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Agostinete RR, Werneck AO, Narciso PH, Ubago-Guisado E, Coelho-E-Silva MJ, Bielemann RM, Gobbo LA, Lynch BT, Fernandes RA, Vlachopoulos D. Resistance training presents beneficial effects on bone development of adolescents engaged in swimming but not in impact sports: ABCD Growth Study. BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:247. [PMID: 38594697 PMCID: PMC11003018 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04634-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sports practice during adolescence is important to enhance bone development, although it may provide different effects depending on the mechanical impact present in the sport. Besides, resistance training (RT) may also induce bone changes directly (via muscle contractions) and indirectly (via myokines). However, there have been no studies analyzing the longitudinal influence of engaging in sport with and without added mechanical load. Thus, this study aims to analyze the combined effects of sports participation and resistance training on areal bone mineral density (aBMD) accrual in adolescent athletes participating in swimming and impact sports for 12-months. METHODS This was a 12-month longitudinal study. The sample comprised 91 adolescents (21 females) aged 10 to 18 years, engaged in impact sports (basketball, tennis, track & field, baseball and gymnastics, n = 66) and non-impact sport (swimming, n = 25). The sample was divided according to resistance training participation: impact sports only (n = 45), impact sports + resistance training (n = 21), swimming-only (n = 17) and swimming + resistance training (n = 8). aBMD and soft tissues were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Generalized linear models analysis was used for the resistance training (RT) x type of sport interaction in predicting aBMD changes overtime, adjusting for maturation, sex and baseline aBMD. RESULTS After 12-months, all groups showed a significant increase in aBMD, except for the swimming groups (regardless of resistant training), which showed a significant loss in spine aBMD (-0.045 [-0.085 to -0.004] g/cm2 in swimming-only and - 0.047 [-0.073 to -0.021] g/cm2 in swimming + RT). In comparisons between groups, only swimming + RT group, compared with swimming-only group presented higher upper limbs aBMD (0.096 g/cm2 [0.074 to 0.118] in swimming + RT vs. 0.046 [0.032 to 0.060] g/cm2 in swimming only; p < 0.05) and whole body less head (WBLH) aBMD (0.039 [0.024 to 0.054] g/cm2 in swimming + RT vs. 0.017 [0.007 to 0.027] g/cm2 swimming-only; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Despite the significant gain in aBMD in all groups and body sites after 12-months, except for the spine site of swimmers, the results indicate that participation in RT seems to improve aBMD accrual in swimmers at the upper limbs and WBLH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo R Agostinete
- Laboratory of Investigation in Exercise (LIVE), Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - André O Werneck
- Center for Epidemiological Research in Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro H Narciso
- Laboratory of Investigation in Exercise (LIVE), Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Esther Ubago-Guisado
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Renata M Bielemann
- Post-Graduate Program in Nutrition and Foods, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Luis Alberto Gobbo
- Skeletal Muscle Assessment Laboratory (LABSIM), Department of Physical Education, School of Technology and Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Bruna Turi Lynch
- Department of Physical Education and Exercise Science, Lander University, Greenwood, SC, USA
| | - Romulo Araújo Fernandes
- Laboratory of Investigation in Exercise (LIVE), Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Dimitris Vlachopoulos
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Public Health and Sport Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
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Massini DA, de Souza Martins ND, de Oliveira TP, Macedo AG, Castro EA, Almeida TAF, Santos FJ, Espada MC, Pessôa Filho DM. The effect of the exercise environment and the level of involvement on bone mineral health. J Bone Miner Metab 2023; 41:113-123. [PMID: 36422677 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-022-01387-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to compare athletes practicing exercise in different environments with non-active young and elderly men and women regarding bone mineral density (BMD), hypothesizing that BMD values differ between athletes according to the environment of exercise practice, but those training in a low-gravitational environment have no different stimuli to BMD increasing if compared with healthy peers experiencing reduced exercise involvement, whatever the age group and sex. MATERIALS AND METHODS 104 participants of both sexes were selected according to the environment of exercise practice [swimmers (N = 26) and judo fighters (N = 26)], and exercise level of involvement [non-active young (N = 26) and older adults (N = 26)]. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry provided BMD, lean mass, and fat mass (FM) for the whole body (WB), upper (UL), and lower limbs (LL). RESULTS For the BMD in WB, UL and LL no effects of group and sex were observed (p > 0.05). Post-hoc analyses detected higher values of BMD in UL for female swimmers compared to non-active older adults (p < 0.05), while judo fighters showed higher BMD in WB, UL, and LL than other participants whatever the sex (p < 0.01). Lower FM was observed for WB, UL, and LL when swimmers and judo fighters were compared to non-active young and older female peers (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION The findings emphasized that BMD stimuli with swimming are reduced when compared to judo, and despite the stimuli in swimming is not distinguishable from that affecting BMD in WB, UL and LL of non-active young, it is effective in differing BMD in UL among non-active older for women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo A Massini
- Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Nilson D de Souza Martins
- Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, 13506-900, Brazil
- University Centre of São Paulo State, UNICEP, Rio Claro, São Paulo, 13500-200, Brazil
| | - Thiago P de Oliveira
- Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Anderson G Macedo
- Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Eliane A Castro
- Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, 13506-900, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, 17033-360, Brazil
- LFE Research Group, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Tiago A F Almeida
- Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, 13506-900, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, 17033-360, Brazil
| | - Fernando J Santos
- School of Education, Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal, 2914-504, Setúbal, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, Complexo Andaluz, Apartado, 2040-413, Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Mário C Espada
- School of Education, Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal, 2914-504, Setúbal, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, Complexo Andaluz, Apartado, 2040-413, Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Dalton M Pessôa Filho
- Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, 13506-900, Brazil.
