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Cranial and Odontological Methods for Sex Estimation—A Scoping Review. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58091273. [PMID: 36143950 PMCID: PMC9505889 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58091273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The estimation of sex from osteological and dental records has long been an interdisciplinary field of dentistry, forensic medicine and anthropology alike, as it concerns all the above mentioned specialties. The aim of this article is to review the current literature regarding methods used for sex estimation based on the skull and the teeth, covering articles published between January 2015 and July 2022. New methods and new approaches to old methods are constantly emerging in this field, therefore resulting in the need to summarize the large amount of data available. Morphometric, morphologic and biochemical analysis were reviewed in living populations, autopsy cases and archaeological records. The cranial and odontological sex estimation methods are highly population-specific and there is a great need for these methods to be applied to and verified on more populations. Except for DNA analysis, which has a prediction accuracy of 100%, there is no other single method that can achieve such accuracy in predicting sex from cranial or odontological records.
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Sobh ZK, Gheat AM. Coronal and sagittal suture lengths as novel measurements for sex identification in a sample from the Egyptian population. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2021; 17:19-26. [PMID: 33405073 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-020-00348-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Sex estimation from isolated or fragmented bones is a cornerstone in medicolegal identification. The current study aimed to estimate sex from the lengths of the coronal and sagittal sutures in a sample of Egyptians. The study was performed on a total of 80 adult cadavers (48 males and 32 females) during a routine autopsy. After exposure of the skull vault, the lengths of the coronal and sagittal sutures were measured using a thread and a graduated scale. The mean length of the coronal suture was significantly higher in males (24.8 ± 1.4 cm) than in females (22.7 ± 1.4 cm). The mean length of the sagittal suture was significantly higher in males (11.9±1.6 cm) than in females (10.8±1.6 cm). This study used the lengths of the coronal and sagittal sutures as measurements for sex estimation for the first time. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed that the combined coronal and sagittal sutures lengths were the best sex discriminator (AUC= 0.859), followed by the coronal suture length (AUC= 0.855), and sagittal suture length (AUC= 0.697). Moreover, regression analysis was performed for sex determination; the highest accuracy was obtained by an equation that included the lengths of the coronal and sagittal sutures together (76%); followed by the coronal suture length (75%); then the sagittal suture length (71%). These measurements are easily obtained during a conventional autopsy and this method of sex estimation is cost effective when compared to radiological and DNA analysis. Moreover, the measurements can be carried out on dry skulls as long as the vault has identifiable landmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa Khalifa Sobh
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Ashraf Magdy Gheat
- Forensic Medicine Department, Egyptian Forensic Medicine Authority, Ministry of Justice, Alexandria, Egypt
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Castillo-Páez JA, Villasmil-Suárez LG, Guada-Melet NV. [Skull-facial anthropometric traits of forensic odontological interest for estimating sex, race and age. Review of the literature]. REVISTA CIENTÍFICA ODONTOLÓGICA 2021; 9:e047. [PMID: 38464411 PMCID: PMC10919825 DOI: 10.21142/2523-2754-0901-2021-047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the main functions of anthropologists and forensic dentists is to identify subjects according to physical characteristics of the features presented using non-routine methods. These characteristics, especially bone, allow professional to determine the sex, age and racial origin of the remains or skeleton found. Dentist focus on features belonging to the stomatognathic system, while anthropologists study the bones that make up the human body. In this study, we describe the investigations of cranio-facial anthropometric features of dental interest carried out by anthropologists to identify the sex, race and age of skeletal remains or skeletons. in addition, we describe the so-called dental anthropology that studies the elements of the stomatognathic system from an anthropological point of view. Electronic literature was reviewed through search engines such as PUBMED, Google Academic and SciELO with the search terms "Forensic Dentistry, Forensic Anthropology, Sex Determination, Ancestry Determination and Age Determination". Knowledge of the craniofacial anthropological features from the forensic point of view is of great importance in individualized and multidisciplinary studies by forensic dentists and anthropologists in the identification of skeletal remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alberto Castillo-Páez
- Departamento de Estomatoquirúrgica, Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Carabobo. Valencia, Venezuela. , Universidad de Carabobo Departamento de Estomatoquirúrgica Facultad de Odontología Universidad de Carabobo Valencia Venezuela
| | - Luis Guillermo Villasmil-Suárez
- Departamento de Estomatoquirúrgica, Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Carabobo. Valencia, Venezuela. , Universidad de Carabobo Departamento de Estomatoquirúrgica Facultad de Odontología Universidad de Carabobo Valencia Venezuela
| | - Natacha Valentina Guada-Melet
