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Javed N, Sklyar E, Bella JN. Associations of Atrioventricular Blocks and Other Arrhythmias in Patients with Lyme Carditis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2024; 11:131. [PMID: 38786953 PMCID: PMC11121903 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd11050131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease often leads to cardiac injury and electrophysiological abnormalities. This study aimed to explore links between atrioventricular blocks and additional arrhythmias in Lyme carditis patients. This systematic review and meta-analysis of existing literature was performed from 1990 to 2023, and aimed to identify cases of Lyme carditis through serology or clinical diagnosis with concomitant arrhythmias. Pubmed and Web of Science were searched using appropriate MESH terms. Patients were divided into groups with atrioventricular blocks and other arrhythmias for cardiovascular (CV) outcome assessment. A total of 110 cases were analyzed. The majority (77.3%) were male, with mean age = 39.65 ± 14.80 years. Most patients presented within one week of symptom onset (30.9%). Men were more likely to have first-degree atrioventricular blocks (OR = 1.36 [95% CI 1.12-3.96], p = 0.01); these blocks tended to be reversible in nature (OR = 1.51 [95% CI 1.39-3.92], p = 0.01). Men exhibited a higher likelihood of experiencing variable arrhythmias (OR = 1.31 [95% CI 1.08-2.16], p < 0.001). Ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias were more likely to exhibit instability (OR = 0.96 [95% CI 0.81-1.16] p = 0.01) and variability (OR = 1.99 [95% CI 0.47-8.31], p < 0.001). Men with Lyme carditis are likely to present with various atrioventricular blocks. These atrioventricular blocks are benign, and follow a predictable and stable clinical course. Further large-scale studies are warranted to confirm these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nismat Javed
- BronxCare Health System, Bronx, NY 10457, USA; (N.J.); (E.S.)
| | - Eduard Sklyar
- BronxCare Health System, Bronx, NY 10457, USA; (N.J.); (E.S.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jonathan N. Bella
- BronxCare Health System, Bronx, NY 10457, USA; (N.J.); (E.S.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Lasica R, Djukanovic L, Savic L, Krljanac G, Zdravkovic M, Ristic M, Lasica A, Asanin M, Ristic A. Update on Myocarditis: From Etiology and Clinical Picture to Modern Diagnostics and Methods of Treatment. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3073. [PMID: 37835816 PMCID: PMC10572782 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13193073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the frequency of myocarditis in the general population is very difficult to accurately determine due to the large number of asymptomatic cases, the incidence of this disease is increasing significantly due to better defined criteria for diagnosis and the development of modern diagnostic methods. The multitude of different etiological factors, the diversity of the clinical picture, and the variability of the diagnostic findings make this disease often demanding both for the selection of the diagnostic modality and for the proper therapeutic approach. The previously known most common viral etiology of this disease is today overshadowed by new findings based on immune-mediated processes, associated with diseases that in their natural course can lead to myocardial involvement, as well as the iatrogenic cause of myocarditis, which is due to use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of cancer patients. Suspecting that a patient with polymorphic and non-specific clinical signs and symptoms, such as changes in ECG and echocardiography readings, has myocarditis is the starting point in the diagnostic algorithm. Cardio magnetic resonance imaging is non-invasive and is the gold standard for diagnosis and clinical follow-up of these patients. Endomyocardial biopsy as an invasive method is the diagnostic choice in life-threatening cases with suspicion of fulminant myocarditis where the diagnosis has not yet established or there is no adequate response to the applied therapeutic regimen. The treatment of myocarditis is increasingly demanding and includes conservative methods of treating heart failure, immunomodulatory and immunospressive therapy, methods of mechanical circulatory support, and heart transplantation. The goal of developing new diagnostic and therapeutic methods is to reduce mortality from this complex disease, which is still high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratko Lasica
- Department of Cardiology, Emergency Center, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.D.); (L.S.); (G.K.); (M.A.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Lazar Djukanovic
- Department of Cardiology, Emergency Center, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.D.); (L.S.); (G.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Lidija Savic
- Department of Cardiology, Emergency Center, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.D.); (L.S.); (G.K.); (M.A.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Gordana Krljanac
- Department of Cardiology, Emergency Center, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.D.); (L.S.); (G.K.); (M.A.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Marija Zdravkovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Bezanijska Kosa, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marko Ristic
- Department of Cardiology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | | | - Milika Asanin
