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Lagarde J, Feurer C, Denis M, Douarre PE, Piveteau P, Roussel S. Listeria monocytogenes prevalence and genomic diversity along the pig and pork production chain. Food Microbiol 2024; 119:104430. [PMID: 38225039 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The facultative intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) is the causative agent of listeriosis, a severe invasive illness. This ubiquitous species is widely distributed in the environment, but infection occurs almost exclusively through ingestion of contaminated food. The pork production sector has been heavily affected by a series of L. monocytogenes-related foodborne outbreaks in the past around the world. Ready-to-eat (RTE) pork products represent one of the main food sources for strong-evidence listeriosis outbreaks. This pathogen is known to be present throughout the entire pig and pork production chain. Some studies hypothesized that the main source of contamination in final pork products was either living pigs or the food-processing environment. A detailed genomic picture of L. monocytogenes can provide a renewed understanding of the routes of contamination from pig farms to the final products. This review provides an overview of the prevalence, the genomic diversity and the genetic background linked to virulence of L. monocytogenes along the entire pig and pork production chain, from farm to fork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Lagarde
- ANSES, Salmonella and Listeria Unit (USEL), University of Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Food Safety, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France; INRAE, Unit of Process Optimisation in Food, Agriculture and the Environment (UR OPAALE), 17 avenue de Cucillé, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Carole Feurer
- IFIP, The French Pig and Pork Institute, Department of Fresh and Processed Meat, La Motte au Vicomte, 35650, Le Rheu, France
| | - Martine Denis
- ANSES, Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products (UHQPAP), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, 31 rue des fusillés, 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Douarre
- ANSES, Salmonella and Listeria Unit (USEL), University of Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Food Safety, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Pascal Piveteau
- INRAE, Unit of Process Optimisation in Food, Agriculture and the Environment (UR OPAALE), 17 avenue de Cucillé, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Roussel
- ANSES, Salmonella and Listeria Unit (USEL), University of Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Food Safety, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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2
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Ngema SS, Madoroba E. A Mini-Review of Anti-Listerial Compounds from Marine Actinobacteria (1990-2023). Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:362. [PMID: 38667038 PMCID: PMC11047329 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13040362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Among the foodborne illnesses, listeriosis has the third highest case mortality rate (20-30% or higher). Emerging drug-resistant strains of Listeria monocytogenes, a causative bacterium of listeriosis, exacerbate the seriousness of this public health concern. Novel anti-Listerial compounds are therefore needed to combat this challenge. In recent years, marine actinobacteria have come to be regarded as a promising source of novel antimicrobials. Hence, our aim was to provide a narrative of the available literature and discuss trends regarding bioprospecting marine actinobacteria for new anti-Listerial compounds. Four databases were searched for the review: Academic Search Ultimate, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and South African Thesis and Dissertations. The search was restricted to peer-reviewed full-text manuscripts that discussed marine actinobacteria as a source of antimicrobials and were written in English from 1990 to December 2023. In total, for the past three decades (1990-December 2023), only 23 compounds from marine actinobacteria have been tested for their anti-Listerial potential. Out of the 23 reported compounds, only 2-allyoxyphenol, adipostatins E-G, 4-bromophenol, and ansamycins (seco-geldanamycin B, 4.5-dihydro-17-O-demethylgeldanamycin, and seco-geldanamycin) have been found to possess anti-Listerial activity. Thus, our literature survey reveals the scarcity of published assays testing the anti-Listerial capacity of bioactive compounds sourced from marine actinobacteria during this period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evelyn Madoroba
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa;
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3
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Warmate D, Onarinde BA. Food safety incidents in the red meat industry: A review of foodborne disease outbreaks linked to the consumption of red meat and its products, 1991 to 2021. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 398:110240. [PMID: 37167789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Red meat is a significant source of human nutrition, and the red meat industry contributes to the economy of nations. Nonetheless, there is a widespread global concern about public health issues posed by severe food safety incidents within the red meat industry. Most of these incidents are associated with foodborne disease outbreaks that impact individual consumers, food businesses and society. This study adopts a systematic search and review approach to identify three decades of published investigation reports of global foodborne disease outbreaks linked with the consumption of red meat and products made from them. The review aims to evaluate the critical features of these outbreak incidents to get insight into their contributing factors and root causes. In particular, this review discusses the transmission setting (origin of pathogenic agents), the food vehicles mostly incriminated, the causative pathogens (bacteria, viruses, and parasites) causing the most illnesses, and the most commonly reported contributing factors to the outbreaks. This information can help researchers and food business operators (FBOs) inform future risk assessment studies and support risk management activities in developing risk-mitigating strategies for the industry. Findings from this study suggest that implementing food safety management strategies which include adequate control measures at all stages of the food chain, from farm to fork, is imperative in preventing outbreak incidents. Of equal importance is the need for enhanced and sustained public education about the risk of foodborne illnesses associated with meat and its products whilst discouraging the consumption of raw meat products, especially by high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dein Warmate
- National Centre for Food Manufacturing, University of Lincoln, Holbeach PE12 7PT, UK.
