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Das T, Rampersad P, Ghobrial J. Caring for the Critically Ill Adult Congenital Heart Disease Patient. Curr Cardiol Rep 2024; 26:283-291. [PMID: 38592571 PMCID: PMC11136725 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-024-02034-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to discuss the unique challenges that adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) patients present in the intensive care unit. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies suggest that ACHD patients make up an increasing number of ICU admissions, and that their care greatly improves in centers with specialized ACHD care. Common reasons for admission include arrhythmia, hemorrhage, heart failure, and pulmonary disease. It is critical that the modern intensivist understand not only the congenital anatomy and subsequent repairs an ACHD patient has undergone, but also how that anatomy can predispose the patient to critical illness. Additionally, intensivists should rely on a multidisciplinary team, which includes an ACHD specialist, in the care of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Das
- Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Penelope Rampersad
- Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Joanna Ghobrial
- Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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Faim D, Sousa PA, Saleiro C, Palma A, Francisco A, António N, Cristóvão J, Elvas L, Gonçalves L, Pires A. Mid-term outcomes after catheter ablation in patients with congenital heart disease. Cardiol Young 2024; 34:782-787. [PMID: 37828640 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951123003372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiac arrhythmias are a major concern in patients with CHD. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term outcomes in patients with CHD submitted to catheter ablation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Observational retrospective study of patients with CHD referred for catheter ablation from January 2016 to December 2021 in a tertiary referral centre. Acute procedural endpoints and long-term outcomes were assessed. RESULTS A total of 44 ablation procedures were performed in 36 CHD patients (55% male, mean age 43 ±3 years). Fifty-four arrhythmias were ablated: 23 cavotricuspid isthmus atrial flutters, 10 atrial re-entrant tachycardias, eight focal atrial tachycardias, eight atrial fibrillations, three atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardias, and two ventricular tachycardias. During a median follow-up time of 37 months (interquartile range 12-51), freedom from arrhythmia recurrence was achieved in 93%, with 1.2 procedures per patient (18% with anti-arrhythmic drugs). There were no adverse events related to catheter ablation. No predictors of recurrence were identified. CONCLUSION In patients with CHD, catheter ablation presents a high mid-term efficacy while maintaining a safe profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Faim
- Paediatric Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro A Sousa
- Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carolina Saleiro
- Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Andreia Palma
- Paediatric Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Andreia Francisco
- Paediatric Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Natália António
- Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, ICBR, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Cristóvão
- Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Elvas
- Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lino Gonçalves
- Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, ICBR, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Pires
- Paediatric Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, ICBR, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Paja SC, Gondoș V, Deaconu S, Cinteză E, Vătășescu R. Case Report: Remote magnetic navigation and accessory pathways ablation in a single ventricle young adult with complex corrective surgeries. Front Pediatr 2024; 12:1358505. [PMID: 38434729 PMCID: PMC10904613 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1358505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Supraventricular arrhythmias have become an increasingly significant contributor to the risk of mortality and morbidity in adults with complex congenital heart disease (CHD), especially in light of recent advances in palliative corrective surgeries. Because of their unique characteristics, they demand specific treatment approaches. While pharmaco-logical interventions are an option, they have limited effectiveness and may lead to side effects. Although performing radiofrequency ablation (RFA) can be exceptionally challenging in patients with complex CHD, due to particular vascular access and also modified anatomy, it has paved the way to enhance comprehension of the underlying mechanisms of supraventricular arrhythmias. This, in turn, enables the provision of improved therapies and, ultimately, an enhancement in the quality of life and symptom management for these patients. The purpose of this case report is to highlight the benefits of utilizing advanced technologies such as three-dimensional electro-anatomical mapping systems, remote magnetic navigation, and highly flexible mapping and ablation catheters during RFA in a young adult with complex congenital heart disease. Although he lacked venous connections to the right atrium (RA) due to multiple corrective surgeries we, remarkably, were capable to advance a decapolar deflectable diagnostic catheter inside the Fontan tunnel and from there to record and stimulate the RA. Successful ablation of two accessory pathways was achieved with no arrhythmia recurrence during follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viviana Gondoș