- Department of Cardiology, Emergency Center, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.D.); (L.S.); (G.K.); (M.A.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Arsen Ristic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
- Department of Cardiology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
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Besant G, Wan D, Yeung C, Blakely C, Branscombe P, Suarez-Fuster L, Redfearn D, Simpson C, Abdollah H, Glover B, Baranchuk A. Suspicious index in Lyme carditis: Systematic review and proposed new risk score. Clin Cardiol 2018; 41:1611-1616. [PMID: 30350436 DOI: 10.1002/clc.23102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lyme carditis (LC), an early manifestation of Lyme disease that most commonly presents as high-degree atrioventricular block (AVB), usually resolves with antibiotic treatment. When LC is not identified as the cause of AVB, a permanent pacemaker may be inappropriately implanted in a reversible cardiac conduction disorder. HYPOTHESIS The likelihood that a patient's high-degree AVB is caused by LC can be evaluated by clinical characteristics incorporated into a risk stratification tool. METHODS A systematic review of all published cases of LC with high-degree AVB, and five cases from the authors' experience, was conducted. The results informed the development of a new risk stratification tool, the Suspicious Index in LC (SILC) score. The SILC score was then applied to each case included in the review. RESULTS Of the 88 cases included, 51 (58%) were high-risk, 31 (35.2%) intermediate-risk, and 6 (6.8%) low-risk for LC according to the SILC score (sensitivity 93.2%). For the subset of 32 cases that reported on all SILC variables, 24 (75%) cases were classified as high-risk, 8 (25%) intermediate-risk, and 0 low-risk (sensitivity 100%). Specificity could not be assessed (no control group). Notably, 6 of the 11 patients who received permanent pacemakers had reversal of AVB with antibiotic treatment. CONCLUSION The SILC risk score and COSTAR mnemonic (constitutional symptoms; outdoor activity; sex = male; tick bite; age < 50; rash = erythema migrans) may help to identify LC in patients presenting with high-degree AVB, and ultimately, minimize the implantation of unnecessary permanent pacemakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Besant
- Division of Cardiology, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Douglas Wan
- Division of Cardiology, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cynthia Yeung
- Division of Cardiology, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Crystal Blakely
- Division of Cardiology, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pamela Branscombe
- Division of Cardiology, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laiden Suarez-Fuster
- Division of Cardiology, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Damian Redfearn
- Division of Cardiology, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher Simpson
- Division of Cardiology, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hoshiar Abdollah
- Division of Cardiology, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benedict Glover
- Division of Cardiology, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adrian Baranchuk
- Division of Cardiology, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Župan Ž, Mijatović D, Medved I, Kraljić S, Juranić J, Barbalić B, Oštrić M. Successful treatment of fulminant Lyme myocarditis with mechanical circulatory support in a young male adult: a case report. Croat Med J 2017; 58:185-193. [PMID: 28409501 PMCID: PMC5410731 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2017.58.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the case of fulminant myocarditis due to Lyme disease and use of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) for the treatment of the Lyme carditis associated with refractory cardiogenic shock. Fulminant Lyme myocarditis in young adult male patient led to a sudden onset of acute, severe biventricular heart failure with progressive cardiogenic shock, and multiorgan failure immediately after admission. The previously healthy 28-year-old man was admitted to hospital with dyspnea, atrial flutter with 160/min ventricles rate, normotension, cardiomegaly, and incipient cardiogenic pulmonary edema on chest x-ray. Within the next 24 hours, the acute heart failure (AHF) progressed to the refractory cardiogenic shock with severe systemic hypotension, respiratory distress, anuria, liver congestion, and laboratory evidence of extremely high level of the anaerobic metabolism in the arterial blood (pH 7.16; HCO3 12.3 mmol/L; BE -14.6; lactates level 17 mmol/L). The transesophageal echo imaging showed severe dilatation and global biventricular akinesis, with left ventricular ejection fraction of 5%. The diagnosis of acute fulminant myocarditis of unknown etiology was reached. Since the patient did not respond rapidly to vasoactive and supportive therapy, MCS was immediately inserted. Broad differential diagnosis of fulminant myocarditis was considered and disseminated Borrelia infection was serologically confirmed and appropriate antimicrobial therapy was started from the fifth day after admission. MCS used over the next 26 days was successfully integrated with pharmacologic support and artificial ventilation in therapy. The patient was discharged from hospital after 65 days with a complete restoration of bilateral heart ejection fraction. This case shows that the clinical course of the Lyme carditis can present uncommonly with profound cardiovascular collapse and the MSC implementation should be considered in the early stage of drug resistant hemodynamic instability. Rapid transfer to the cardiac center where the MCS is available for all patients with signs and symptoms of AHF due to confirmed or suspected Lyme carditis would be recommended, as this treatment could be the only life-saving method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željko Župan
