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Tauchen J, Frankova A, Manourova A, Valterova I, Lojka B, Leuner O. Garcinia kola: a critical review on chemistry and pharmacology of an important West African medicinal plant. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2023:1-47. [PMID: 37359709 PMCID: PMC10205037 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-023-09869-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Garcinia kola Heckel (Clusiaceae) is a tree indigenous to West and Central Africa. All plant parts, but especially the seeds, are of value in local folklore medicine. Garcinia kola is used in treatment of numerous diseases, including gastric disorders, bronchial diseases, fever, malaria and is used to induce a stimulating and aphrodisiac effect. The plant is now attracting considerable interest as a possible source of pharmaceutically important drugs. Several different classes of compounds such as biflavonoids, benzophenones, benzofurans, benzopyran, vitamin E derivatives, xanthones, and phytosterols, have been isolated from G. kola, of which many appears to be found only in this species, such as garcinianin (found in seeds and roots), kolanone (fruit pulp, seeds, roots), gakolanone (stem bark), garcinoic acid, garcinal (both in seeds), garcifuran A and B, and garcipyran (all in roots). They showed a wide range of pharmacological activities (e.g. analgesic, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective effects), though this has only been confirmed in animal models. Kolaviron is the most studied compound and is perceived by many studies as the active principle of G. kola. However, its research is associated with significant flaws (e.g. too high doses tested, inappropriate positive control). Garcinol has been tested under better conditions and is perhaps showing more promising results and should attract deeper research interest (especially in the area of anticancer, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective activity). Human clinical trials and mechanism-of-action studies must be carried out to verify whether any of the compounds present in G. kola may be used as a lead in the drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Tauchen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Adela Frankova
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Manourova
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Valterova
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bohdan Lojka
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Leuner
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Guy-Armand GN, Cedric Y, Christelle Nadia NA, Azizi MA, Aboubakar Sidiki NN, Jemimah Sandra TN, Alex Kevin TD, Payne VK. Antiplasmodial, Antioxidant and Cytotoxicity Activity of Ethanol and Aqueous Extracts of Khaya grandifoliola Stem Bark. J Trop Med 2023; 2023:8062453. [PMID: 37025605 PMCID: PMC10072966 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8062453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Malaria is a serious public health problem, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of this study was to scientifically provide baseline information on the use of Khaya grandifoliola stem bark as an antimalaria drug by traditional healers. Method. The stem barks of K.grandifoliola were harvested and dried to obtain powder, and fifty grams of the powder were soaked in ethanol and hot distilled water respectively, for the preparation of ethanol and aqueous extracts, then dried in an oven at 40°C for the ethanol extract and 50°C for the aqueous extract. Plasmodium falciparum strains 3D7 sensitive and Dd2 resistant to chloroquine, were used to evaluate in vitro antiplasmodial activity using SYBR Green. The ability of the extracts to prevent oxidative stress was assessed by trapping 2, 2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH); nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide and ferric reducing power. The cytotoxicity test of the extracts was carried out on RAW 264.7 cell lines and on erythrocytes. The data obtained were entered in the Excel software, then in Graph pad where the IC50 was calculated and the curves plotted. Results. The fifty percent inhibition (IC50) of the antiplasmodial activity of the chloroquine-resistant strain PfDd2 were 54.27 ± 2.41 μg/mL and 31.19 ± 4.06 μg/mL respectively, for the aqueous and ethanol extracts. As for the Chloroquino-sensitive Pf3D7, IC50 of 53.06 μg/mL was obtained for the aqueous extract and 28.03 ± 1.90 μg/mL for ethanol. The DPPH radical scavenging activity presented IC50 of 104 μg/mL for the aqueous and 2.617 μg/mL for the ethanol extract; for the Nitric oxide (NO) presented an IC50 of 301 ± 21 μg/mL for the aqueous extract 140.7 ± 21 μg/mL for the ethanol; for hydrogen peroxide the ethanol and aqueous presented IC50 of 845.1 ± 21 μg/mL and 509.4 ± 21 μg/mL respectively. The cytotoxicity on RAW 264.7 cells presented High CC50 in particular >1000 μg/mL and 467.4 μg/mL respectively for the aqueous and ethanol extract. Conclusion. Extracts of Khaya grandifoliola exhibited antiplasmodial activity. The ability to inhibit oxidative stress as well as lower cell toxicity on RAW 264.7 and erythrocytes, is a good indicator. However, in vivo tests remain important in order to confirm the use of this plant for the treatment of malaria.