| | - Bukola A Onarinde
- National Centre for Food Manufacturing, University of Lincoln, Holbeach PE12 7PT, UK
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4
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Demaître N, De Reu K, François E, De Zutter L, Rasschaert G, Geeraerd A. Intra- and inter-batch variability in raw pork challenge test studies and their consequences on model predictions: An intricate interplay between L. monocytogenes, the microbiome, and packaging atmosphere. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 387:110042. [PMID: 36527792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.110042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to conduct challenge studies in raw pork by strictly following all aspects of the 2014 EURL technical guidance document for conducting shelf-life studies on Listeria monocytogenes. Growth potential was assessed on three batches of self-cut pork chops and one batch of in-house prepared pure minced pork without any additives in air and MAP (70 % O2/30% CO2) packaging. Pork chops did not support the growth of the pathogen throughout the shelf-life, given the specific conditions used in this study, with growth potential values of 0.28 and 0.46 log CFU/g, respectively, for both air and MAP. Substantial growth (>0.5 log CFU/g) was obtained in minced pork after investigating only one batch, with growth potential values of 1.69 and 0.80 log CFU/g, for air and MAP. However, both intra- and inter-batch variability for pork chops and intra-batch variability for minced pork was observed; with elevated growth being evened out by the way growth potential is calculated in the EURL 2014 document, leading to underestimations and posing a potential risk to public health. Maximum growth rate in minced pork at a constant temperature of 7 °C was estimated at μmax = 0.680 log CFU/day and μmax = 0.489 log CFU/day in air and MAP, respectively. Model predictions for the growth potential showed acceptable results for air-packed minced pork with better accuracy when the lag phase was implemented as indicated in the renewed protocol (CRL EU, 2021). In MAP, all models used, including the Combase Growth model and to a lesser extent the DMRI dynamic safety model, overestimate the growth potential probably due to a lack of integration of the changing CO2 levels in the packages. The predictive models used in this study do not adequately account for the dynamics in the raw pig matrix, which may have an inhibitory effect on the growth of L. monocytogenes, including interaction with the microbiome and CO2, and emphasize the importance of remaining critical of predictive model outcomes. In addition, the experimental intra- and inter-batch variability raise questions about the sense or nonsense of using predictive microbiology in these raw pork products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Demaître
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), Division MeBioS, Sustainability in the agri-food chain group, Willem de Croylaan 42, box 2428, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Koen De Reu
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium.
| | - Ellen François
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), Division MeBioS, Sustainability in the agri-food chain group, Willem de Croylaan 42, box 2428, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Lieven De Zutter
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Geertrui Rasschaert
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Annemie Geeraerd
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), Division MeBioS, Sustainability in the agri-food chain group, Willem de Croylaan 42, box 2428, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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An Exploration of Listeria monocytogenes, Its Influence on the UK Food Industry and Future Public Health Strategies. Foods 2022; 11:foods11101456. [PMID: 35627026 PMCID: PMC9141670 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive intracellular pathogen that can cause listeriosis, an invasive disease affecting pregnant women, neonates, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Principally foodborne, the pathogen is transmitted typically through contaminated foods. As a result, food manufacturers exert considerable efforts to eliminate L. monocytogenes from foodstuffs and the environment through food processing and disinfection. However, L. monocytogenes demonstrates a range of environmental stress tolerances, resulting in persistent colonies that act as reservoirs for the reintroduction of L. monocytogenes to food contact surfaces and food. Novel technologies for the rapid detection of L. monocytogenes and disinfection of food manufacturing industries have been developed to overcome these obstacles to minimise the risk of outbreaks and sporadic cases of listeriosis. This review is aimed at exploring L. monocytogenes in the UK, providing a summary of outbreaks, current routine microbiological testing and the increasing awareness of biocide tolerances. Recommendations for future research in the UK are made, pertaining to expanding the understanding of L. monocytogenes dissemination in the UK food industry and the continuation of novel technological developments for disinfection of food and the food manufacturing environment.
