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Cheng K, Wang J, Chen Q, Zhao G, Pang Y, Xu Y, Ge J, Zhu W. Inflammasome-mediated neurodegeneration following heart disease. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1560. [PMID: 34790766 PMCID: PMC8576725 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-4931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Background Myocardial infarction (MI) has been suggested as a critical predisposing factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD); however, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) is a key factor to mediate inflammasome formation. Previous studies have shown that NLRP3 activation in brain microglia is required for AD; however, its possible role in MI-induced future development of neurodegeneration is not yet understood. These questions were addressed in the current study. Methods We generated microglia-specific NLRP3 mutation mice in the AD-prone APP/PS1 background (APP/PS1/NLRP3MKO), and studied the neurodegeneration in these mice after MI compared to the control wild-type C57/BL6J or APP/PS1 mice. NLRP3, IL-1β and caspase-1 levels were determined by Enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). The heart function was determined by the slope of end systolic pressure-volume relationship, left ventricular end diastolic pressure, the positive maximal pressure derivative as well as the degree of fibrosis by Masson’s trichrome staining. Mouse behavior measurement includes Morris water-maze test and motor assessment. Results We found that compared with the control wild-type C57/BL6J or APP/PS1 mice, the effects of MI on the subsequent development of defected spatial reference memory and motor activity were all attenuated in APP/PS1/NLRP3MKO mice, likely resulting from the reduced formation of amyloid-beta peptide aggregates (Aβ) plaques. Conclusions NLRP3 may play a non-redundant role in the MI-induced future development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Emergency, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingxing Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Pang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Junbo Ge
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqing Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China
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Mahernia S, Sarvari S, Fatahi Y, Amanlou M. The Role of HSA21 Encoded Mirna in Down Syndrome Pathophysiology:Opportunities in miRNA-Targeted Pharmacotherapy and Diagnosis of the Down Syndrome. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.34172/ps.2020.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Trisomy 21 is the most prevalent aneuploidy disorder among live-born children worldwide. Itresults from the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21 which leads to a wide spectrum ofpathophysiological abnormalities and intellectual disabilities. Nevertheless human chromosome21 (HSA21) possess protein non-coding regions where HAS-21 derived-microRNA genes aretranscribed from. In turn, these HSA21-derived miRNAs curb protein translation of severalgenes which are essential to meet memory and cognitive abilities. From the genetics andmolecular biology standpoints, dissecting the mechanistic relationship between DS pathology/symptoms and five chromosome 21-encoded miRNAs including miR-99a, let-7c, miR-125b-2,miR-155 and miR-802 seems pivotal for unraveling novel therapeutic targets. Recently,several studies have successfully carried out small molecule inhibition of miRNAs function,maturation, and biogenesis. One might assume in the case of DS trisomy, the pharmacologicalinhibition of these five overexpressed miRNAs might open new avenues for amelioration of theDS symptoms and complications. In this review, we primarily elucidated the role of HSA21-encoded miRNAs in the DS pathology which in turn introduced and addressed importanttherapeutic targets. Moreover, we reviewed relevant pharmaceutical efforts that based theirgoals on inhibition of these pathological miRNAs at their different biogenesis steps. We havealso discussed the challenges that undermine and question the reliability of miRNAs as noneinvasivebiomarkers in prenatal diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Mahernia
- The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Sarvari
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Fatahi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Massoud Amanlou
- The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran, Iran
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3
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Zhou Q, Shi C, Lv Y, Zhao C, Jiao Z, Wang T. Circulating microRNAs in Response to Exercise Training in Healthy Adults. Front Genet 2020; 11:256. [PMID: 32256529 PMCID: PMC7093586 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) have great potential as cardiac biomarkers and they are also being explored for their roles in intercellular communication and gene expression regulation. The analysis of circulating miRNAs in response to exercise would provide a deeper understanding of the molecular response to physical activity and valuable information for clinical practice. Here, eight male college students were recruited to participate in cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and 1 h acute exercise training (AET). Blood samples were collected and serum miRNAs involved in angiogenesis, inflammation and enriched in muscle and/or cardiac tissues were analyzed before and after cardiopulmonary exercise and acute exercise. The miRNAs we detected were miR-1, miR-20a, miR-21, miR-126, miR-133a, miR-133b, miR-146, miR155, miR-208a, miR-208b, miR-210, miR-221, miR-222, miR-328, miR-378, miR-499, and miR-940. We found that serum miR-20a was decreased significantly after CPET and serum miR-21 was increased after AET. In addition, no robust correlation was identified between the changes of these miRNAs and makers of cardiac function and exercise capacity, which indicates a distinct adaptation of these miRNAs to exercise. Future studies are highly needed to define the potential use of these circulating miRNAs as useful biomarkers of exercise training, and disclose the biological function of circulating miRNAs as physiological mediators of exercise-induced cardiovascular adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiulian Zhou
- Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.,Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Shi
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yicheng Lv
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenglin Zhao
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Jiao
- Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianhui Wang