- Željko Župan, Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Center Rijeka, Tome Strižića 3, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia,
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Kostić T, Momčilović S, Perišić ZD, Apostolović SR, Cvetković J, Jovanović A, Barać A, Šalinger-Martinović S, Tasić-Otašević S. Manifestations of Lyme carditis. Int J Cardiol 2016; 232:24-32. [PMID: 28082088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.12.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The first data of Lyme carditis, a relatively rare manifestation of Lyme disease, were published in eighties of the last century. Clinical manifestations include syncope, light-headedness, fainting, shortness of breath, palpitations, and/or chest pain. Atrioventricular (AV) electrical block of varying severity presents the most common conduction disorder in Lyme carditis. Although is usually mild, AV block can fluctuates rapidly and progress from a prolonged P-R interval to a His-Purkinje block within minutes to hours and days. Rarely, Lyme disease may be the cause of endocarditis, while some studies and reports, based on serological and/or molecular investigations, have suggested possible influence of Borrelia burgdorferi on degenerative cardiac valvular disease. Myocarditis, pericarditis, pancarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, and heart failure have also been described as possible manifestations of Lyme carditis. The clinical course of Lyme carditis is generally mild, short term, and in most cases, completely reversible after adequate antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Kostić
- Clinic for Cardiovascular Diseases, Clinical Center Niš, Blvd Zorana Djindjica 48, 18000 Niš, Serbia; Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Serbia, Blvd Zorana Djindjica 81, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Stefan Momčilović
- Clinic for Cardiovascular Diseases, Clinical Center Niš, Blvd Zorana Djindjica 48, 18000 Niš, Serbia.
| | - Zoran D Perišić
- Clinic for Cardiovascular Diseases, Clinical Center Niš, Blvd Zorana Djindjica 48, 18000 Niš, Serbia; Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Serbia, Blvd Zorana Djindjica 81, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Svetlana R Apostolović
- Clinic for Cardiovascular Diseases, Clinical Center Niš, Blvd Zorana Djindjica 48, 18000 Niš, Serbia; Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Serbia, Blvd Zorana Djindjica 81, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Jovana Cvetković
- Institute for Treatment and Rehabilitation "Niška Banja", Srpskih junaka 2, 18205 Niška Banja, Niš, Serbia
| | - Andriana Jovanović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš Serbia, Blvd Zorana Djindjica 81, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Barać
- Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Center Serbia, Blvd Oslobodjenja 16, 11000, Belgrade
| | - Sonja Šalinger-Martinović
- Clinic for Cardiovascular Diseases, Clinical Center Niš, Blvd Zorana Djindjica 48, 18000 Niš, Serbia; Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Serbia, Blvd Zorana Djindjica 81, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Suzana Tasić-Otašević
- Center of Microbiology and Parasitology, Public Health Institute Niš, Serbia, Blvd Zorana Djindjica 81, 18000 Niš, Serbia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Serbia, Blvd Zorana Djindjica 81, 18000 Niš, Serbia
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Reversibility of High-Grade Atrioventricular Block with Revascularization in Coronary Artery Disease without Infarction: A Literature Review. Case Rep Cardiol 2016; 2016:1971803. [PMID: 26925272 PMCID: PMC4746340 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1971803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete atrioventricular (AV) block is known to be reversible in some cases of acute inferior wall myocardial infarction (MI). The reversibility of high-grade AV block in non-MI coronary artery disease (CAD), however, is rarely described in the literature. Herein we perform a literature review to assess what is known about the reversibility of high-grade AV block after right coronary artery revascularization in CAD patients who present without an acute MI. To illustrate this phenomenon we describe a case of 2 : 1 AV block associated with unstable angina, in which revascularization resulted in immediate and durable restoration of 1 : 1 AV conduction, thereby obviating the need for permanent pacemaker implantation. The literature review suggests two possible explanations: a vagally mediated response or a mechanism dependent on conduction system ischemia. Due to the limited understanding of AV block reversibility following revascularization in non-acute MI presentations, it remains difficult to reliably predict which patients presenting with high-grade AV block in the absence of MI may have the potential to avoid permanent pacemaker implantation via coronary revascularization. We thus offer this review as a potential starting point for the approach to such patients.
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