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Mohan V, Cruz CD, van Vliet AHM, Pitman AR, Visnovsky SB, Rivas L, Gilpin B, Fletcher GC. Genomic diversity of Listeria monocytogenes isolates from seafood, horticulture and factory environments in New Zealand. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 347:109166. [PMID: 33838478 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne human pathogen that causes systemic infection, fetal-placental infection in pregnant women causing abortion and stillbirth and meningoencephalitis in elderly and immunocompromised individuals. This study aimed to analyse L. monocytogenes from different sources from New Zealand (NZ) and to compare them with international strains. We used pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) to study the population structure of the NZ L. monocytogenes isolates and their relationship with the international strains. The NZ isolates formed unique clusters in PFGE, MLST and whole-genome SNP comparisons compared to the international isolates for which data were available. PFGE identified 31 AscI and 29 ApaI PFGE patterns with indistinguishable pulsotypes being present in seafood, horticultural products and environmental samples. Apart from the Asc0002:Apa0002 pulsotype which was distributed across different sources, other pulsotypes were site or factory associated. Whole-genome analysis of 200 randomly selected L. monocytogenes isolates revealed that lineage II dominated the NZ L. monocytogenes populations. MLST comparison of international and NZ isolates with lineage II accounted for 89% (177 of 200) of the total L. monocytogenes population, while the international representation was 45.3% (1674 of 3473). Rarefaction analysis showed that sequence type richness was greater in NZ isolates compared to international trend, however, it should be noted that NZ isolates predominantly came from seafood, horticulture and their respective processing environments or factories, unlike international isolates where there was a good mixture of clinical, food and environmental isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vathsala Mohan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Cristina D Cruz
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Arnoud H M van Vliet
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford GU2 7AL, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R Pitman
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Lincoln, New Zealand.
| | - Sandra B Visnovsky
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Lucia Rivas
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Brent Gilpin
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Graham C Fletcher
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
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7
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Application of Neutral Electrolyzed Water on pork chops and its impact on meat quality. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19910. [PMID: 33199806 PMCID: PMC7669837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76931-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Physicochemical and microbiological properties of pork chops sprayed with Neutral Electrolyzed Water (NEW) were evaluated during storage at refrigeration temperature. Pork chops were randomly allocated into three groups and were artificially contaminated with an inoculum of 106 CFU/mL of Listeria monocytogenes. Each group was treated with either NEW (58 ppm), NaClO (35 ppm), or saline solution (SS). Subsequently, recovered bacteria were plated on TSA petri dishes and the reduction percentage of Listeria monocytogenes was calculated 24 h and 8 days after treatment. Physicochemical analysis [pH, content of lactic acid, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and total volatile base nitrogen (TVBN)] were performed to evaluate the effect of all solutions used on pork meat kept at 4 °C for 19 days. In vitro NEW reduced L. monocytogenes titers by > 99.98% and 80.19% and 90.35% in artificially contaminated pork 24 h and 8 days after NEW treatment, respectively. Compared to the SS treatment, NEW and NaClO solutions caused a 0.67 Log UFC/g and 0.65 Log UFC/g reduction respectively. After eight days post-treatment, NEW and NaClO bacterial titers were below the SS treatment. NEW caused little color change in treated meat. It helped to reduce the formation of lactic acid and TVB-N when pork chops are kept at 4 °C for 19 days. Therefore, NEW could be considered as a new alternative to sanitize and preserve pork meat.
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McLauchlin J, Grant KA, Amar CFL. Human foodborne listeriosis in England and Wales, 1981 to 2015. Epidemiol Infect 2020; 148:e54. [PMID: 32070445 PMCID: PMC7078583 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268820000473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost all cases of human listeriosis are foodborne, however the proportion where specific exposures are identified is small. Between 1981 and 2015, 5252 human listeriosis cases were reported in England and Wales. The purpose of this study was to summarise data where consumption of specific foods was identified with transmission and these comprised 11 sporadic cases and 17 outbreaks. There was a single outbreak in the community of 378 cases (7% of the total) which was associated with pâté consumption and 112 cases (2% of the total) attributed to specific foods in all the other incidents. The proportion of food-attributed cases increased during this study with improvements in typing methods for Listeria monocytogenes. Ten incidents (one sporadic case and nine outbreaks of 2-9 cases over 4 days to 32 months) occurred in hospitals: all were associated with the consumption of pre-prepared sandwiches. The 18 community incidents comprised eight outbreaks (seven of between 3 and 17 cases) and 10 sporadic cases: food of animal origin was implicated in 16 of the incidents (sliced or potted meats, pork pies, pâté, liver, chicken, crab-meat, butter and soft cheese) and food of non-animal origin in the remaining two (olives and vegetable rennet).
