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Chatterjee S, Starrett GJ. Microhomology-mediated repair machinery and its relationship with HPV-mediated oncogenesis. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29674. [PMID: 38757834 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Human Papillomaviruses (HPV) are a diverse family of non-enveloped dsDNA viruses that infect the skin and mucosal epithelia. Persistent HPV infections can lead to cancer frequently involving integration of the virus into the host genome, leading to sustained oncogene expression and loss of capsid and genome maintenance proteins. Microhomology-mediated double-strand break repair, a DNA double-stranded breaks repair pathway present in many organisms, was initially thought to be a backup but it's now seen as vital, especially in homologous recombination-deficient contexts. Increasing evidence has identified microhomology (MH) near HPV integration junctions, suggesting MH-mediated repair pathways drive integration. In this comprehensive review, we present a detailed summary of both the mechanisms underlying MH-mediated repair and the evidence for its involvement in HPV integration in cancer. Lastly, we highlight the involvement of these processes in the integration of other DNA viruses and the broader implications on virus lifecycles and host innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhajit Chatterjee
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gabriel J Starrett
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Ursu RG, Damian C, Porumb-Andrese E, Ghetu N, Cobzaru RG, Lunca C, Ripa C, Costin D, Jelihovschi I, Petrariu FD, Iancu LS. Merkel Cell Polyoma Virus and Cutaneous Human Papillomavirus Types in Skin Cancers: Optimal Detection Assays, Pathogenic Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Vaccination. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040479. [PMID: 35456154 PMCID: PMC9032856 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic viruses are recognized to be involved in some cancers, based on very well-established criteria of carcinogenicity. For cervical cancer and liver cancer, the responsible viruses are well-known (e.g., HPV, HBV); in the case of skin cancer, there are still many studies which are trying to identify the possible viral etiologic agents as principal co-factors in the oncogenic process. We analysed scientific literature published in the last 5 years regarding mechanisms of carcinogenicity, methods of detection, available targeted therapy, and vaccination for Merkel cell polyomavirus, and beta human papillomavirus types, in relation to skin cancer. This review is targeted at presenting the recent findings which support the involvement of these viruses in the development of some types of skin cancers. In order to optimize the management of skin cancer, a health condition of very high importance, it would be ideal that the screening of skin cancer for these two analysed viruses (MCPyV and beta HPV types) to be implemented in each region's/country's cancer centres' molecular detection diagnostic platforms, with multiplex viral capability, optimal sensitivity, and specificity; clinically validated, and if possible, at acceptable costs. For confirmatory diagnosis of skin cancer, another method should be used, with a different principle, such as immunohistochemistry, with specific antibodies for each virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Gabriela Ursu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity (IX)—Microbiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.G.U.); (C.D.); (R.G.C.); (C.L.); (C.R.); (D.C.); (I.J.); (F.D.P.); (L.S.I.)
| | - Costin Damian
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity (IX)—Microbiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.G.U.); (C.D.); (R.G.C.); (C.L.); (C.R.); (D.C.); (I.J.); (F.D.P.); (L.S.I.)
| | - Elena Porumb-Andrese
- Department of Medical Specialties (III)—Dermatology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Nicolae Ghetu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Regional Oncology Institute, 700483 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Roxana Gabriela Cobzaru
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity (IX)—Microbiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.G.U.); (C.D.); (R.G.C.); (C.L.); (C.R.); (D.C.); (I.J.); (F.D.P.); (L.S.I.)
| | - Catalina Lunca
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity (IX)—Microbiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.G.U.); (C.D.); (R.G.C.); (C.L.); (C.R.); (D.C.); (I.J.); (F.D.P.); (L.S.I.)
| | - Carmen Ripa
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity (IX)—Microbiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.G.U.); (C.D.); (R.G.C.); (C.L.); (C.R.); (D.C.); (I.J.); (F.D.P.); (L.S.I.)
| | - Diana Costin
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity (IX)—Microbiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.G.U.); (C.D.); (R.G.C.); (C.L.); (C.R.); (D.C.); (I.J.); (F.D.P.); (L.S.I.)
| | - Igor Jelihovschi
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity (IX)—Microbiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.G.U.); (C.D.); (R.G.C.); (C.L.); (C.R.); (D.C.); (I.J.); (F.D.P.); (L.S.I.)
| | - Florin Dumitru Petrariu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity (IX)—Microbiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.G.U.); (C.D.); (R.G.C.); (C.L.); (C.R.); (D.C.); (I.J.); (F.D.P.); (L.S.I.)
| | - Luminita Smaranda Iancu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity (IX)—Microbiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.G.U.); (C.D.); (R.G.C.); (C.L.); (C.R.); (D.C.); (I.J.); (F.D.P.); (L.S.I.)
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