- Departamento de Prostodoncia y Oclusión, Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Carabobo. Valencia, Venezuela. Universidad de Carabobo Departamento de Prostodoncia y Oclusión Facultad de Odontología Universidad de Carabobo Valencia Venezuela
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Duangto P, Mahakkanukrauh P. Sex estimation from upper limb bones in a Thai population. Anat Cell Biol 2020; 53:36-43. [PMID: 32274247 PMCID: PMC7118256 DOI: 10.5115/acb.19.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex estimation from skeletal remains is an important practice for forensic human identification. The aims of this study were to assess sexual dimorphism and to develop discriminant function equations for sex estimation using 12 measurements of upper limb bones (humerus, ulna, and radius) in a Thai population. The sample consisted of 228 Thai skeletons (114 males and 114 females) from the Forensic Osteology Research Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand. All skeletal length variables were measured according to the Standards for Data Collection from Human Skeletal Remains. The values of measurements were used to develop the sex estimation equations using univariate and multivariate discriminant function analyses. The results of sexual dimorphism showed that upper limb bone lengths of males were statistically significantly longer than those of females in all dimensions (P<0.05). For univariate discriminant function analysis, the results showed that the epicondylar breadth of the humerus, the physiological length of the ulna, and the antero-posterior diameter at the midshaft of the radius were the best indicators for sex estimation in the humerus, ulna, and radius, respectively. Moreover, the multivariate discriminant function equation using all variables of the ulna and radius was the best indicator for sex estimation. In conclusion, the discriminant function equations derived from upper limb bone measurements provided highly accurate sex estimation in Thai samples. Therefore, these equations using humerus, radius, and ulna measurements can be applied for sex estimation with good accuracy in Thais.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuwadon Duangto
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Pasuk Mahakkanukrauh
- Excellence Center in Osteology Research and Training Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Forensic Osteology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Mohd Ali SH, Omar N, Shafie MS, Nik Ismail NA, Hadi H, Nor FM. Sex estimation using subpubic angle from reconstructed three-dimensional computed tomography pelvic model in a contemporary Malaysian population. Anat Cell Biol 2020; 53:27-35. [PMID: 32274246 PMCID: PMC7118257 DOI: 10.5115/acb.19.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in forensic anthropology is recent in Malaysia due to limited access to documented skeletal collections. However, advanced imaging techniques provide virtual bone samples for use in morphometric studies to establish population-specific standards by virtual anthropology. This study examined sexual dimorphism in the subpubic angle using a three-dimensional computed tomography model of the pelvis, in a contemporary Malaysian population. The sample comprised multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) scans of 50 male and 50 female adults. Segmentation of the MDCT scans was performed using 3D Slicer, and four landmarks were acquired using Stratovan Checkpoint for the subpubic angle measurement. The technical error of measurement (TEM), relative TEM, and coefficient of reliability (R) exhibited high reliability in measurements. Results showed that the subpubic angle in males was 68.6°±7.6° and in females 87.4°±6.5°. The subpubic angle in females was significantly larger than in males (P<0.001). Inverse correlation was found between the subpubic angle and age, in both males (r=−0.449, P<0.01) and females (r=−0.385, P<0.01). The overall accuracy of sex estimation using the subpubic angle was 94% (P<0.001). The subpubic angle, with a demarcating point of 78.6°, showed a sensitivity and specificity of 94% in the classification of female individuals. In conclusion, sex estimation using the subpu bic angle is highly accurate, with a high degree of expected sensitivity and specificity in the Malaysian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Hanum Mohd Ali
- Forensic Unit, Department of Pathology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Basic Medical Science I, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Normaliza Omar
- Forensic Unit, Department of Pathology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Basic Medical Science I, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Swarhib Shafie
- Forensic Unit, Department of Pathology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nik Azuan Nik Ismail
- Radiology Department, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Helmi Hadi
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Faridah Mohd Nor
- Forensic Unit, Department of Pathology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Barnes AE, Case DT, Burnett SE, Mahakkanukrauh P. Sex estimation from the carpal bones in a Thai population. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2019.1620856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Elise Barnes
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - D. Troy Case
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Scott E. Burnett
- Comparative Cultures Collegium, Eckerd College, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Pasuk Mahakkanukrauh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Excellence Center in Osteology Research and Training Center (ORTC), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Forensic Osteology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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