- Department of Medical Electronics and Informatics, Polytechnic University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Eliza Cinteză
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, “Marie Curie” Emergency Children’s Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
- 4th Department — Cardio-Thoracic Pathology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Radu Vătășescu
- Cardiology Department, Clinic Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
- 4th Department — Cardio-Thoracic Pathology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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Yabrodi M, Abdel-Mageed S, Abulebda K, Murphy LD, Rodenbarger A, Bhai H, Lutfi R, Friedman ML. Deep Sedation in Pediatric Patients With Single Ventricle Physiology Outside of the Operating Room. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg 2024:21501351231211584. [PMID: 38213105 DOI: 10.1177/21501351231211584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Background: Advancements in palliative surgery of patients with single ventricle physiology have led to an increase in the need for deep sedation protocols for painful procedures. However, positive pressure ventilation during anesthesia can result in unfavorable cardiopulmonary interactions. This patient population may benefit from sedation from these painful procedures. Methods: This study aims to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of deep sedation by pediatric intensivists outside the operating room for children with single ventricle physiology. This is a single-center, retrospective chart review on consecutive pediatric patients with single ventricle physiology who received deep sedation performed by pediatric intensivists between 2013 and 2020. Results: Thirty-three sedations were performed on 27 unique patients. The median age was 3.7 years (25th%-75th%: 2.1-15.6). The majority of the sedations, 88% (29/33), were done on children with Fontan physiology and 12% (4/33) were status-post superior cavopulmonary anastomosis. The primary cardiac defect was hypoplastic left heart in 63% (17/27) of all sedation procedures. There were 24 chest tube placements and 9 cardioversions. Ketamine alone [median dose 1.5 mg/kg (range 0.8-3.7)], ketamine [median dose 1 mg/kg (range 0.1-2.1)] with propofol [median dose 2.3 mg/kg (range 0.7-3.8)], and ketamine [median dose 1.5 mg/kg (range 0.4-3.0)] with morphine [median dose 0.06 mg/kg (range 0.03-0.20)] were the most common sedation regimens used. Adverse events (AEs) occurred in 4 patients (15%), three of which were transient AEs. All sedation encounters were successfully completed. Conclusion: Procedural deep sedation can be safely and effectively administered to single ventricle patients by intensivist-led sedation teams in selective case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouhammad Yabrodi
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Kamal Abulebda
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lee D Murphy
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrew Rodenbarger
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Hamza Bhai
- Marioan University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Riad Lutfi
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Matthew L Friedman
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Taguchi Y, Matsumoto K, Shoda M, Nitta M, Hosoda J, Ishikawa T. A case of successful catheter ablation for biatrial reentrant tachycardia after a Mustard operation for dextro-transposition of the great arteries. HeartRhythm Case Rep 2022; 9:140-143. [PMID: 36970393 PMCID: PMC10030292 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrcr.2022.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Al-Khaiat S, Mandalenakis Z, Dellborg M. Anticoagulation treatment in adult patients with congenital heart defects and bleeding-related mortality. PROGRESS IN PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ppedcard.2022.101608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Chen H, Ma Y, Wang Y, Luo H, Xiao Z, Chen Z, Liu Q, Xiao Y. Progress of Pathogenesis in Pediatric Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:922464. [PMID: 35813391 PMCID: PMC9256911 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.922464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT) is defined as irregular P-P, R-R, and P-R intervals, isoelectric baseline between P waves, and ventricular rate over 100 beats/min. Although the prognosis of pediatric MAT in most patients is favorable, adverse outcomes of MAT have been reported, such as cardiogenic death (3%), respiratory failure (6%), or persistent arrhythmia (7%), due to delayed diagnosis and poorly controlled MAT. Previous studies demonstrated that pediatric MAT is associated with multiple enhanced automatic lesions located in the atrium or abnormal automaticity of a single lesion located in the pulmonary veins via multiple pathways to trigger electrical activity. Recent studies indicated that pediatric MAT is associated with the formation of a re-entry loop, abnormal automaticity, and triggering activity. The occurrence of pediatric MAT is affected by gestational disease, congenital heart disease, post-cardiac surgery, pulmonary hypertension, and infectious diseases, which promote MAT via inflammation, redistribution of the autonomic nervous system, and abnormal ion channels. However, the pathogenesis of MAT needs to be explored. This review is aimed to summarize and analyze the pathogenesis in pediatric MAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyang Chen
