-to-Resident Communications and Reduce Overnight Sleep Interruptions

Background

Many residency programs utilize "home call" residents who answer hospital communications and place orders from home. Often, residents are required to live nearby and arrive in-person if needed. Residents work normal daytime work hours while on home call, which can last several nights. This disrupts sleep and creates the potential for increased resident fatigue and patient safety issues.

Objective

To implement and evaluate a novel program to reduce non-urgent overnight pages from nurses to home call physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) residents between 11 pm and 6 am.

Methods

At an inpatient acute rehabilitation unit in a tertiary care university teaching hospital, we implemented a 2-step prospective quality improvement study with interventions derived from nurse-physician meetings implemented 9 months apart in 2018 and 2019. The first intervention was a centralized nightly handoff sheet. The second intervention was to display suggested PRN medication lists in resident workrooms. The primary outcome measure was the percentage of nights with non-urgent pages between 11 pm and 6 am. Tracking urgent pages and 7-10 am emergent pages were used as balancing measures.

Results

A total of 1835 text-based nursing pages (366 pre- and 1469 post-intervention) were received and categorized by content, urgency, and timing over a 17-month period. Post-intervention, there was a stable 25% decrease in nighttime non-urgent pages. The most common hour to be paged shifted from 11 pm to 8 pm. Pain, constipation, insomnia, and nausea were the most common complaints overnight.

Conclusions

By characterizing and studying nighttime pages, residents collaborated with nighttime nursing staff through structured meetings to reduce non-urgent nighttime pages for more than 1 year.