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The Antiplasmodial Potential of Medicinal Plants Used in the Cameroonian Pharmacopoeia: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:4661753. [PMID: 36254175 PMCID: PMC9569203 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4661753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a real public health problem. It is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Research in herbal medicine has so far shown that the use of plants against malaria is not to be neglected. This review aims to highlight the antiplasmodial potential of Cameroonian plants. In order to achieve this objective, we conducted a bibliographic search in April 2022 using the PubMed search engine. This research included both the published and unpublished studies. A narrative approach was used to describe the antiplasmodial potential of the various species of plants investigated. Quantitative data were analyzed using R studio 4.1.1 software and random effects model was used to estimate the effect size. The research of the antiplasmodial activity of Cameroonian plants dates back to 2000. This area of research has since provided extensive data to indicate the antiplasmodial potential of several plants, most of which originate from the central region. Despite the heterogeneity observed between the different plant families studied in Cameroon for their in vitro antiplasmodial effect, there is strong evidence that 17 active compounds from these plants would be ideal candidates for the synthesis of new antimalarial drugs. The Dacryodes edulis species could be considered as the best natural alternative in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria according to its properties. It is clear that the traditional Cameroonian pharmacopoeia has many species that contain compounds with antiplasmodial activity. More studies need to be conducted to explore the multitude of unexplored plants that are used in traditional medicine. These studies should take into account the nature of the cell model used for cytotoxicity assessment.
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In vitro antiplasmodial activity, cytotoxicity, antioxidant action and GC-FID analysis of Allanblackia floribunda Oliv. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04812-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This study evaluated the in vitro antiplasmodial efficacy and cytotoxicity of Allanbackia floribunda stem bark extract, leaf extract and oil. It also assessed the phytochemical compositions and antioxidant action of the stem bark fractions as well as the phytochemical fingerprint of the most active fraction (dichloromethane). Trager and Jensen method was used to culture Plasmodium falciparum, Mark III test developed by WHO was used to assess the antiplasmodial activity of the plant’s crude extract and fractions against the ring stage of P. falciparum strain, Pf3D7. Cytotoxicity was determined against Vero cell line using microculture tetrazolium (MTT) test. Gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) was employed to identify phytochemical fingerprint of the most active fraction. The stem bark extract had better antiplasmodial activity (IC50Pf3D7 of 4.3 ± 0.17 μg/mL) compared with the leaf extract (IC50Pf3D7, 8.0 ± 0.28 μg/mL) and oil (IC50Pf3D7 > 100 μg/mL). Both the leaf and stem bark extracts were found to be non-cytotoxic compared with the standard cytotoxic drug, doxorubicin. The selectivity indices (S.I.) of the extracts against the parasite were 20.06 and 8.85 for the stem bark and leaf respectively. Dichloromethane fraction had the highest inhibition against the P. falciparum parasite with IC50Pf3D7 of 1.51 μg/ mL. GC-FID analysis showed high presence antiplasmodial flavonoids and terpenes. This investigation confirmed that A. floribunda stem bark has potent activity against P. falciparum, and it is relatively safe to normal cell.
Article Highlights
Allanblackia floribunda methanol stem bark and leaf extracts could inhibit the growth of chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium falciparum (Pf3D7) in vitro.
The stem bark infusion of Allanblackia floribunda was found to be nontoxic and safe at moderate doses to normal cell line (Vero cell line).
Dichloromethane fraction of the stem bark showed excellent inhibition against chloroquine sensitive malaria parasite.