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Affiliation(s)
- J. McLauchlin
- Public Health England Food Water and Environmental Microbiology Services, National Infection Service, Colindale, London. NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - K. A. Grant
- Public Health EnglandGastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, National Infection Service, 61 Colindale Avenue, London. NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - C. F. L. Amar
- Public Health EnglandGastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, National Infection Service, 61 Colindale Avenue, London. NW9 5EQ, UK
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Hurley D, Luque-Sastre L, Parker CT, Huynh S, Eshwar AK, Nguyen SV, Andrews N, Moura A, Fox EM, Jordan K, Lehner A, Stephan R, Fanning S. Whole-Genome Sequencing-Based Characterization of 100 Listeria monocytogenes Isolates Collected from Food Processing Environments over a Four-Year Period. mSphere 2019; 4:e00252-19. [PMID: 31391275 PMCID: PMC6686224 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00252-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is frequently found in foods and processing facilities, where it can persist, creating concerns for the food industry. Its ability to survive under a wide range of environmental conditions enhances the potential for cross-contamination of the final food products, leading to possible outbreaks of listeriosis. In this study, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was applied as a tool to characterize and track 100 L. monocytogenes isolates collected from three food processing environments. These WGS data from environmental and food isolates were analyzed to (i) assess the genomic diversity of L. monocytogenes, (ii) identify possible source(s) of contamination, cross-contamination routes, and persistence, (iii) detect absence/presence of antimicrobial resistance-encoding genes, (iv) assess virulence genotypes, and (v) explore in vivo pathogenicity of selected L. monocytogenes isolates carrying different virulence genotypes. The predominant L. monocytogenes sublineages (SLs) identified were SL101 (21%), SL9 (17%), SL121 (12%), and SL5 (12%). Benzalkonium chloride (BC) tolerance-encoding genes were found in 62% of these isolates, a value that increased to 73% among putative persistent subgroups. The most prevalent gene was emrC followed by bcrABC, qacH-Tn6188, and qacC. The L. monocytogenes major virulence factor inlA was truncated in 31% of the isolates, and only one environmental isolate (L. monocytogenes CFS086) harbored all major virulence factors, including Listeria pathogenicity island 4 (LIPI-4), which has been shown to confer hypervirulence. A zebrafish embryo infection model showed a low (3%) embryo survival rate for all putatively hypervirulent L. monocytogenes isolates assayed. Higher embryo survival rates were observed following infection with unknown virulence potential (20%) and putatively hypovirulent (53 to 83%) L. monocytogenes isolates showing predicted pathogenic phenotypes inferred from virulence genotypes.IMPORTANCE This study extends current understanding of the genetic diversity among L. monocytogenes from various food products and food processing environments. Application of WGS-based strategies facilitated tracking of this pathogen of importance to human health along the production chain while providing insights into the pathogenic potential for some of the L. monocytogenes isolates recovered. These analyses enabled the grouping of selected isolates into three putative virulence categories according to their genotypes along with informing selection for phenotypic assessment of their pathogenicity using the zebrafish embryo infection model. It has also facilitated the identification of those isolates with genes conferring tolerance to commercially used biocides. Findings from this study highlight the potential for the application of WGS as a proactive tool to support food safety controls as applied to L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hurley
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laura Luque-Sastre
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Craig T Parker
- Western Regional Research Center, Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, USA
| | - Steven Huynh
- Western Regional Research Center, Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, USA
| | - Athmanya K Eshwar
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Scott V Nguyen
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicholas Andrews
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alexandra Moura
- Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Edward M Fox
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Kieran Jordan
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Angelika Lehner
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Elson R, Awofisayo-Okuyelu A, Greener T, Swift C, Painset A, Amar CFL, Newton A, Aird H, Swindlehurst M, Elviss N, Foster K, Dallman TJ, Ruggles R, Grant K. Utility of Whole Genome Sequencing To Describe the Persistence and Evolution of Listeria monocytogenes Strains within Crabmeat Processing Environments Linked to Two Outbreaks of Listeriosis. J Food Prot 2019; 82:30-38. [PMID: 30702931 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the identification and investigation of two extended outbreaks of listeriosis in which crabmeat was identified as the vehicle of infection. Comparing contemporary and retrospective typing data of Listeria monocytogenes isolates from clinical cases and from food and food processing environments allowed the detection of cases going back several years. This information, combined with the analysis of routinely collected enhanced surveillance data, helped to direct the investigation and identify the vehicle of infection. Retrospective whole genome sequencing (WGS) analysis of isolates provided robust microbiological evidence of links between