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Gómez-Guerrero N, González-López N, Zapata-Velásquez JD, Martínez-Ramírez JA, Rivera-Monroy ZJ, García-Castañeda JE. Synthetic Peptides in Doping Control: A Powerful Tool for an Analytical Challenge. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:38193-38206. [PMID: 36340120 PMCID: PMC9631397 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Peptides are very diverse molecules that can participate in a wide variety of biological processes. In this way, peptides are attractive for doping, since these molecules can activate or trigger biological processes that can improve the sports performance of athletes. Peptide molecules are found in the official World Anti-Doping Agency lists, mainly in sections S2, S4, and S5. In most cases, these molecules have a very short half-life in the body and/or are identical to natural molecules in the body, making it difficult to analyze them as performance-enhancing drugs. This article reviews the role of peptides in doping, with special emphasis on the peptides used as reference materials, the pretreatment of samples in biological matrices, the instrumentation, and the validation of analytical methodologies for the analysis of peptides used in doping. The growing need to characterize and quantify these molecules, especially in complex biological matrices, has generated the need to search for robust strategies that allow for obtaining sensitive and conclusive results. In this sense, strategies such as solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), seeking to obtain specific peptides, metabolites, or isotopically labeled analogs, is a key tool for adequate quantification of different peptide molecules in biological matrices. This, together with the use of optimal methodologies for sample pretreatment (e.g., SPE or protein precipitation), and for subsequent analysis by high-resolution techniques (mainly hyphenated LC-HRMS techniques), have become the preferred instrumentation to meet the analytical challenge involved in the analysis of peptides in complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor
Alejandro Gómez-Guerrero
- Chemistry
Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Carrera 45 No 26-85,
Building 451, 11321 Bogotá, Colombia
- Doping
Control Laboratory, Ministerio del Deporte,
Bogotá, Carrera
68 No 55-65, 111071 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nicolás
Mateo González-López
- Pharmacy
Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Carrera 45 No 26-85,
Building 450, 11321 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan Diego Zapata-Velásquez
- Pharmacy
Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Carrera 45 No 26-85,
Building 450, 11321 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jorge Ariel Martínez-Ramírez
- Pharmacy
Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Carrera 45 No 26-85,
Building 450, 11321 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Zuly Jenny Rivera-Monroy
- Chemistry
Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Carrera 45 No 26-85,
Building 451, 11321 Bogotá, Colombia
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Acute kidney injury due to anabolic steroid and vitamin supplement abuse: report of two cases and a literature review. Int Urol Nephrol 2009; 41:717-23. [PMID: 19387860 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-009-9571-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of anabolic steroids and vitamin supplements has reached alarming proportions in the last decades. Adverse effects have been documented and include virilization, feminization, adverse lipid profile, psychiatric disorders, cardiac and liver disease. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is not frequently described. The purpose of this study is to report two cases of AKI associated with anabolic steroid and vitamin supplement abuse. CASE REPORT Two men, aged 21 and 30 years, presented to the Emergency Department with abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. They reported the use of anabolic steroids and veterinary supplements with vitamins A, D and E. Laboratory tests showed AKI (serum urea 79 and 52 mg/dl, serum creatinine 3.9 and 1.9 mg/dl) and hypercalcemia (calcium 13.2 and 11 mEq/l). Kidney biopsies showed inflammatory interstitial nephritis and acute tubular necrosis. Treatment consisted of vigorous hydration with simultaneous use of furosemide and discontinuation of the vitamins and anabolic substances, and resulted in recovery of renal function. CONCLUSIONS AKI is an important complication of anabolic steroid and vitamin supplement abuse. The exact pathophysiology of this type of AKI remains unclear. The main cause of renal dysfunction in these cases seems to be the vitamin D intoxication and drug-induced interstitial nephritis. It is mandatory to start early treatment for serious hypercalcemia, with vigorous venous hydration, diuretics and corticosteroids.
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