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Irabor F, Ebohon O, Ibukun O, Ayevbuomwan ME, Omoregie ES. Biological activity and subchronic toxicity study of Allanblackia floribunda Oliv. on experimental rats. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Keumoe R, Koffi JG, Dize D, Fokou PVT, Tchamgoue J, Ayong L, Ndjakou BL, Sewald N, Ngameni B, Boyom FF. Identification of 3,3'-O-dimethylellagic acid and apigenin as the main antiplasmodial constituents of Endodesmia calophylloides Benth and Hymenostegia afzelii (Oliver.) Harms. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:180. [PMID: 34187456 PMCID: PMC8243547 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03352-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endodesmia calophylloides and Hymenostegia afzelii belong to the Guttiferae and Caesalpiniaceae plant families with known uses in African ethno-medicine to treat malaria and several other diseases. This study aimed at identifying antiplasmodial natural products from selected crude extracts from H. afzelii and E. calophylloides and to assess their cytotoxicity. Methods The extracts from H. afzelii and E. calophylloides were subjected to bioassay-guided fractionation to identify antiplasmodial compounds. The hydroethanol and methanol stem bark crude extracts, fractions and isolated compounds were assessed for antiplasmodial activity against the chloroquine-sensitive 3D7 and multi-drug resistant Dd2 strains of Plasmodium falciparum using the SYBR green I fluorescence-based microdilution assay. Cytotoxicity of active extracts, fractions and compounds was determined on African green monkey normal kidney Vero and murine macrophage Raw 264.7 cell lines using the Resazurin-based viability assay. Results The hydroethanolic extract of H. afzelii stem bark (HasbHE) and the methanolic extract of E. calophylloides stem bark (EcsbM) exhibited the highest potency against both Pf3D7 (EC50 values of 3.32 ± 0.15 μg/mL and 7.40 ± 0.19 μg/mL, respectively) and PfDd2 (EC50 of 3.08 ± 0.21 μg/mL and 7.48 ± 0.07 μg/mL, respectively) strains. Both extracts showed high selectivity toward Plasmodium parasites (SI > 13). The biological activity-guided fractionation led to the identification of five compounds (Compounds 1–5) from HasbHE and one compound (Compound 6) from EcsbM. Of these, Compound 1 corresponding to apigenin (EC50Pf3D7, of 19.01 ± 0.72 μM and EC50PfDd2 of 16.39 ± 0.52 μM), and Compound 6 corresponding to 3,3′-O-dimethylellagic acid (EC50Pf3D7 of 4.27 ± 0.05 μM and EC50PfDd2 of 1.36 ± 0.47 μM) displayed the highest antiplasmodial activities. Interestingly, both compounds exhibited negligible cytotoxicity against both Vero and Raw 264.7 cell lines with selectivity indices greater than 9. Conclusions This study led to the identification of two potent antiplasmodial natural compounds, 3,3′-O-dimethylellagic acid and apigenin that could serve as starting points for further antimalarial drug discovery. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-021-03352-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigue Keumoe
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit (AmBcAU), Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, P.O. Box 1274, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jean Garba Koffi
- Higher Teachers Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P.O Box 47, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Darline Dize
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit (AmBcAU), Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Patrick Valère Tsouh Fokou
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit (AmBcAU), Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Joseph Tchamgoue
- Higher Teachers Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P.O Box 47, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Lawrence Ayong
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, P.O. Box 1274, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Bruno Lenta Ndjakou
- Higher Teachers Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P.O Box 47, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, D-33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Bathelemy Ngameni
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, P.O Box 1364, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Fabrice Fekam Boyom
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit (AmBcAU), Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
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Bekono BD, Ntie-Kang F, Onguéné PA, Lifongo LL, Sippl W, Fester K, Owono LCO. The potential of anti-malarial compounds derived from African medicinal plants: a review of pharmacological evaluations from 2013 to 2019. Malar J 2020; 19:183. [PMID: 32423415 PMCID: PMC7236213 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03231-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background African Traditional Medicine (ATM) is used for the healthcare of about 80% of the rural populations of the continent of Africa. The practices of ATM make use of plant-products, which are known to contain plant-based secondary metabolites or natural products (NPs), likely to play key roles in drug discovery, particularly as lead compounds. For various reasons, including resistance of strains of Plasmodium to known anti-malarial drugs, local African populations often resort to plant-based treatments and/or a combination of this and standard anti-malarial regimens. Emphasis has been laid in this review to present the anti-malarial virtue of the most recently published phytochemicals or natural products, which have been tested by in vitro and in vivo assays. Methods The data was based on the current version of the African Compound Libraries, which are constantly being updated based on inputs from journal articles and student theses (M.Sc/Ph.D) from African University libraries. Emphasis was laid on data published after 2012. In order to carry out the original data collection, currently being included in the African Compounds Database, individual journal websites were queried using the country names in Africa as search terms. Over 40,000 articles “hits” were originally retrieved, then reduced to about 9000 articles. The retained articles/theses was further queried with the search terms “malaria”, “malarial”, “plasmodium”, “plasmodial” and a combination of them, resulting in over 500 articles. Those including compounds with anti-malarial activities for which the measured activities fell within the established cut off values numbered 55, which were all cited in the review as relevant references. Results and discussion Pure compounds derived from African medicinal plants with demonstrated anti-malarial/antiplasmodial properties with activities ranging from “very active” to “weakly active” have been discussed. The majority of the 187 natural products were terpenoids (30%), followed by flavonoids (22%), alkaloids (19%) and quinones (15%), with each of the other compound classes being less than 5% of the entire compound collection. It was also observed that most of the plant species from which the compounds were identified were of the families Rubiaceae, Meliaceae and Asphodelaceae. The review is intended to continue laying the groundwork for an African-based anti-malarial drug discovery project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris D Bekono
- Department of Physics, Ecole Normale Supérieure, University of Yaoundé I, P. O. Box 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Fidele Ntie-Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P. O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes Str. 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany. .,Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01062 , Dresden, Germany.