cases, foods, and the environments in which they were produced and demonstrated that for some cases and foods, identified by fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism, the molecular typing method in routine use at the time, were not part of the outbreak. WGS analysis also showed that the strains causing illness had persisted in two food production environments for many years and in one producer had evolved into two strains over a period of around 8 years. This article demonstrates the value of reviewing L. monocytogenes typing data from clinical cases together with that from foods as a means of identifying potential vehicles and sources of infection in outbreaks of listeriosis. It illustrates the importance of reviewing retrospective L. monocytogenes typing alongside enhanced surveillance data to characterize extended outbreaks and inform control measures. Also, this article highlights the advantages of WGS analysis for strain discrimination and clarification of evolutionary relationships that refine outbreak investigations and improve our understanding of L. monocytogenes in the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Elson
- 1 Public Health England, National Infection Service, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK.,2 National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5TR, UK
| | - Adedoyin Awofisayo-Okuyelu
- 2 National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5TR, UK
| | - Trevor Greener
- 3 North Tyneside Council, Public Protection Services, The Silverlink North, Cobalt Business Park, North Tyneside NE27 0BY, UK
| | - Craig Swift
- 1 Public Health England, National Infection Service, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Anaïs Painset
- 1 Public Health England, National Infection Service, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK.,2 National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5TR, UK
| | | | - Autilia Newton
- 4 Public Health England UKOT Program IHR, 133-135, Wellington Road, London SE1 8UG, UK
| | - Heather Aird
- 5 Public Health England, National Infection Service, Food, Water and Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, National Agri-Food Innovation Campus, Block 10, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Mark Swindlehurst
- 5 Public Health England, National Infection Service, Food, Water and Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, National Agri-Food Innovation Campus, Block 10, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Nicola Elviss
- 5 Public Health England, National Infection Service, Food, Water and Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, National Agri-Food Innovation Campus, Block 10, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Kirsty Foster
- 6 Public Health England, North East PHE Centre, Floor 2 Citygate, Gallowgate, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 4WH, UK
| | - Timothy J Dallman
- 1 Public Health England, National Infection Service, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK.,2 National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5TR, UK
| | - Ruth Ruggles
- 1 Public Health England, National Infection Service, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Kathie Grant
- 1 Public Health England, National Infection Service, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK.,2 National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5TR, UK
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Duranti A, Sabbatucci M, Blasi G, Acciari VA, Ancora M, Bella A, Busani L, Centorame P, Cammà C, Conti F, De Medici D, Di Domenico M, Di Marzio V, Filippini G, Fiore A, Fisichella S, Gattuso A, Gianfranceschi M, Graziani C, Guidi F, Marcacci M, Marfoglia C, Neri D, Orsini M, Ottaviani D, Petruzzelli A, Pezzotti P, Rizzo C, Ruolo A, Scavia G, Scuota S, Tagliavento G, Tibaldi A, Tonucci F, Torresi M, Migliorati G, Pomilio F. A severe outbreak of listeriosis in central Italy with a rare pulsotype associated with processed pork products. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:1351-1360. [PMID: 30024370 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE From May 2015 to March 2016, an outbreak due to Listeria monocytogenes serotype 1/2a and clinical pulsotype never previously isolated in Europe occurred in central Italy, involving 24 confirmed clinical cases. The article provides a description of the outbreak and the investigation carried out by a multidisciplinary network. METHODOLOGY Epidemiological and microbiological surveillance was conducted to confirm the outbreak and to detect the food vehicle of infection. The origin and destination of the implicated food and its ingredients were investigated by tracing-back and -forward investigation. RESULTS Next-generation sequencing confirmed the unique outbreak strain. On 4 January 2016, a L. monocytogenes strain with pulsotype indistinguishable from that isolated from clinical cases in the outbreak was detected in a sample of hog head cheese purchased from a retail supermarket by one of the patients. The hog head cheese was produced by a small meat processing plant in the Marche region, where microbiological investigation confirmed environmental and food contamination by the outbreak strain. Plant production was suspended and all contaminated batches of the hog head cheese were withdrawn from the market by 19 February by local health authority. We subsequently observed a sharp decline in clinical cases, the last being reported on 11 March 2016. CONCLUSION The key factor in the timely conclusion of this investigation was intersectoral collaboration among epidemiologists, microbiologists, veterinarians, statisticians and health and food safety authorities at national, regional and local levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Duranti
- 1Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche 'T. Rosati', Perugia, Italy
| | - Michela Sabbatucci