- Academy of Pediatrics, University of South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Yingxu Ma
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | | | - Haiyan Luo
- Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenghui Xiao
- Academy of Pediatrics, University of South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Qiming Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yunbin Xiao
- Academy of Pediatrics, University of South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
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Abstract
The number of rTOF patients who survive into adulthood is steadily rising, with currently more than 90% reaching the third decade of life. However, rTOF patients are not cured, but rather have a lifelong increased risk for cardiac and non-cardiac complications. Heart failure is recognized as a significant complication. Its occurrence is strongly associated with adverse outcome. Unfortunately, conventional concepts of heart failure may not be directly applicable in this patient group. This article presents a review of the current knowledge on HF in rTOF patients, including incidence and prevalence, the most common mechanisms of heart failure, i.e., valvular pathologies, shunt lesions, left atrial hypertension, primary left heart and right heart failure, arrhythmias, and coronary artery disease. In addition, we will review information regarding extracardiac complications, risk factors for the development of heart failure, clinical impact and prognosis, and assessment possibilities, particularly of the right ventricle, as well as management strategies. We explore potential future concepts that may stimulate further research into this field.
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Jang SY, Huh J, Kim EK, Chang SA, Song J, Kang IS, Park SW. Impact of Atrial Fibrillation on Survival in Adults with Congenital Heart Disease: a Retrospective Population-based Study. J Korean Med Sci 2021; 36:e43. [PMID: 33527785 PMCID: PMC7850860 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD) with atrial fibrillation (AF) is expected to increase. We sought to assess the impact of AF on survival in Korean ACHD. METHODS Records of AF in ACHD were extracted from the records of the Korea National Health Insurance Service from 2006 through 2015. Multiple Cox proportional hazards analyses were carried out after adjustment for age, sex, income level, AF, and comorbidities. Survival rates (SRs) with and without AF were compared. The death records from 2006 through 2016 were included. RESULTS A total of 3,999 ACHD had AF (51.4% were male) and 62,691 ACHD did not have AF (43.5% were male); the proportion of ACHD who were 60 years and older was 53.0% and 27.0% in those with and without AF, respectively (P < 0.001). The age-standardized incidence rate for AF was 1,842.0 persons per 100,000 people in the Korean general population from 2006 through 2015. For AF in ACHD, it was 5,996.4 persons per 100,000 ACHD during the same period, which was higher than that in the general population (P < 0.001). Significantly higher proportion of death (20.9%) occurred in ACHD with AF than without AF (8.3%) (P < 0.001). The adjusted hazard ratio for AF of death in ACHD was 1.39 (95% confidence interval, 1.29-1.50). The ten-year SR of ACHD with AF was 69.7% whereas it was 87.5% in non-AF (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION In ACHD, AF occurs more frequently and has a worse prognosis than seen in the non-valvular general population in Korea. AF is associated with increased death in ACHD, especially with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Yi Jang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - June Huh
- Department of Pediatrics, Adult Congenital Heart Clinic, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Eun Kyoung Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung A Chang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinyoung Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Adult Congenital Heart Clinic, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - I Seok Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Adult Congenital Heart Clinic, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Woo Park