| | - Pascal Amoa Onguéné
- Department of Chemistry, University Institute of Wood Technology Mbalmayo, University of Yaoundé I, BP 50, Mbalmayo, Cameroon
| | - Lydia L Lifongo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P. O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes Str. 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Karin Fester
- Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Zittau/Görlitz University of Applied Sciences, Theodor-Körner-Allee 16, 02763, Zittau, Germany
| | - Luc C O Owono
- Department of Physics, Ecole Normale Supérieure, University of Yaoundé I, P. O. Box 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
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Tajuddeen N, Van Heerden FR. Antiplasmodial natural products: an update. Malar J 2019; 18:404. [PMID: 31805944 PMCID: PMC6896759 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-3026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria remains a significant public health challenge in regions of the world where it is endemic. An unprecedented decline in malaria incidences was recorded during the last decade due to the availability of effective control interventions, such as the deployment of artemisinin-based combination therapy and insecticide-treated nets. However, according to the World Health Organization, malaria is staging a comeback, in part due to the development of drug resistance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover new anti-malarial drugs. This article reviews the literature on natural products with antiplasmodial activity that was reported between 2010 and 2017. Methods Relevant literature was sourced by searching the major scientific databases, including Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SciFinder, Pubmed, and Google Scholar, using appropriate keyword combinations. Results and Discussion A total of 1524 compounds from 397 relevant references, assayed against at least one strain of Plasmodium, were reported in the period under review. Out of these, 39% were described as new natural products, and 29% of the compounds had IC50 ≤ 3.0 µM against at least one strain of Plasmodium. Several of these compounds have the potential to be developed into viable anti-malarial drugs. Also, some of these compounds could play a role in malaria eradication by targeting gametocytes. However, the research into natural products with potential for blocking the transmission of malaria is still in its infancy stage and needs to be vigorously pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Tajuddeen
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | - Fanie R Van Heerden
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa.
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Kojom Foko LP, Eya'ane Meva F, Eboumbou Moukoko CE, Ntoumba AA, Ngaha Njila MI, Belle Ebanda Kedi P, Ayong L, Lehman LG. A systematic review on anti-malarial drug discovery and antiplasmodial potential of green synthesis mediated metal nanoparticles: overview, challenges and future perspectives. Malar J 2019; 18:337. [PMID: 31581943 PMCID: PMC6775654 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2974-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent emergence in Southeast Asia of artemisinin resistance poses major threats to malaria control and elimination globally. Green nanotechnologies can constitute interesting tools for discovering anti-malarial medicines. This systematic review focused on the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles as potential source of new antiplasmodial drugs. METHODS Seven electronic database were used following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. RESULTS A total of 17 papers were included in the systematic review. 82.4% of the studies used plant leaves to produce nanoparticles (NPs) while three studies used microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi. Silver was the main metal precursor for the synthesis of NPs. The majority of studies obtained nanoparticles spherical in shape, with sizes ranging between 4 and 65 nm, and reported no or little cytotoxic effect of the NPs. Results based on 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) varied between studies but, in general, could be divided into three NP categories; (i) those more effective than positive controls, (ii) those more effective than corresponding plant extracts and, (iii) those less effective than the positive controls or plant extracts. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the high antiplasmodial potential of green-synthesized metal nanoparticles thereby underscoring the possibility to find and develop new anti-malarial drugs based on green synthesis approaches. However, the review also highlights the need for extensive in vitro and in vivo studies to confirm their safety in humans and the elucidation of the mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loick P Kojom Foko
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, The University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Francois Eya'ane Meva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Douala, P.O. Box 2701, Douala, Cameroon.
| | - Carole E Eboumbou Moukoko
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur Cameroon, P.O. Box 1274, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Douala, P.O. Box 2701, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Agnes A Ntoumba
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, The University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Marie I Ngaha Njila
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, The University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Philippe Belle Ebanda Kedi
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, The University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Lawrence Ayong
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur Cameroon, P.O. Box 1274, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Leopold G Lehman
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, The University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Douala, P.O. Box 2701, Douala, Cameroon.