- 2Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,3European Programme for Public Health Microbiology Training (EUPHEM), European Centre of Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giuliana Blasi
- 1Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche 'T. Rosati', Perugia, Italy
| | - Vicdalia Aniela Acciari
- 4National Reference Laboratory for Listeria monocytogenes, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy
| | - Massimo Ancora
- 4National Reference Laboratory for Listeria monocytogenes, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy
| | | | | | - Patrizia Centorame
- 4National Reference Laboratory for Listeria monocytogenes, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy
| | - Cesare Cammà
- 4National Reference Laboratory for Listeria monocytogenes, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Conti
- 5Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche - Area Vasta 2, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Marco Di Domenico
- 4National Reference Laboratory for Listeria monocytogenes, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy
| | - Violeta Di Marzio
- 4National Reference Laboratory for Listeria monocytogenes, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Filippini
- 1Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche 'T. Rosati', Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Fisichella
- 1Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche 'T. Rosati', Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Fabrizia Guidi
- 1Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche 'T. Rosati', Perugia, Italy
| | - Maurilia Marcacci
- 4National Reference Laboratory for Listeria monocytogenes, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy
| | - Cristina Marfoglia
- 4National Reference Laboratory for Listeria monocytogenes, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy
| | - Diana Neri
- 4National Reference Laboratory for Listeria monocytogenes, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Orsini
- 4National Reference Laboratory for Listeria monocytogenes, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy
| | - Donatella Ottaviani
- 1Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche 'T. Rosati', Perugia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Petruzzelli
- 1Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche 'T. Rosati', Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | - Anna Ruolo
- 4National Reference Laboratory for Listeria monocytogenes, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Stefania Scuota
- 1Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche 'T. Rosati', Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesco Tonucci
- 1Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche 'T. Rosati', Perugia, Italy
| | - Marina Torresi
- 4National Reference Laboratory for Listeria monocytogenes, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy
| | - Giacomo Migliorati
- 4National Reference Laboratory for Listeria monocytogenes, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy
| | - Francesco Pomilio
- 4National Reference Laboratory for Listeria monocytogenes, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy
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Zoellner C, Ceres K, Ghezzi-Kopel K, Wiedmann M, Ivanek R. Design Elements of Listeria Environmental Monitoring Programs in Food Processing Facilities: A Scoping Review of Research and Guidance Materials. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:1156-1171. [PMID: 33350161 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes (Lm), the causative agent of listeriosis, in food processing facilities presents considerable challenges to food producers and food safety authorities. Design of an effective, risk-based environmental monitoring (EM) program is essential for finding and eliminating Lm from the processing environment to prevent product contamination. A scoping review was conducted to collate and synthesize available research and guidance materials on Listeria EM in food processing facilities. An exhaustive search was performed to identify all available research, industry and regulatory documents, and search results were screened for relevance based on eligibility criteria. After screening, 198 references were subjected to an in-depth review and categorized according to objectives for conducting Listeria sampling in food processing facilities and food sector. Mapping of the literature revealed research and guidance gaps by food sector, as fresh produce was the focus in only 10 references, compared to 72 on meat, 52 on fish and seafood, and 50 on dairy. Review of reported practices and guidance highlighted key design elements of EM, including the number, location, timing and frequency of sampling, as well as methods of detection and confirmation, and record-keeping. While utilization of molecular subtyping methods is a trend that will continue to advance understanding of Listeria contamination risks, improved study design and reporting standards by researchers will be essential to assist the food industry optimize their EM design and decision-making. The comprehensive collection of documents identified and synthesized in this review aids continued efforts to minimize the risk of Lm contaminated foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Zoellner
- Dept. of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N.Y. 14850, U.S.A
| | - Kristina Ceres
- Dept. of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N.Y. 14850, U.S.A
| | - Kate Ghezzi-Kopel
- Albert R. Mann Library, Univ. Library, 237 Mann Dr, Ithaca, N.Y. 14853, U.S.A
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Dept. of Food Science, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N.Y. 14853, U.S.A
| | - Renata Ivanek
- Dept. of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N.Y. 14850, U.S.A
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13