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, 17033-360, Brazil.
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Mancuso ME, Wilzman AR, Murdock KE, Troy KL. Effect of External Mechanical Stimuli on Human Bone: a narrative review. PROGRESS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2022; 4:012006. [PMID: 36310606 PMCID: PMC9616042 DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ac41bc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a living composite material that has the capacity to adapt and respond to both internal and external stimuli. This capacity allows bone to adapt its structure to habitual loads and repair microdamage. Although human bone evolved to adapt to normal physiologic loading (for example from gravitational and muscle forces), these same biological pathways can potentially be activated through other types of external stimuli such as pulsed electromagnetic fields, mechanical vibration, and others. This review summarizes what is currently known about how human bone adapts to various types of external stimuli. We highlight how studies on sports-specific athletes and other exercise interventions have clarified the role of mechanical loading on bone structure. We also discuss clinical scenarios, such as spinal cord injury, where mechanical loading is drastically reduced, leading to rapid bone loss and permanent alterations to bone structure. Finally, we highlight areas of emerging research and unmet clinical need.
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Ubago-Guisado E, Cavero-Redondo I, Alvarez-Bueno C, Vlachopoulos D, Martínez-Vizcaíno V, Gracia-Marco L. Bone Health in Children and Youth with Cystic Fibrosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Matched Cohort Studies. J Pediatr 2019; 215:178-186.e16. [PMID: 31519442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the evidence regarding the differences in areal bone mineral density (aBMD) between children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF) compared with their healthy peers, based on data from longitudinal studies. STUDY DESIGN We searched MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, the Cochrane Library, PEDro (Physiotherapy Evidence Database), and Embase databases. Observational studies addressing the change of aBMD in children with CF and healthy children and adolescents were eligible. The DerSimonian and Laird method was used to compute pooled estimates of effect sizes (ES) and 95% CIs for the change of whole body (WB), lumbar spine (LS), and femoral neck (FN) aBMD. RESULTS Six studies with participants with CF and 26 studies with healthy participants were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. For the analysis in children with CF, the pooled ES for the change of WB aBMD was 0.29 (95% CI -0.15 to 0.74), for the change of LS aBMD was 0.13 (95% CI -0.16 to 0.41), and for the change of FN aBMD was 0.09 (95% CI -0.39 to 0.57). For the analysis in healthy children, the pooled ES for the change of WB aBMD was 0.37 (95% CI 0.26-0.49), for the change of LS aBMD was 0.13 (95% CI -0.16 to 0.41), and for the change of FN aBMD was 0.52 (95% CI 0.19-0.85). CONCLUSIONS aBMD development might not differ between children and adolescents with CF receiving medical care compared with their healthy peers. Further longitudinal studies in a CF population during growth and development are required to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Ubago-Guisado
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
| | - Iván Cavero-Redondo
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain; Nursing Faculty, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain; Universidad Politécnica y Artística del Paraguay, Asunción, Paraguay.
| | - Celia Alvarez-Bueno
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain; Nursing Faculty, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain; Universidad Politécnica y Artística del Paraguay, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Dimitris Vlachopoulos
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Vicente Martínez-Vizcaíno
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Luis Gracia-Marco
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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