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Loop mediated isothermal amplification for detection of foodborne parasites: A journey from lab to lab-on-a-chip. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Krumrie S, Capewell P, Smith-Palmer A, Mellor D, Weir W, Alexander CL. A scoping review of risk factors and transmission routes associated with human giardiasis outbreaks in high-income settings. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2022; 2:100084. [PMID: 36589877 PMCID: PMC9795371 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2022.100084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The flagellated pathogen Giardia duodenalis is one of the leading causes of parasitic gastrointestinal illness worldwide. In many higher income countries, such as the United Kingdom, the disease is often perceived as being travel-related, likely leading to the under-reporting of sporadic cases and outbreaks. A summary of the literature describing outbreaks and risk factors in higher income countries is necessary to improve our understanding of this pathogen and identify existing knowledge gaps. Initial literature searches were carried out in September 2016 and updated at regular intervals until November 2021, using appropriate search terms in Medline, Embase and PubMed databases. A total of 75 papers met the inclusion criteria, revealing that the consumption of contaminated water and contact with young children of diaper-wearing age were the most common transmission routes leading to outbreaks of giardiasis. Of the ten studies where food was primarily associated with outbreaks, food handlers accounted for eight of these. Another reported transmission route was direct contact with fecal material, which was reported in six studies as the primary transmission route. Travel-associated giardiasis was considered the sole transmission route in two studies, whereas multiple transmission routes contributed to giardiasis outbreaks in eleven studies. The evidence around zoonotic transmission was less clear and hampered by the lack of robust and regularly applied parasite molecular typing techniques. This literature review summarizes the findings of Giardia outbreak investigations and epidemiological studies in high-income countries. Transmission routes are identified and discussed to highlight the associated risk factors. These data also indicate gaps in our current knowledge that include the need for robust, in-depth molecular studies and have underscored the importance of water as a transmission route for Giardia cysts. These future molecular studies will improve our understanding of Giardia epidemiology and transmission pathways in higher income countries to prevent spread of this significantly under-reported pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Krumrie
- University of Glasgow School of Veterinary Medicine, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
- Corresponding author. University of Glasgow School of Veterinary Medicine, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Paul Capewell
- University of Glasgow School of Veterinary Medicine, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
- BioClavis Ltd, Queen Elizabeth Teaching and Learning Centre, 1345 Govan Road, Glasgow, G51 4TF, UK
| | - Alison Smith-Palmer
- Gastrointestinal and Zoonoses Team, Public Health Scotland, Meridian Court, 5 Cadogan Street, Glasgow, G2 6QE, UK
| | - Dominic Mellor
- University of Glasgow School of Veterinary Medicine, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
- Gastrointestinal and Zoonoses Team, Public Health Scotland, Meridian Court, 5 Cadogan Street, Glasgow, G2 6QE, UK
| | - Willie Weir
- University of Glasgow School of Veterinary Medicine, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Claire L. Alexander
- Scottish Microbiology Reference Laboratories, New Lister Building, 10-16 Alexandria Parade, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, G31 2ER, UK
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Li J, Wang Z, Karim MR, Zhang L. Detection of human intestinal protozoan parasites in vegetables and fruits: a review. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:380. [PMID: 32727529 PMCID: PMC7392835 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04255-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrheal diseases caused by intestinal protozoan parasites are a major food-borne public health problem across the world. Vegetables and fruits provide important nutrients and minerals, but are also common sources of some food-borne human pathogenic microorganisms. The contamination of raw vegetables and fruits with human pathogenic parasites are now a global public health threat, despite the health benefits of these foods in non-pharmacological prophylaxes against diseases. A large number of reports have documented the contamination of vegetables or fruits with human pathogenic microorganisms. In this paper, we reviewed the contamination and detection methods of human pathogenic intestinal protozoans that are frequently recovered from raw vegetables and fruits. The protozoan parasites include Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Entamoeba spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Balantioides coli, Blastocystis sp., Cystoisospora belli and Enterocytozoon bieneusi. The risk factors involved in the contamination of vegetables and fruits with parasites are also assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiang Li
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046 China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046 China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046 China
| | - Md Robiul Karim