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Lopez-Valladares G, Danielsson-Tham ML, Tham W. Implicated Food Products for Listeriosis and Changes in Serovars of Listeria monocytogenes Affecting Humans in Recent Decades. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:387-397. [PMID: 29958028 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeriosis is a foodborne disease with a high fatality rate, and infection is mostly transmitted through ready-to-eat (RTE) foods contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes, such as gravad/smoked fish, soft cheeses, and sliced processed delicatessen (deli) meat. Food products/dishes stored in vacuum or in modified atmospheres and with extended refrigerator shelf lives provide an opportunity for L. monocytogenes to multiply to large numbers toward the end of the shelf life. Elderly, pregnant women, neonates, and immunocompromised individuals are particularly susceptible to L. monocytogenes. Listeriosis in humans manifests primarily as septicemia, meningitis, encephalitis, gastrointestinal infection, and abortion. In the mid 1990s and early 2000s a shift from L. monocytogenes serovar 4b to serovar 1/2a causing human listeriosis occurred, and serovar 1/2a is becoming more frequently linked to outbreaks of listeriosis, particularly in Europe and Northern America. Consumer lifestyle has changed, and less time is available for food preparation. Modern lifestyle has markedly changed eating habits worldwide, with a consequent increased demand for RTE foods; therefore, more RTE and take away foods are consumed. There is a concern that many Listeria outbreaks are reported from hospitals. Therefore, it is vitally important that foods (especially cooked and chilled) delivered to hospitals and residential homes for senior citizens and elderly people are reheated to at least 72°C: cold food, such as turkey deli meat and cold-smoked and gravad salmon should be free from L. monocytogenes. Several countries have zero tolerance for RTE foods that support the growth of Listeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Lopez-Valladares
- School of Hospitality, Culinary Arts and Meal Science, Örebro University , Grythyttan, Sweden
| | | | - Wilhelm Tham
- School of Hospitality, Culinary Arts and Meal Science, Örebro University , Grythyttan, Sweden
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14
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Prevalence and persistence of Listeria monocytogenes in premises and products of small food business operators in Northern Ireland. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Henri C, Leekitcharoenphon P, Carleton HA, Radomski N, Kaas RS, Mariet JF, Felten A, Aarestrup FM, Gerner Smidt P, Roussel S, Guillier L, Mistou MY, Hendriksen RS. An Assessment of Different Genomic Approaches for Inferring Phylogeny of Listeria monocytogenes. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2351. [PMID: 29238330 PMCID: PMC5712588 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/objectives: Whole genome sequencing (WGS) has proven to be a powerful subtyping tool for foodborne pathogenic bacteria like L. monocytogenes. The interests of genome-scale analysis for national surveillance, outbreak detection or source tracking has been largely documented. The genomic data however can be exploited with many different bioinformatics methods like single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), core-genome multi locus sequence typing (cgMLST), whole-genome multi locus sequence typing (wgMLST) or multi locus predicted protein sequence typing (MLPPST) on either core-genome (cgMLPPST) or pan-genome (wgMLPPST). Currently, there are little comparisons studies of these different analytical approaches. Our objective was to assess and compare different genomic methods that can be implemented in order to cluster isolates of L. monocytogenes. Methods: The clustering methods were evaluated on a collection of 207 L. monocytogenes genomes of food origin representative of the genetic diversity of the Anses collection. The trees were then compared using robust statistical analyses. Results: The backward comparability between conventional typing methods and genomic methods revealed a near-perfect concordance. The importance of selecting a proper reference when calling SNPs was highlighted, although distances between strains remained identical. The analysis also revealed that the topology of the phylogenetic trees between wgMLST and cgMLST were remarkably similar. The comparison between SNP and cgMLST or SNP and wgMLST approaches showed that the topologies of phylogenic trees were statistically similar with an almost equivalent clustering. Conclusion: Our study revealed high concordance between wgMLST, cgMLST, and SNP approaches which are all suitable for typing of L. monocytogenes. The comparable clustering is an important observation considering that the two approaches have been variously implemented among reference laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Henri
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Pimlapas Leekitcharoenphon
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, National Food Institute, WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Food Borne Pathogens and Genomics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Heather A Carleton
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Nicolas Radomski
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Rolf S Kaas
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, National Food Institute, WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Food Borne Pathogens and Genomics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jean-François Mariet
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Arnaud Felten
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Frank M Aarestrup
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, National Food Institute, WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Food Borne Pathogens and Genomics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Gerner Smidt
