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Connor J, Germaine M, Gibson C, Clarke P, Egan B. Effect of rapid weight loss incorporating hot salt water immersion on changes in body mass, blood markers, and indices of performance in male mixed martial arts athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:2243-2257. [PMID: 35833967 PMCID: PMC9463328 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05000-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the effects of rapid weight loss (RWL), incorporating comparison of hot water immersion (HWI) in fresh or salt water, on changes in body mass, blood markers, and indices of performance in mixed martial arts athletes. Methods In a crossover design comparing fresh water (FWB) to salt water (SWB; 5.0%wt/vol Epsom salt) bathing, 13 males performed 20 min of HWI (~ 40.3 °C) followed by 40 min wrapped in a heated blanket, twice in sequence (2 h total). Before bathing, ~ 26 to ~ 28 h of fluid and dietary restriction was undertaken, and ~ 24 to ~ 26 h of a high carbohydrate diet and rehydration was undertaken as recovery. Results During the entire RWL process, participants lost ~ 5.3% body mass. Body mass lost during the 2 h hot bath protocol was 2.17 ± 0.81 kg (~ 2.7% body mass) and 2.24 ± 0.64 kg (~ 2.8% body mass) for FWB and SWB, respectively (P = 0.647 between trials). Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, sodium, chloride, hemoglobin, and hematocrit were increased (all P < 0.05), and plasma volume was decreased (~ 14%; P < 0.01), but did not differ between FWB and SWB, and were similar to baseline values after recovery. No indices of performance (e.g., countermovement jump, isometric strength, and functional threshold power) were impacted when RWL was followed by the recovery process. Conclusion Under the conditions of this hot bath protocol, fluid loss was not augmented by the addition of ~ 5.0%wt/vol of Epsom salt during HWI, and RWL of ~ 5.3% body mass followed by > 24 h of recovery did not impact indices of performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Connor
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Mark Germaine
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Conor Gibson
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Philip Clarke
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Brendan Egan
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.
- Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL, USA.
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Bueno JCA, Faro H, Lenetsky S, Gonçalves AF, Dias SBCD, Ribeiro ALB, da Silva BVC, Filho CAC, de Vasconcelos BM, Serrão JC, Andrade A, Souza-Junior TP, Claudino JG. Exploratory Systematic Review of Mixed Martial Arts: An Overview of Performance of Importance Factors with over 20,000 Athletes. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10060080. [PMID: 35736820 PMCID: PMC9227211 DOI: 10.3390/sports10060080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aimed to analyze the findings in the literature related to Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) through an exploratory systematic review and to present the state of the art from a multifactorial perspective. The review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA statement, with a search performed in the Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. Participants were competitive athletes (amateurs or professionals) of regional, national, or international levels. Of the 2763 registries identified, 112 studies met the eligibility criteria. The pooled sample size and age were 20,784 participants, with a mean age of 27.7 ± 6 years for male and 28.9 ± 3 years for female, with the vast majority of athletes being male (94.9%). MMA athletes were 17.2% amateurs, 73.8% professionals, and 9% were not reported. The scientific literature related to MMA reported injuries (n = 28), weight loss (n = 21), technical and tactical analysis (n = 23), physical fitness (n = 8), physiological responses and training characteristics (n = 13), psychobiological parameters (n = 12), and interventions applied to MMA athletes (n = 7). Therefore, this exploratory systematic review presents practitioners and researchers with seven broad summaries of each facet of performance of importance in this population of athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C. A. Bueno
- Research Group on Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training, Department of Physical Education, Jardim Botânico Campus, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 80210-132, PR, Brazil;
- Sciences Center of Health and Sport, Laboratory of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Physical Education Department, State University of Santa, Catarina 88080-350, FLN, Brazil;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-41-99907-2389
| | - Heloiana Faro
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58059-900, PB, Brazil;
| | - Seth Lenetsky
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, School of Sport and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand;
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, BC V9E 2C5, Canada;
| | - Aleksandro F. Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports & Combats, School of Physical Education and Sport, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, RDJ, Brazil;
| | - Stefane B. C. D. Dias
- Exercise and Sport Science Laboratory, Keiser University Orlando, Sports Medicine & Fitness Tech/Exercise Science, 5600 Lake Underhill Road Orlando, Florida, FL 32807, USA;
| | - André L. B. Ribeiro
- Department of Physiology and Product Development Limber Software, Balsam 15140-000, SP, Brazil;
| | - Bruno V. C. da Silva
- Department of Physical Education, University of Itaúna, Highway MG 431-Km 45, Itaúna 35680-142, MG, Brazil;
| | - Carlos A. Cardoso Filho
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, School of Physical Education and Sport, Campus São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, SAO, Brazil; (C.A.C.F.); (J.C.S.); or (J.G.C.)
- Research and Development Department, LOAD CONTROL, Contagem 32000-000, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Júlio C. Serrão
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, School of Physical Education and Sport, Campus São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, SAO, Brazil; (C.A.C.F.); (J.C.S.); or (J.G.C.)
| | - Alexandro Andrade
- Sciences Center of Health and Sport, Laboratory of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Physical Education Department, State University of Santa, Catarina 88080-350, FLN, Brazil;
| | - Tácito P. Souza-Junior
- Research Group on Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training, Department of Physical Education, Jardim Botânico Campus, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 80210-132, PR, Brazil;
| | - João G. Claudino
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, School of Physical Education and Sport, Campus São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, SAO, Brazil; (C.A.C.F.); (J.C.S.); or (J.G.C.)
- Research and Development Department, LOAD CONTROL, Contagem 32000-000, MG, Brazil
- Center for Health Sciences, Group of Research, Innovation and Technology Applied to Sport (GSporTech), Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64000-850, PI, Brazil
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