- Department of Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, 1706 Bangladesh
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046 China
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Ryan U, Hijjawi N, Feng Y, Xiao L. Giardia: an under-reported foodborne parasite. Int J Parasitol 2018; 49:1-11. [PMID: 30391227 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne zoonotic pathogens are a serious public health issue and result in significant global economic losses. Despite their importance to public health, epidemiological data on foodborne diseases including giardiasis caused by the enteric parasite, Giardia duodenalis, are lacking. This parasite is estimated to cause ∼28.2 million cases of diarrhoea each year due to contamination of food, but very few foodborne outbreaks have been documented due to the limitations of current detection as well as surveillance methods. The current method for the recovery of Giardia cysts from food matrices using immunomagnetic separation requires further standardisation and cost reduction before it can be widely used. It also should incorporate downstream molecular procedures for genotyping, and traceback and viability analyses. Foodborne giardiasis can be potentially controlled through improvements in national disease surveillance systems and the establishment of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point interventions across the food chain. Studies are needed to assess the true prevalence and public health impact of foodborne giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Una Ryan
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
| | - Nawal Hijjawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The Hashemite University PO Box 150459, Zarqa 13115, Jordan
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Young I, Thaivalappil A, Greig J, Meldrum R, Waddell L. Explaining the food safety behaviours of food handlers using theories of behaviour change: a systematic review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2018; 28:323-340. [PMID: 29852750 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2018.1476846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Theories of behaviour change can explain the factors affecting food handlers' use of food safety practices. A systematic review was conducted on this topic to identify which theories have been applied in this area and to determine which theories are the most consistent predictors of food handlers' behaviours. Standard systematic review procedures were followed: comprehensive search strategy; relevance screening of abstracts; article characterization; data extraction; risk-of-bias assessment; and descriptive analysis. Among 19 relevant studies, the most commonly investigated theories were the Theory of Planned Behaviour (n = 9 studies) and Health Belief Model (n = 5). All investigated theories were useful to explain food handlers' behavioural intentions and behaviours related to food safety across different settings, and could serve as useful frameworks for future research and practice. However, there was wide variability in the predictive ability of the theories and their specific constructs, indicating theories should be adapted to the local context of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Young
- a School of Occupational and Public Health , Ryerson University , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Abhinand Thaivalappil
- a School of Occupational and Public Health , Ryerson University , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Judy Greig
- b National Microbiology Laboratory , Public Health Agency of Canada , Guelph , Ontario , Canada
| | - Richard Meldrum
- a School of Occupational and Public Health , Ryerson University , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Lisa Waddell
- b National Microbiology Laboratory , Public Health Agency of Canada , Guelph , Ontario , Canada
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Villalba-Vizcaíno V, Buelvas Y, Arroyo-Salgado B, Castro LR. Molecular identification of Giardia intestinalis in two cities of the Colombian Caribbean Coast. Exp Parasitol 2018; 189:1-7. [PMID: 29627329 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parasitoses are an important health problem and its post-infectious consequences can cause high morbidity and mortality, worldwide. Epidemiological data is scarce in our region. We aimed to obtain frequency and circulating genotypes of Giardia intestinalis in two cities of the Caribbean Coast. METHODS To identify parasites in samples, a fecal concentration and microscopical examination were performed. For further identification and genotyping of G. intestinalis, molecular analyses were performed using specific available primers. RESULTS Only 22.1% of participants had gastrointestinal symptoms (most frequently: abdominal pain and diarrhea). Microscopy examination was positive in 72.7% of the samples. The most frequent parasite was G. intestinalis (48.1%) and we found mixed parasitic infections in 46.7% of the participants. All the samples from Santa Marta were molecularly characterized as assemblage A of G. intestinalis, while in Cartagena we confirmed the presence of assemblages A and B. CONCLUSIONS Molecular tools are important in the diagnosis of parasites and to increase comprehension of their distribution. In this study, a higher frequency of parasites, mostly protozoa, was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Villalba-Vizcaíno
- Grupo de Evolución, Sistemática y Ecología Molecular, Universidad del Magdalena, Carrera 32 # 22-08, Santa Marta, Colombia; Grupo de Investigación en Inmunología y Patología (GIPAT), Universidad del Magdalena, Colombia.