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sophie Roussel
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Laurent Guillier
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Michel-Yves Mistou
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - René S Hendriksen
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, National Food Institute, WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Food Borne Pathogens and Genomics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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An assessment of the microbiological quality of liver-based pâté in England 2012-13: comparison of samples collected at retail and from catering businesses. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:1545-1556. [PMID: 28190406 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817000255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the microbiological quality of liver pâté. During 2012-13, a total of 870 samples, unrelated to the investigation of food-poisoning outbreaks, were collected either at retail (46%), catering (53%) or the point of manufacture (1%) and were tested using standard methods to detect Salmonella spp. or Campylobacter spp., and to enumerate for Listeria spp., including Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium perfringens, coagulase-positive staphylococci including Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp., including Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Enterobacteriaceae, and aerobic colony counts (ACCs). Seventy-three percent of samples were of satisfactory microbiological quality, 18% were borderline and 9% unsatisfactory. Salmonella spp. or Campylobacter spp. was not recovered from any sample. The most common causes of unsatisfactory results were elevated ACCs (6% of the samples) and high Enterobacteriaceae counts (4% of samples). The remaining unsatisfactory results were due to elevated counts of: E. coli (three samples); B. cereus (one sample at 2·6 × 105 cfu/g); or L. monocytogenes (one sample at 2·9 × 103 cfu/g). Pâté from retail was less likely to be contaminated with L. monocytogenes than samples collected from catering and samples from supermarkets were of significantly better microbiological quality than those from catering establishments.
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17
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McLauchlin J, Aird H, Charlett A, Elviss N, Fox A, Kaye M, Willis C. Assessment of the Microbiological Quality of Meat Pies from Retail Sale in England 2013. J Food Prot 2016; 79:781-8. [PMID: 27296425 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of foodborne illness caused by Bacillus cereus and Listeria monocytogenes in England associated with meat pie consumption were detected in 2012. To obtain baseline data for pies unrelated to outbreaks, 862 samples of ready-to-eat meat pies were collected at retail or from catering facilities in England in 2013 and examined to enumerate food-poisoning bacteria and indicator organisms using Organization for Standardization (ISO) methods for Listeria spp. including L. monocytogenes (ISO 11290), Clostridium perfringens (ISO 21528), coagulase-positive staphylococci including Staphylococcus aureus (ISO 6888), Bacillus spp. including B. cereus (ISO 1737), Escherichia coli (ISO 16649), Enterobacteriaceae (ISO 21528), and aerobic colony counts (ACCs; ISO 4833). Microbiological quality was satisfactory in 94% of samples, borderline in 5%, and unsatisfactory in 1%. The proportion of pies from markets that were borderline or unsatisfactory significantly increased, and the proportion of borderline or unsatisfactory pies from supermarkets significantly decreased. Among the refrigerated (0 to 15°C) pies, microbiological quality significantly decreased in pies stored at >8°C and further significantly decreased at in pies stored at ambient temperature (>15 to 25°C). Samples collected at 25 to 40°C had the highest proportion of borderline or unsatisfactory results, but results improved in pies stored at >40°C. The most common cause for borderline or unsatisfactory results was elevated ACCs (5% of all samples). Within the individual microbiological parameters, borderline or unsatisfactory results resulted from elevated Enterobacteriaceae or Bacillus levels (10 samples for each), C. perfringens levels (2 samples), and S. aureus or E. coli levels (1 sample each). L. monocytogenes was recovered from one pie at <10 CFU/g. A literature review revealed a range of microbiological hazards responsible for food poisoning and meat pie consumption, and surveillance data from 1992 to 2012 from England indicated that C. perfringens was the most commonly reported cause of outbreaks of foodborne illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim McLauchlin
- Food, Water, and Environmental Microbiology Services, Public Health England, London NW9 5EQ, UK; Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK
| | - Heather Aird
- Food, Water, and Environmental Microbiology Laboratory York, National Agri-Food Innovation Campus, Public Health England, York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Andre Charlett
- Statistics Modelling and Economics Department, Public Health England, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Nicola Elviss
- Food, Water, and Environmental Microbiology Laboratory London, Public Health England, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Andrew Fox
- Food, Water, and Environmental Microbiology Laboratory Preston, Royal Preston Hospital, Public Health England, Preston PR2 9HT, UK
| | - Moira Kaye
- Food, Water, and Environmental Microbiology Laboratory Birmingham, Good Hope Hospital, Public Health England, Sutton, Coldfield B75 7RR, UK
| | - Caroline Willis
- Food, Water, and Environmental Microbiology Laboratory Porton, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
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