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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Maulik U, Sen S, Mallik S, Bandyopadhyay S. Detecting TF-miRNA-gene network based modules for 5hmC and 5mC brain samples: a intra- and inter-species case-study between human and rhesus. BMC Genet 2018; 19:9. [PMID: 29357837 PMCID: PMC5776763 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-017-0574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Study of epigenetics is currently a high-impact research topic. Multi stage methylation is also an area of high-dimensional prospect. In this article, we provide a new study (intra and inter-species study) on brain tissue between human and rhesus on two methylation cytosine variants based data-profiles (viz., 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and 5-methylcytosine (5mC) samples) through TF-miRNA-gene network based module detection. Results First of all, we determine differentially 5hmC methylated genes for human as well as rhesus for intra-species analysis, and differentially multi-stage methylated genes for inter-species analysis. Thereafter, we utilize weighted topological overlap matrix (TOM) measure and average linkage clustering consecutively on these genesets for intra- and inter-species study.We identify co-methylated and multi-stage co-methylated gene modules by using dynamic tree cut, for intra-and inter-species cases, respectively. Each module is represented by individual color in the dendrogram. Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway based analysis are then performed to identify biological functionalities of the identified modules. Finally, top ten regulator TFs and targeter miRNAs that are associated with the maximum number of gene modules, are determined for both intra-and inter-species analysis. Conclusions The novel TFs and miRNAs obtained from the analysis are: MYST3 and ZNF771 as TFs (for human intra-species analysis), BAZ2B, RCOR3 and ATF1 as TFs (for rhesus intra-species analysis), and mml-miR-768-3p and mml-miR-561 as miRs (for rhesus intra-species analysis); and MYST3 and ZNF771 as miRs(for inter-species study). Furthermore, the genes/TFs/miRNAs that are already found to be liable for several brain-related dreadful diseases as well as rare neglected diseases (e.g., wolf Hirschhorn syndrome, Joubarts Syndrome, Huntington’s disease, Simian Immunodeficiency Virus(SIV) mediated enchaphilits, Parkinsons Disease, Bipolar disorder and Schizophenia etc.) are mentioned. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12863-017-0574-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjwal Maulik
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Sagnik Sen
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Saurav Mallik
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
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Sheinerman KS, Toledo JB, Tsivinsky VG, Irwin D, Grossman M, Weintraub D, Hurtig HI, Chen-Plotkin A, Wolk DA, McCluskey LF, Elman LB, Trojanowski JQ, Umansky SR. Circulating brain-enriched microRNAs as novel biomarkers for detection and differentiation of neurodegenerative diseases. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2017; 9:89. [PMID: 29121998 PMCID: PMC5679501 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-017-0316-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Minimally invasive specific biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) would facilitate patient selection and disease progression monitoring. We describe the assessment of circulating brain-enriched microRNAs as potential biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Methods In this case-control study, the plasma samples were collected from 250 research participants with a clinical diagnosis of AD, FTD, PD, and ALS, as well as from age- and sex-matched control subjects (n = 50 for each group), recruited from 2003 to 2015 at the University of Pennsylvania Health System, including the Alzheimer’s Disease Center, the Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders Center, the Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, and the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Clinic. Each group was randomly divided into training and confirmation sets of equal size. To evaluate the potential of circulating microRNAs enriched in specific brain regions affected by NDs and present in synapses as biomarkers of NDs, the levels of 37 brain-enriched and inflammation-associated microRNAs in the plasma of all participants were measured using individual qRT-PCR. A “microRNA pair” approach was used for data normalization. Results MicroRNA pairs and their combinations (classifiers) capable of differentiating NDs from control and from each other were defined using independently and jointly analyzed training and confirmation datasets. AD, PD, FTD, and ALS are differentiated from control with accuracy of 0.89, 0.90, 0.88, and 0.83 (AUCs, 0.96, 0.96, 0.94, and 0.93), respectively; NDs are differentiated from each other with accuracy ranging from 0.77 (AUC, 0.87) for AD vs. FTD to 0.93 (AUC, 0.98) for AD vs. ALS. The data further indicate sex dependence of some microRNA markers. The average increase in accuracy in distinguishing ND from control for all and male/female groups is 0.06; the largest increase is for ALS, from 0.83 for all participants to 0.92/0.98 for male/female participants. Conclusions The work presented here suggests the possibility of developing microRNA-based diagnostics for detection and differentiation of NDs. Larger multicenter clinical studies are needed to further evaluate circulating brain-enriched microRNAs as biomarkers for NDs and to investigate their association with other ND biomarkers in clinical trial settings. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13195-017-0316-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jon B Toledo
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Present address: Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - David Irwin
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Murray Grossman
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Daniel Weintraub
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Howard I Hurtig
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Alice Chen-Plotkin
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - David A Wolk
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Leo F McCluskey
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Lauren B Elman