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Muscogiuri E, Di Girolamo M, Adduci C, Francia P, Laghi A. Multi-Modality Imaging Approach in a Challenging Case of Surgically Corrected Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return and Atrial Tachycardia Treated With Radiofrequency Ablation. Cureus 2021; 13:e13009. [PMID: 33659140 PMCID: PMC7920218 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary anomalous venous return (PAPVR) is defined as a congenital anomaly in which at least one but not all of the pulmonary veins abnormally drain into a systemic vein or directly into the right atrium. Signs and symptoms related to this condition are due to the hemodynamic abnormalities secondary to left-to-right shunt and the possible presence of other associated cardiac anomalies (e.g., sinus venous atrial septal defect). Therefore, depending on the extent of the shunt, the clinical presentation of PAPVR is variable, ranging from asymptomatic patients to patients affected by severe heart failure with right-sided volume overload. PAPVR with a clinically significant shunt should be referred for surgical correction with different techniques depending on the presence of associated cardiac anomalies. We are presenting a case of partial anomalous venous return (PAPVR) in a 66-year-old man who underwent surgery 26 years ago to correct an anomalous venous connection between the right superior pulmonary vein (RSPV) and the superior vena cava (SVC) through a veno-atrial baffle. The patient was admitted to the emergency department due to atrial tachycardia. Trans-thoracic echocardiography (TTE) showed a dilated right ventricle (RV) with mild RV systolic dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) further confirmed the findings described by TTE and also demonstrated areas of fibrosis replacement in the hinge points. Cardiac computed tomography (CCT) was able to accurately depict and evaluate the surgically created veno-atrial baffle and also showed an anomalous connection between the left superior pulmonary vein (LSPV) and the brachiocephalic vein (BCV) through a vertical vein. The patient was successfully treated with radiofrequency ablation for his arrhythmia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Di Girolamo
- Radiology, Sant'Andrea Hospital - Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, ITA
| | - Carmen Adduci
- Cardiology, Sant'Andrea Hospital - Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, ITA
| | - Pietro Francia
- Cardiology, Sant'Andrea Hospital - Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, ITA
| | - Andrea Laghi
- Radiology, Sant'Andrea Hospital - Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, ITA
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Pregnancy and Congenital Heart Disease: A Brief Review of Risk Assessment and Management. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2020; 63:836-851. [PMID: 33074980 DOI: 10.1097/grf.0000000000000579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in pregnant women. An increased prevalence of the cardiovascular disease has been found in women of childbearing age, in which the responsibility of the treating physician extends to the mother and to the unborn fetus. As a result, care of these high-risk pregnant women with cardiovascular disease including those with congenital heart disease (CHD) require a team approach including specialists in maternal-fetal medicine, adult congenital cardiology, and obstetrical anesthesia. The human body undergoes significant amounts of physiological changes during this period of time and the underlying cardiac disease can affect both the mother and the fetus. Today, most female children born with CHD will reach childbearing age. For many women with complex CHD, carrying a pregnancy has a moderate to high risk for both the mother and her fetus. This chapter will review the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation including common signs and symptoms, physiological changes in pregnancy, and the medical approach including cardiac medications, percutaneous interventions, and surgical procedures for pregnant women with CHD.
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Marazzato J, Cappabianca G, Angeli F, Crippa M, Golino M, Ferrarese S, Beghi C, De Ponti R. Catheter ablation of atrial tachycardias after mitral valve surgery: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2020; 31:2632-2641. [DOI: 10.1111/jce.14666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Marazzato
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Ospedale di Circolo University of Insubria Varese Italy
| | | | - Fabio Angeli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Ospedale di Circolo University of Insubria Varese Italy
- Department of Medicine and Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Maugeri Care and Research Institutes, IRCCS Tradate Varese Italy
| | - Matteo Crippa
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Ospedale di Circolo University of Insubria Varese Italy
| | - Michele Golino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Ospedale di Circolo University of Insubria Varese Italy
| | - Sandro Ferrarese
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Ospedale di Circolo University of Insubria Varese Italy
| | - Cesare Beghi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Ospedale di Circolo University of Insubria Varese Italy
| | - Roberto De Ponti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Ospedale di Circolo University of Insubria Varese Italy
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Abstract
Heart failure remains the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in adults with congenital heart disease (CHD). Although gender-specific outcomes are not robust, it seems that women with CHD may be more affected by late heart failure (HF) than men. A specialized and experienced adult CHD team is required to care for these women as they age, including assessment for reversible causes of HF and in the management of pregnancy, labor, and delivery.
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