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Boniface PK, Ferreira EI. Flavonoids as efficient scaffolds: Recent trends for malaria, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and dengue. Phytother Res 2019; 33:2473-2517. [PMID: 31441148 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endemic in 149 tropical and subtropical countries, neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) affect more than 1 billion people annually with over 500,000 deaths. Among the NTDs, some of the most severe consist of leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and dengue. The impact of the combined NTDs closely rivals that of malaria. According to the World Health Organization, 216 million cases of malaria were reported in 2016 with 445,000 deaths. Current treatment options are associated with various limitations including widespread drug resistance, severe adverse effects, lengthy treatment duration, unfavorable toxicity profiles, and complicated drug administration procedures. Flavonoids are a class of compounds that has been the subject of considerable scientific interest. New developments of flavonoids have made promising advances for the potential treatment of malaria, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and dengue, with less toxicity, high efficacy, and improved bioavailability. This review summarizes the current standings of the use of flavonoids to treat malaria and neglected diseases such as leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and dengue. Natural and synthetic flavonoids are leading compounds that can be used for developing antiprotozoal and antiviral agents. However, detailed studies on toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and mechanisms of action of these compounds are required to confirm the in vitro pharmacological claims of flavonoids for pharmaceutical applications. HIGHLIGHTS: In the current review, we have tried to compile recent discoveries on natural and synthetic flavonoids as well as their implication in the treatment of malaria, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and dengue. A total of 373 (220 natural and 153 synthetic) flavonoids have been evaluated for antimalarial, antileishmanial, antichagasic, and antidengue activities. Most of these flavonoids showed promising results against the above diseases. Reports on molecular modeling of flavonoid compounds to the disease target indicated encouraging results. Flavonoids can be prospected as potential leads for drug development; however, more rigorously designed studies on toxicity and pharmacokinetics, as well as the quantitative structure-activity relationship studies of these compounds, need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pone Kamdem Boniface
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Igne Ferreira
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Mountessou BYG, Tchamgoue J, Paul Dzoyem J, Tchuenguem RT, Surup F, Choudhary MI, Green IR, Kouam SF. Two xanthones and two rotameric (3⟶8) biflavonoids from the Cameroonian medicinal plant Allanblackia floribunda Oliv. (Guttiferae). Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Nganou BK, Simo Konga I, Fankam AG, Bitchagno GTM, Sonfack G, Nayim P, Celik I, Koyutürk S, Kuete V, Tane P. Guttiferone BL with antibacterial activity from the fruits of Allanblackia gabonensis. Nat Prod Res 2018; 33:2638-2646. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1465424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aimé G. Fankam
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | | | - Gaielle Sonfack
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Paul Nayim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Ilhami Celik
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Sema Koyutürk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Victor Kuete
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Pierre Tane
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
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13
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El Bouzidi L, Ben Bakrim W, Mahiou V, Azas N, Larhsini M, Markouk M, Ollivier E, Bekkouche K. In vitro antiplasmodial activity of Withania frutescens —Solanaceae. Eur J Integr Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Akpanika GA, Winters A, Wilson T, Ayoola GA, Adepoju-Bello AA, Hauck B. Polyphenols from Allanblackia floribunda seeds: Identification, quantification and antioxidant activity. Food Chem 2016; 222:35-42. [PMID: 28041556 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oil rich seeds of Allanblackia floribunda, a tree from tropical Africa, have traditionally been used in food preparation. Furthermore, the therapeutic properties of various parts of this tree have long been exploited in traditional medicine. As both food and pharmaceutical industries show growing interest in tropical tree crops, this study aimed to investigate whether A. floribunda seeds could also be used as a source of potentially bioactive compounds. The polyphenol profile revealed six predominant compounds which were identified by HPLC-PDA-ESI/MSn as the biflavonoids morelloflavone, Gb-2a and volkensiflavone and their respective glucosides. A range of less abundant flavones, flavonols and flavan-3-ols was also detected. All six major compounds showed antioxidant activity, with the activity of morelloflavone, its glucoside and Gb-2a-glucoside comparable with that of ascorbic acid. The main compounds accounted for approximately 10% of dry weight, making the seeds used for oil production a rich source of biflavonoids as a by-product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Akpanika
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Nigeria.
| | - Ana Winters
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, UK.
| | - Thomas Wilson
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, UK.
| | - Gloria A Ayoola
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Nigeria.
| | - Aderonke A Adepoju-Bello
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, UK.
| | - Barbara Hauck
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, UK.
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15
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Tumwine JK. Hepatitis, HIV and Ebola: light at the end of the tunnel. Afr Health Sci 2015; 15:i-iv. [PMID: 26958003 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v15i3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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