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Institute on Aging, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Zhao Y, Jaber V, Percy ME, Lukiw WJ. A microRNA cluster (let-7c, miRNA-99a, miRNA-125b, miRNA-155 and miRNA-802) encoded at chr21q21.1-chr21q21.3 and the phenotypic diversity of Down's syndrome (DS; trisomy 21). JOURNAL OF NATURE AND SCIENCE 2017; 3:e446. [PMID: 28959732 PMCID: PMC5613287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Down's syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability and cognitive deficit attributable to a naturally-occurring abnormality of gene dosage. DS is caused by a triplication of all or part of human chromosome 21 (chr21) and currently there are no effective treatments for this incapacitating disorder of neurodevelopment. First described by the English physician John Langdon Down in 1862, propelled by the invention of karyotype analytical techniques in the early 1950s and the discovery in 1959 by the French geneticist Jerome Lejune that DS resulted from an extra copy of chr21, DS was the first neurological disorder linking a chromosome dosage imbalance to a defect in intellectual development with ensuing cognitive disruption. Especially over the last 60 years, it has been repeatedly demonstrated that DS is not an easily defined disease entity but rather possesses a remarkably wide variability in the 'phenotypic spectrum' associated with this trisomic disorder. This commentary describes the presence of a 5 member cluster of chr21-encoded microRNAs (miRNAs) that includes let-7c, miRNA-99a, miRNA-125b, miRNA-155 and miRNA-802 located on the long arm of human chr21, spanning the chr21q21.1-chr21q21.3 region and flanking the beta amyloid precursor (βAPP) gene, and reviews the potential contribution of these 5 miRNAs to the remarkably diverse DS phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhai Zhao
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Vivian Jaber
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Maire E. Percy
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Surrey Place Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Walter J. Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Alexandrov PN, Percy ME, Lukiw WJ. Chromosome 21-Encoded microRNAs (mRNAs): Impact on Down's Syndrome and Trisomy-21 Linked Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 38:769-774. [PMID: 28687876 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0514-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Down's syndrome (DS; also known as trisomy 21; T21) is caused by a triplication of all or part of human chromosome 21 (chr21). DS is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability attributable to a naturally-occurring imbalance in gene dosage. DS incurs huge medical, healthcare, and socioeconomic costs, and there are as yet no effective treatments for this incapacitating human neurogenetic disorder. There is a remarkably wide variability in the 'phenotypic spectrum' associated with DS; the progression of symptoms and the age of DS onset fluctuate, and there is further variability in the biophysical nature of the chr21 duplication. Besides the cognitive disruptions and dementia in DS patients other serious health problems such as atherosclerosis, altered lipogenesis, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's disease), autoimmune disease, various cancers including lymphoma, leukemia, glioma and glioblastoma, status epilepticus, congenital heart disease, hypotonia, manic depression, prostate cancer, Usher syndrome, motor disorders, Hirschsprung disease, and various physical anomalies such as early aging occur at elevated frequencies, and all are part of the DS 'phenotypic spectrum.' This communication will review the genetic link between these fore-mentioned diseases and a small group of just five stress-associated microRNAs (miRNAs)-that include let-7c, miRNA-99a, miRNA-125b, miRNA-155, and miRNA-802-encoded and clustered on the long arm of human chr21 and spanning the chr21q21.1-chr21q21.3 region.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Alexandrov
- Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, 113152, Russian Federation
| | - M E Percy
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Toronto, Canada
- Surrey Place Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Walter J Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite 904, New Orleans, LA, 70112-2272, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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Sanz Rubio D, López-Pérez Ó, de Andrés Pablo Á, Bolea R, Osta R, Badiola JJ, Zaragoza P, Martín-Burriel I, Toivonen JM. Increased circulating microRNAs miR-342-3p and miR-21-5p in natural sheep prion disease. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:305-310. [PMID: 27959774 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Scrapie is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE), or prion disease, of sheep and goats. As no simple diagnostic tests are yet available to detect TSEs in vivo, easily accessible biomarkers could facilitate the eradication of scrapie agents from the food chain. To this end, we analysed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR a selected set of candidate microRNAs (miRNAs) from circulating blood plasma of naturally infected, classical scrapie sheep that demonstrated clear scrapie symptoms and pathology. Significant scrapie-associated increase was repeatedly found for miR-342-3p and miR-21-5p. This is the first demonstration, to our knowledge, of circulating miRNA alterations in any animal suffering from TSE. Genome-wide expression studies are warranted to investigate the true depth of miRNA alterations in naturally occurring TSEs, especially in presymptomatic animals, as the presented study demonstrates the potential feasibility of miRNAs as circulating TSE biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sanz Rubio
- LAGENBIO, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA and IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Óscar López-Pérez
- Centro de Investigación en Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA and IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain.,LAGENBIO, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA and IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Álvaro de Andrés Pablo
- LAGENBIO, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA and IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rosa Bolea
- Centro de Investigación en Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA and IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rosario Osta
- LAGENBIO, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA and IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan J Badiola
- Centro de Investigación en Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA and IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Zaragoza
- LAGENBIO, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA and IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Martín-Burriel
- Centro de Investigación en Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA and IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain.,LAGENBIO, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA and IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Janne M Toivonen
- LAGENBIO, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA and IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
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