| | | | - Barbara Arroyo-Salgado
- Facultad de Medicina, Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas de la Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Lyda R Castro
- Grupo de Evolución, Sistemática y Ecología Molecular, Universidad del Magdalena, Carrera 32 # 22-08, Santa Marta, Colombia
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Rousseau A, La Carbona S, Dumètre A, Robertson LJ, Gargala G, Escotte-Binet S, Favennec L, Villena I, Gérard C, Aubert D. Assessing viability and infectivity of foodborne and waterborne stages (cysts/oocysts) of Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Toxoplasma gondii: a review of methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 25:14. [PMID: 29553366 PMCID: PMC5858526 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2018009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp. and Toxoplasma gondii are protozoan parasites that have been highlighted as emerging foodborne pathogens by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization. According to the European Food Safety Authority, 4786 foodborne and waterborne outbreaks were reported in Europe in 2016, of which 0.4% were attributed to parasites including Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Trichinella. Until 2016, no standardized methods were available to detect Giardia, Cryptosporidium and Toxoplasma (oo)cysts in food. Therefore, no regulation exists regarding these biohazards. Nevertheless, considering their low infective dose, ingestion of foodstuffs contaminated by low quantities of these three parasites can lead to human infection. To evaluate the risk of protozoan parasites in food, efforts must be made towards exposure assessment to estimate the contamination along the food chain, from raw products to consumers. This requires determining: (i) the occurrence of infective protozoan (oo)cysts in foods, and (ii) the efficacy of control measures to eliminate this contamination. In order to conduct such assessments, methods for identification of viable (i.e. live) and infective parasites are required. This review describes the methods currently available to evaluate infectivity and viability of G. duodenalis cysts, Cryptosporidium spp. and T. gondii oocysts, and their potential for application in exposure assessment to determine the presence of the infective protozoa and/or to characterize the efficacy of control measures. Advantages and limits of each method are highlighted and an analytical strategy is proposed to assess exposure to these protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélique Rousseau
- EA 3800, Protozooses transmises par l'alimentation, Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Faculté de Médecine, SFR Cap Santé Fed 4231, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096 Reims, France - ACTALIA Food Safety Department, 310 Rue Popielujko, 50000 Saint-Lô, France - EA 3800, Protozooses transmises par l'alimentation, Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, Université de Rouen, 76183 Rouen Cedex, France
| | | | - Aurélien Dumètre
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD (Dakar, Marseille, Papeete), AP-HM, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, UMR Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France
| | - Lucy J Robertson
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 8146 Dep., 0033, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gilles Gargala
- EA 3800, Protozooses transmises par l'alimentation, Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, Université de Rouen, 76183 Rouen Cedex, France
| | - Sandie Escotte-Binet
- EA 3800, Protozooses transmises par l'alimentation, Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Faculté de Médecine, SFR Cap Santé Fed 4231, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096 Reims, France
| | - Loïc Favennec
- EA 3800, Protozooses transmises par l'alimentation, Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, Université de Rouen, 76183 Rouen Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Villena
- EA 3800, Protozooses transmises par l'alimentation, Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Faculté de Médecine, SFR Cap Santé Fed 4231, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096 Reims, France
| | - Cédric Gérard
- Food Safety Microbiology, Nestlé Research Center, PO Box 44, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Aubert
- EA 3800, Protozooses transmises par l'alimentation, Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Faculté de Médecine, SFR Cap Santé Fed 4231, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096 Reims, France
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Xiao L, Feng Y. Molecular epidemiologic tools for waterborne pathogens Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2017; 8-9:14-32. [PMID: 32095639 PMCID: PMC7034008 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular diagnostic tools have played an important role in improving our understanding of the transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis, which are two of the most important waterborne parasites in industrialized nations. Genotyping tools are frequently used in the identification of host-adapted Cryptosporidium species and G. duodenalis assemblages, allowing the assessment of infection sources in humans and public health potential of parasites found in animals and the environment. In contrast, subtyping tools are more often used in case linkages, advanced tracking of infections sources, and assessment of disease burdens attributable to anthroponotic and zoonotic transmission. More recently, multilocus typing tools have been developed for population genetic characterizations of transmission dynamics and delineation of mechanisms for the emergence of virulent subtypes. With the recent development in next generation sequencing techniques, whole genome sequencing and comparative genomic analysis are increasingly used in characterizing Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis. The use of these tools in epidemiologic studies has identified significant differences in the transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. in humans between developing countries and industrialized nations, especially the role of zoonotic transmission in human infection. Geographic differences are also present in the distribution of G. duodenalis assemblages A and B in humans. In contrast, there is little evidence for widespread zoonotic transmission of giardiasis in both developing and industrialized countries. Differences in virulence have been identified among Cryptosporidium species and subtypes, and possibly between G. duodenalis assemblages A and B, and genetic recombination has been identified as one mechanism for the emergence of virulent C. hominis subtypes. These recent advances are providing insight into the epidemiology of waterborne protozoan parasites in both developing and developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Xiao
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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